RESUMEN
A non-transgenic approach based on RNA interference was employed to induce protection against tomato mosaic virus (ToMV) infection in tomato plants. dsRNA molecules targeting the cp gene of ToMV were topically applied on plants prior to virus inoculation. Protection was dose-dependent and sequence-specific. While no protection was achieved when 0-16 µg dsRNA were used, maximum rates of resistance (60 and 63%) were observed in doses of 200 and 400 µg/plant, respectively. Similar rates were also obtained against potato virus Y when targeting its cp gene. The protection was quickly activated upon dsRNA application and lasted for up to 4 days. In contrast, no detectable antiviral response was triggered by the dsRNA from a begomovirus genome, suggesting the method is not effective against phloem-limited DNA viruses. Deep sequencing was performed to analyze the biogenesis of siRNA populations. Although long-dsRNA remained in the treated leaves for at least 10 days, its systemic movement was not observed. Conversely, dsRNA-derived siRNA populations (mainly 21- and 22-nt) were detected in non-treated leaves, which indicates endogenous processing and transport through the plant. Altogether, this study provides critical information for the development of novel tools against plant viruses; strengths and limitations inherent to the systems are discussed.
Asunto(s)
Virus del Mosaico/genética , Enfermedades de las Plantas/genética , Solanum lycopersicum/genética , Virosis/genética , Begomovirus/genética , Begomovirus/patogenicidad , Solanum lycopersicum/virología , Virus del Mosaico/patogenicidad , Enfermedades de las Plantas/virología , Potyvirus/genética , Potyvirus/patogenicidad , ARN Bicatenario/genética , ARN Interferente Pequeño , Nicotiana/genética , Nicotiana/virología , Tobamovirus/genética , Virosis/virologíaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) cause not only mild symptoms but also blindness and encephalitis. It was previously shown that the immune response against HSV-1 occurs mainly in the trigeminal ganglia (TG) and that Toll-like receptors 2 and 9 (TLR2/9) are important in mediating this response. It was also demonstrated that iNOS (nitric oxide synthase) and interleukin 1 beta (IL-1ß) play an essential role in the defense against HSV-1 infection. Importantly, the present work aimed to identify the primary cells responsible for iNOS and IL-1ß production and search for other important molecules and cells that might or might not depend on TLR2/9 receptors to mediate the immune response against HSV-1. METHODS: C57BL/6 (wild type, WT) and TLR2/9-/- mice were infected by the intranasal route with HSV-1 (1 × 106 p.f.u.). Cells were obtained from the TG and spleen tissues and the profile of immune cells was determined by flow cytometry in infected and mock infected WT and knockout mice. The percentage of cells producing iNOS, IL-1ß, granzyme B and perforin was also determined by flow cytometry. Chemokine monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP1) was measured by Cytometric Bead Array (CBA) in the TG, spleen and lung. Expression of type I interferons (IFNs), interleukins (IL) 5 and 10, IL-1ß and granzyme B were quantified by real time PCR. RESULTS: The results indicate that dendritic cells (DCs) and monocytes/macrophages (Mo/MÏ) were the main sources of IL-1ß and iNOS, respectively, which, together with type I IFNs, were essential for the immune response against HSV-1. Additionally, we showed that granzyme B produced by CD8+ T and NK lymphocytes and MCP-1 were also important for this immune response. Moreover, our data indicate that the robust production of MCP-1 and granzyme B is either TLR-independent or down regulated by TLRs and occurs in the TG of TLR2/9-/- infected mice. CONCLUSION: Taken together, our data provide strong evidence that the responses mediated by DCs, Mo/MÏ, NK and CD8+ T lymphocytes through IL-1ß, iNOS and granzyme B production, respectively, together with the production of type I IFN early in the infection, are crucial to host defense against HSV-1.
Asunto(s)
Linfocitos T CD8-positivos/inmunología , Células Dendríticas/inmunología , Herpesvirus Humano 1/inmunología , Células Asesinas Naturales/inmunología , Macrófagos/inmunología , Ganglio del Trigémino/inmunología , Ganglio del Trigémino/virología , Animales , Citometría de Flujo , Granzimas/metabolismo , Humanos , Interferón Tipo I/metabolismo , Interleucina-1beta/metabolismo , Masculino , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Ratones Noqueados , Óxido Nítrico Sintasa de Tipo II/metabolismo , Receptor Toll-Like 2/deficiencia , Receptor Toll-Like 2/metabolismo , Receptor Toll-Like 9/deficiencia , Receptor Toll-Like 9/metabolismoRESUMEN
O Herpes simples tipo 1 (HSV-1) é um vírus neurotrópico que causa sintomas brandos mas também, em alguns casos, cegueira e encefalite. Estudos anteriores demonstraram que a resposta imune contra o HSV-1 ocorre principalmente no gânglio trigêmeo (GT) e que os receptores do tipo Toll 2 e 9 (TLR2/9) são importantes na mediação desta resposta. Adicionalmente, foi evidenciado que a enzima iNOS (óxido nítrico sintase) e a interleucina 1 beta (IL-1β) têm papel essencial na defesa contra a infecção por HSV-1. Assim, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo identificar as principais células responsáveis pela produção de iNOS e IL-1β, bem como, avaliar outras importantes células e moléculas que podem ou não dependerem dos receptores TLR2/9 para mediar a resposta imune contra o HSV-1. Para tanto, camundongos C57BL/6 (selvagens, WT) e TLR2/9-/- foram infectados por via intranasal com 1 x 106 p.f.u. de HSV-1. Para análise das populações de células, suspensões celulares do GT e baço de animais WT e TLR2/9-/-, infectados e não infectados, foram obtidas e analisadas por citometria de fluxo. A porcentagem de células produtoras de iNOS, IL-1β, granzima B e perforina também foi determinada por citometria de fluxo. Os mRNAs das quimiocinas MCP-1 (proteína quimiotática de monócitos 1) e IP-10 (proteína 10 induzida por interferon gama (IFN-γ)) foram quantificados no pulmão e na traqueia por PCR em tempo real. A quimiocina MCP-1 também foi quantificada em nível de proteína, contudo, por Cytometric Bead Array (CBA) no GT, baço, linfonodo e pulmão.
As expressões dos transcritos de IL-1β, dos IFNs do tipo I, das interleucinas 5 e 10 (IL-5 e IL-10) e da granzima B foram quantificados por real time PCR. Os resultados indicam que as células dendríticas (DCs) e os monócitos/macrófagos (Mo/Mɸ) são as principais células produtoras de IL-β e iNOS, respectivamente, e que, junto com os IFNs do tipo I, são essenciais para a resposta imune contra o HSV-1. Além disso, demonstramos que a granzima B produzida por linfócitos T CD8+ e células NK e, as quimiocinas MCP-1 e IP-10 são também importantes para esta resposta imune. Do mesmo modo, nossos dados indicam que os níveis substanciais de MCP-1, IP-10 e granzima B ou são TLR-independentes ou regulados por estes receptores no GT de camundongos TLR2/9-/- infectados. Assim, nossos dados fornecem forte evidência de que as respostas mediadas por DCs, Mo/Mɸ, NK e linfócitos T CD8+ através da produção de IL-1β, iNOS e granzima B, respectivamente, em conjunto com a precoce produção dos IFNs do tipo I no início da infecção, são cruciais para a defesa do hospedeiro contra o HSV-1.
Asunto(s)
Masculino , Femenino , Humanos , Herpes Simple/prevención & control , Inmunidad Innata/inmunología , Receptores Toll-Like/uso terapéuticoRESUMEN
Infectious cDNA clones of RNA viruses are important tools to study molecular processes such as replication and host-virus interactions. However, the cloning steps necessary for construction of cDNAs of viral RNA genomes in binary vectors are generally laborious. In this study, a simplified method of producing an agro-infectious Pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV) clone is described in detail. Initially, the complete genome of PMMoV was amplified by a single-step RT-PCR, cloned, and subcloned into a small plasmid vector under the T7 RNA polymerase promoter to confirm the infectivity of the cDNA clone through transcript inoculation. The complete genome was then transferred to a binary vector using a single-step, overlap-extension PCR. The selected clones were agro-infiltrated to Nicotiana benthamiana plants and showed to be infectious, causing typical PMMoV symptoms. No differences in host responses were observed when the wild-type PMMoV isolate, the T7 RNA polymerase-derived transcripts and the agroinfiltration-derived viruses were inoculated to N. benthamiana, Capsicum chinense PI 159236 and Capsicum annuum plants.
Asunto(s)
Clonación Molecular/métodos , ADN Complementario/genética , Vectores Genéticos/genética , Virus ARN/genética , Tobamovirus/genética , ARN Polimerasas Dirigidas por ADN/genética , ARN Polimerasas Dirigidas por ADN/metabolismo , Genoma Viral/genética , Enfermedades de las Plantas/genética , Regiones Promotoras Genéticas/genética , ARN Viral/genética , Nicotiana/virología , Proteínas Virales/genética , Proteínas Virales/metabolismoRESUMEN
Arracacha mottle virus (AMoV) is the only potyvirus reported to infect arracacha (Arracacia xanthorrhiza) in Brazil. Here, the complete genome sequence of an isolate of AMoV was determined to be 9,630 nucleotides in length, excluding the 3' poly-A tail, and encoding a polyprotein of 3,135 amino acids and a putative P3N-PIPO protein. Its genomic organization is typical of a member of the genus Potyvirus, containing all conserved motifs. Its full genome sequence shared 56.2 % nucleotide identity with sunflower chlorotic mottle virus and verbena virus Y, the most closely related viruses.
Asunto(s)
Apiaceae/virología , Genoma Viral , Enfermedades de las Plantas/virología , Potyvirus/genética , Potyvirus/aislamiento & purificación , Secuencia de Aminoácidos , Secuencia de Bases , Brasil , Datos de Secuencia Molecular , Filogenia , Potyvirus/clasificaciónRESUMEN
Brugmansia suaveolens mottle virus (BsMoV) was the first potyvirus isolated from "angel trumpet" (Brugmansia suaveolens), described in Brazil. In this study, the complete nucleotide (nt) genome sequence of BsMoV was determined, and the deduced amino acid (aa) sequence was analyzed. The BsMoV RNA genome consists of 9870 nt without a poly-A tail, encoding a putative typical potyviral polyprotein of 3090 aa. Pairwise comparisons of the complete BsMoV genome with those of the most closely related potyviruses revealed a maximum nucleotide identity of 63.7% with pepper mottle virus. These results and phylogenetic analyses based on the complete genome sequence of the most closely related potyviruses confirmed that BsMoV should be considered a member of a distinct species of the genus Potyvirus.