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INTRODUCTION: Popliteal artery aneurysms are in most cases asymptomatic but cause significant complications if ruptured. An acute popliteal aneurysm rupture is relatively rare, and few cases have been documented secondary to blunt trauma. Common presenting signs and symptoms include distal limb ischemia and absent dorsalis pedis pulses. Timely management and recognition of this rare presentation are crucial as this condition can result in limb loss or death if not treated in a timely manner. CASE REPORT: An 80-year-old man with history of hypertension presented to the emergency department complaining of inability to feel sensation below his left knee after falling from ground level. Physical examination was pertinent for bounding radial and femoral pulses bilaterally, although absent dorsalis pedis and posterior tibial pulses to the left lower extremity. Computed tomography angiography identified occlusion of the left superficial femoral arterial lumen associated with a ruptured popliteal aneurysm, approximately eight centimeters in size. He immediately received unfractionated heparin and was admitted to the hospital for left medial thigh exploration and decompressive dermatofasciotomy. CONCLUSION: After confirmation of popliteal aneurysmal rupture with advanced imaging, heparinization and vascular surgery consultation are critical steps that should be taken to prevent limb loss.

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INTRODUCTION: Prehospital vital signs are used to triage trauma patients to mobilize appropriate resources and personnel prior to patient arrival in the emergency department (ED). Due to inherent challenges in obtaining prehospital vital signs, concerns exist regarding their accuracy and ability to predict first ED vitals. HYPOTHESIS/PROBLEM: The objective of this study was to determine the correlation between prehospital and initial ED vitals among patients meeting criteria for highest levels of trauma team activation (TTA). The hypothesis was that in a medical system with short transport times, prehospital and first ED vital signs would correlate well. METHODS: Patients meeting criteria for highest levels of TTA at a Level I trauma center (2008-2018) were included. Those with absent or missing prehospital vital signs were excluded. Demographics, injury data, and prehospital and first ED vital signs were abstracted. Prehospital and initial ED vital signs were compared using Bland-Altman intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) with good agreement as >0.60; fair as 0.40-0.60; and poor as <0.40). RESULTS: After exclusions, 15,320 patients were included. Mean age was 39 years (range 0-105) and 11,622 patients (76%) were male. Mechanism of injury was blunt in 79% (n = 12,041) and mortality was three percent (n = 513). Mean transport time was 21 minutes (range 0-1,439). Prehospital and first ED vital signs demonstrated good agreement for Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score (ICC 0.79; 95% CI, 0.77-0.79); fair agreement for heart rate (HR; ICC 0.59; 95% CI, 0.56-0.61) and systolic blood pressure (SBP; ICC 0.48; 95% CI, 0.46-0.49); and poor agreement for pulse pressure (PP; ICC 0.32; 95% CI, 0.30-0.33) and respiratory rate (RR; ICC 0.13; 95% CI, 0.11-0.15). CONCLUSION: Despite challenges in prehospital assessments, field GCS, SBP, and HR correlate well with first ED vital signs. The data show that these prehospital measurements accurately predict initial ED vitals in an urban setting with short transport times. The generalizability of these data to settings with longer transport times is unknown.

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BACKGROUND: Subtotal cholecystectomy is a viable alternative approach to the proverbial "difficult" gallbladder. To date, only a few studies have observed the establishment of those bail-out procedures as an increasingly common surgical practice. The purpose of this study is to assess nationwide trends of subtotal cholecystectomy through evaluation of operative variables and patient- and institution-level characteristics in procedure preference. METHODS: Data were obtained from the National Inpatient Sample for the years between 2003 and 2014. Patients with acute cholecystitis were categorized based on the ninth revision International Classification of Disease Clinical Modification procedure codes for open total, laparoscopic total, open subtotal, or laparoscopic subtotal cholecystectomy. Any patient younger than 18 years of age or with a preoperative stay >1 week was excluded. Logistic regression analysis was performed to evaluate significant patient- and institution-level characteristics associated with the performance of subtotal cholecystectomy. RESULTS: A total of 290,855 patients were evaluated. During the study period, the rate of open and laparoscopic subtotal cholecystectomy sharply increased (0.10% of all cholecystectomy procedures to 0.52% and 0.12% to 0.28%, respectively). The conversion rate from laparoscopic to open total cholecystectomy decreased from 10.5% to 7.6%. Subtotal cholecystectomies were performed at significantly higher rates in men (odds ratio: 1.95, P < .001), Asian Americans (odds ratio: 2.21, P = .037), and patients with alcohol abuse (odds ratio: 2.23, P < .001). Teaching hospitals (odds ratio: 2.41, P < .001) and those in rural areas (odds ratio: 2.26, P < .001) were more likely to perform subtotal cholecystectomies. CONCLUSION: Growing trends in the use of subtotal cholecystectomy suggest evolving surgical practices for acute cholecystitis. Our data suggests that several patient- and hospital-level characteristics might play a deciding role in procedure preference.

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The ACS Committee on Trauma specifies prehospital criteria that trigger trauma team activation (TTA). The study aims to define the relationship between TTA and time of day, mechanism of injury, and need for operative intervention. All trauma patients presenting to LAC+USC (January 2008-July 2018) after triggering TTA were screened. Patients were excluded if time of ED arrival was undocumented. Demographics, injury data, and outcomes were analyzed. After exclusions (<1%), 54,826 patients were enrolled. The median age was 35 [IQR 23-53]. The median Injury Severity Score was 4 [1-10]. The most common mechanisms of injury were falls (n = 14,166; 31%), auto versus pedestrian collisions (n = 11,921; 26%), and motor vehicle collisions (n = 11,024; 24%). Penetrating trauma comprised 16 per cent (n = 8,686). The busiest hour for TTAs was 19:00 to 20:00, although penetrating trauma was most common between 23:00 and 01:00. Emergent surgical intervention in absolute numbers was most frequent between 20:00 and 01:00. As a proportion of the number of TTAs per hour, emergent operative intervention was most frequent between 23:00 and 06:00. In conclusion, the volume of TTAs and the triggering mechanism of injury vary significantly by time of day. The need for operative intervention is highest overnight. This information can be used to help increase hospital preparedness and allocate resources accordingly.

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The use of ultrasound to diagnose appendicitis in pediatric patients has been growing with the improvement of ultrasound technology and operator skills, but its utility in the increasingly obese pediatric population has not been thoroughly investigated. A retrospective review of all pediatric (≤18 years old) patients with appendicitis who were admitted at a single hospital from 2014 to 2016 was conducted. Patients were stratified into body mass index (BMI) percentile categories based on the centers for disease control guidelines. Comparisons were then made. There were 231 patients with an average BMI percentile of 72.6; 99 (42.9%) who had an ultrasound, of which 54 (54.5%) were positive for acute appendicitis, whereas 43 (43.4%) were nondiagnostic. In patients who had a nondiagnostic ultrasound, 37 had a CT demonstrating acute appendicitis. These were compared with 123 patients who had CT alone demonstrating acute appendicitis. The CT-only group was older (12 vs 9, P < 0.005), tended to be male (78 (63%) vs 15 (41%), P = 0.019), had fewer operations performed (81 (66%) vs 30 (81%), P = 0.048) but had no significant difference in BMI percentile (75.8 vs 71.7, P = 0.465). Ultrasound had a 100 per cent positive predictive value in obese and overweight children. Ultrasound is a reliable study in obese and overweight pediatric patients with acute appendicitis.

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