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Mexico is the 8th largest producer of tomatoes. Meloidogyne enterolobii is reported in Sinaloa, affecting tomato cultivars with genetic resistance to Meloidogyne spp. We aimed to evaluate field applications of fluopyram, fluensulfone, and fluazaindolizine treatments for managing M. enterolobii on tomatoes. Experiments were set on raised beds in a shade house. Nematicides were applied via drip irrigation. Under fluopyram treatment, M. enterolobii did not reduce the number of extra-large-size fruits. The number of large-size fruits with fluopyram and fluazaindolizine plus fluopyram treatments was also unaffected by M. enterolobii. Yield from the treatments fluopyram, fluazaindolizine plus fluopyram, and fluensulfone plus fluopyram was similar to the control treatment without M. enterolobii. Finally, fluazaindolizine plus fluopyram, fluopyram, and fluensulfone plus fluopyram treatments showed the highest reduction of root galling. We conclude that the fluopyram was more effective as an individual treatment. Pre-plant applications of fluensulfone and fluazaindolizine reduced the damage to the plant and the loss of yield; however, the complementary application of fluorinated nematicides improved the management of M. enterolobii in the tomato crop.

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INTRODUCTION: We analysed the frequency of atrial fibrillation (AF) delayed diagnosis and the factors associated with it in newly diagnosed patients. METHODS: This was a descriptive, cross-sectional, multicentre study. Data were collected from newly diagnosed patients with AF through medical records review and interviews during cardiology, internal medicine, primary care and emergency department consultations in Spain. RESULTS: A total of 201 physicians participated in the study (64.2% cardiologists, 21.4% internists). 948 patients (58% men; mean age 72.8 years) were included. In 41.8% of patients, AF was classified as paroxysmal at diagnosis, 30.9% as persistent and 27.3% as permanent. The diagnosis was coincidental in 37%. It was considered that a delayed diagnosis occurred in 49.3% of patients. This delay was associated with the presence of permanent or persistent AF, older age or valvular disease. 74.8% of patients had some contact with the healthcare system in the preceding year. The diagnosis could have been established between 1 and 6 months earlier in 50.7% of cases and more than six months earlier in 20.1%. 54.4% of the patients had experienced AF compatible symptomatology previously. Of these, 32.6% had a consultation without a diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS: In a significant proportion of AF cases, there is a diagnostic delay. Many people with compatible symptoms neither seek consultations nor contact the healthcare system facilities. Consequently, the opportunity for early diagnosis is lost.

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Mexico has the highest diversity of snake species in the world, following Australia when considering just venomous snakes. Specifically, in Sonora, the second largest state in the country, more than 15 highly venomous species occur, including the northern black-tailed rattlesnake (Crotalus molossus). This specie's venom has not been as thoroughly researched in contrast with other Mexican vipers, nevertheless some studies report its biological activity and even pharmacological potential with antibacterial and cytotoxic activity. In this study we identified the main protein components from a pool of C. molossus venom through a gel-free proteomics approach, reporting ∼140 proteins belonging to the SVMP (38.76%), PLA2 (28.75%), CTL (11.93%), SVSP (6.03%) and LAAO (5.67%) toxin families. To study its biological activities, we evaluated its hemolytic, antibacterial, and cytotoxic activity in red blood cells, Gram positive and negative bacteria and a luminal A breast carcinoma cell line (T47D), respectively, in vitro. We report that concentrations <100 µg/mL are potentially not hemolytic and reduced the bacteria viability of E. coli and S. aureus with an IC50 of 10.27 and 11.51 µg/mL, respectively. Finally, we determined the C. molossus venom as cytotoxic against the T47D breast carcinoma cell line, with an IC50 of 1.55 µg/mL. We suggest that the evaluated cytotoxicity was due to a high abundance of SVMPs and PLA2s, since it's been reported that they affect the extracellular matrix and membrane permeation. This may provide a useful tool for pharmaceutical screening in the future.

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The ability to distinguish multiple forms of plutonium from one another, such as oxide and metal, is paramount in areas of nuclear nonproliferation and international safeguards. In its metal form, plutonium can be readily used in a nuclear weapon, while oxide forms are associated with nuclear reactor fuel. Oxide-based plutonium forms emit neutrons with an energy spectrum that is significantly different from the fission neutrons that are emitted from plutonium metal. Organic scintillation detectors output pulses that are proportional to the neutron energy deposited, and therefore present a means of distinguishing these plutonium forms based on their energy spectra. In this work, metal and oxide forms of plutonium were measured using a handheld detection system based on an organic glass scintillator. Monte Carlo modeling of these experiments was performed to provide insight into the origin of the features in the observed light output spectra. Through analysis of multiple regions of these spectra, in a matter of minutes we were able to unambiguously discriminate oxide and metal plutonium forms from one another and from a plutonium-beryllium neutron source, which was considered for comparison because these sources are commonly used in industrial applications. The ability to discriminate weapons-usable material from nuclear reactor fuel has applications in nuclear treaty verification and safeguards.

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PURPOSE: The literature has for too long described the arterial supply of the mandible as coming from a single artery, the inferior alveolar artery, and being of the terminal type. Rather, it appears to come from an extensive and complex arterial network dependent on the lingual, facial, and maxillary arteries and their collateral branches. Our study aims to confirm and demonstrate the arterial vascular richness of the mandible and to establish arterial mapping. METHODS: The arterial vascularization of the mandible was revealed in six anatomic specimens after performing selective injections of the lingual, facial, and maxillary arteries with different dyes. A specimen was injected intra-arterially with colored latex at the level of the maxillary artery for a morphometric study. RESULTS: Eighteen selective arterial injections were performed on six anatomic specimens. The mucocutaneous, musculoperiosteal, and intramedullary vascularizations were analyzed. Each of the arteries has a defined and delimited cutaneo-mucous vascular territory. The facial and maxillary arteries supply the musculoperiosteal vascularization of the mandible from the condyle to the symphysis. The lingual artery supplies only the inner cortex of the parasymphyseal and symphyseal regions. The facial and maxillary arteries provide intramedullary vascularization from the angle of the mandible to the parasymphysis. The vascularization of the symphysis depends on the facial artery. No staining was found in the condyle region. Neoprene latex injection was performed on an anatomic specimen, revealing a permeable anastomosis between the inferior alveolar and facial arteries. CONCLUSION: The arterial vascularization of the mandible is dependent on the maxillary, facial, and lingual arteries. This is a network vasculature. This study makes it possible to establish an arterial map of the mandible. The presence of an anastomosis between the inferior alveolar artery and the facial artery confirms the existence of dynamic and borrowed vascularization. Knowledge of this arterial system makes it possible to adapt maxillofacial surgical care and to anticipate possible intraoperative complications.

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Objetivo: Mejorar el conocimiento acerca de la práctica clínica habitual en el tratamiento del dolor agudo pediátrico en España.MétodosSe llevó a cabo una encuesta telemática a través de Internet en una muestra representativa de profesionales sanitarios involucrados en el tratamiento del dolor agudo pediátrico (concretamente anestesiólogos) en España. La encuesta incluyó 28 cuestiones acerca de su práctica clínica habitual en la valoración y el tratamiento del dolor agudo, así como aspectos formativos y organizativos en el dolor agudo pediátrico.ResultadosLa encuesta fue completada durante el mes de marzo de 2021 por 150 especialistas en anestesiología. Los encuestados presentaron una amplia experiencia en el tratamiento del dolor agudo pediátrico (media de años de experiencia: 14,3; DE: 7,8) y básicamente en dolor agudo postoperatorio (97% casos). Aunque el 80% de los mismos utilizaba de modo habitual escalas validadas de valoración de dolor agudo pediátrico, solo el 2,6% utilizaba las específicas adaptadas para pacientes con discapacidad cognitiva. La mayoría de los encuestados empleaba habitualmente fármacos analgésicos como el paracetamol (99%) o el metamizol (92%), pero solo el 84% los complementaba con alguna técnica de bloqueo loco-regional u otra medicación tipo antiinflamatorio no esteroideo (62%). Además, únicamente un 62,7% reconocía haber recibido formación específica en dolor agudo pediátrico, solo un 45% seguía protocolos institucionales hospitalarios y un escaso 28% lo hacía a través de unidades de dolor infantil.ConclusionesLa encuesta identificó importantes puntos de mejora en la formación y organización del tratamiento del dolor agudo de los pacientes españoles en edad pediátrica. (AU)

Objective: To improve knowledge about routine clinical practice in the management of paediatric acute pain in Spain.MethodsA telematic survey was conducted via the Internet on a representative sample of healthcare professionals involved in the management of paediatric acute pain (specifically anaesthesiologists) in Spain. The survey included 28 questions about their usual clinical practice in the assessment and treatment of acute pain, and also training and organisational aspects in paediatric acute pain.ResultsThe survey was completed during March 2021 by 150 specialists in anaesthesiology. The respondents widely experienced in the management of acute paediatric pain (mean years of experience: 14.3: SD: 7.8), essentially in acute postoperative pain (97% of cases). Although 80% routinely used validated paediatric acute pain assessment scales, only 2.6% used specific scales adapted for patients with cognitive impairment. Most of the respondents routinely used analgesic drugs such as paracetamol (99%) or metamizole (92%), but only 84% complemented these drugs with a loco-regional blocking technique or other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (62%). Furthermore, only 62.7% acknowledged having received specific training in paediatric acute pain, only 45% followed hospital institutional protocols, and a scant 28% did so through paediatric pain units.ConclusionsThe survey identified important points for improvement in the training and organisation of acute pain management in Spanish paediatric patients. (AU)

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PURPOSE: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of first-line therapy with palbociclib in a Spanish cohort treated after palbociclib approval. METHODS: PALBOSPAIN is an observational, retrospective, multicenter study evaluating real-world patterns and outcomes with 1 L palbociclib in men and women (any menopausal status) with advanced HR+/HER2- BC diagnosed between November 2017 and November 2019. The primary endpoint was real-world progression-free survival (rw-PFS). Secondary endpoints included overall survival (OS), the real-world response rate (rw-RR), the clinical benefit rate, palbociclib dose reduction, and safety. RESULTS: A total of 762 patients were included. The median rw-PFS and OS were 24 months (95% CI 21-27) and 42 months (40-not estimable [NE]) in the whole population, respectively. By cohort, the median rw-PFS and OS were as follows: 28 (95% CI 23-39) and 44 (95% CI 38-NE) months in patients with de novo metastatic disease, 13 (95% CI 11-17) and 36 months (95% CI 31-41) in patients who experienced relapse < 12 months after the end of ET, and 31 months (95% CI 26-37) and not reached (NR) in patients who experienced relapse > 12 months after the end of ET. rw-PFS and OS were longer in patients with oligometastasis and only one metastatic site and those with non-visceral disease. The most frequent hematologic toxicity was neutropenia (72%; grade ≥ 3: 52.5%), and the most common non-hematologic adverse event was asthenia (38%). CONCLUSION: These findings, consistent with those from clinical trials, support use of palbociclib plus ET as 1 L for advanced BC in the real-world setting, including pre-menopausal women and men. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: NCT04874025 (PALBOSPAIN). Date of registration: 04/30/2021 retrospectively registered.

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OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to assess the influence of age, period, and cohort (A-P-C) factors on kidney cancer (KC) incidence trends in Spain from 1990 to 2019. METHODS: Employing data from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019, we employed joinpoint analysis to determine long-term patterns and A-P-C modelling to quantify net drift, local drift, longitudinal age curves, and rate ratios (RRs) of period and cohort effects. RESULTS: Over the period 1990-2019, an estimated 142,811 cases of KC were diagnosed in Spain. A consistent upward trend in KC incidence was observed for both men and women, with the male-to-female ratio remaining stable at 2.6. Joinpoint analysis identified three distinct periods for men: An initial period (1990-1995) characterised by a significant increase in rates, a subsequent period (1995-2016) characterised by a slowdown in the rate of increase, and a final period (2016-2019) in which rates have plateaued. In women, 2 time periods were observed: an initial period (1990-2007) in which rates increased significantly, followed by a period of stabilization (2007-2019). Men born in the early-mid 20th century had a rising KC risk, peaking in the 1960s. Women's risk rose steadily, peaking in the late 1990s. CONCLUSION: A-P-C analysis reveals steady KC incidence increase in both genders over three decades. This highlights the need for targeted public health policies and effective prevention strategies.

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BACKGROUND: The aim of this multicentre study was to analyse the outcomes of biosynthetic absorbable poly-4-hydroxybutyrate (P4HB) prosthesis implantation in patients undergoing ventral hernia repair (VHR) in the context of different degrees of contamination. METHODS: From May 2016 to December 2021, a multicentre retrospective analysis of patients who underwent elective or urgent hernia repair with P4HB prosthesis was performed in seven hospitals in Spain and Portugal. Patients with a postoperative follow-up of less than 20 months and those within the theoretical period of prosthesis resorption were excluded from the study. Regarding the degree of contamination, patients were assessed according to the modified Ventral Hernia Working Group (VHWG) classification. Epidemiological data, hernia characteristics, surgical and postoperative variables (Clavien-Dindo classification) of these patients were analyzed. Risk factors related to long-term recurrence were studied by a multivariate analysis. RESULTS: In 236 cases of P4HB prosthesis implantation, repair in cases of Grade 3 was the most frequent (49.1%), followed by Grade 2 in 42.3% of cases and Grade 1 in 8.4%. The most frequent complications were Grade 1, with the majority occurring during the first year. The overall rate of surgical site occurrences (SSO) was 30%. The hernia recurrence rate was 14.4% (n = 34), with a mean postoperative follow-up time of 41 months (22-61). The multivariate analysis showed that the onlay location of the mesh (OR 1.07; CI 1.42-2.70, p = 0.004) was a significant independent risk factor for recurrence. CONCLUSIONS: The use of a P4HB bioresorbable mesh for the VHR with different degrees of contamination leads to favourable results overall, with an acceptable rate of hernia recurrence. The onlay location of the P4HB prosthesis is the main factor in recurrence in both elective and emergency settings.

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Introducción y objetivos: Los vástagos primarios con cuellos modulares fueron introducidos con la ventaja teórica de restaurar la anatomía de la cadera de forma más precisa. Sin embargo, la presencia de un segundo encaje se ha asociado a una mayor corrosión y liberación de detritos metálicos. El objetivo de nuestro estudio es cuantificar los valores séricos de cromo y de cobalto, y analizar su evolución temporal durante cinco años. Material y métodos: Se presenta una serie prospectiva de 61 pacientes intervenidos de artroplastia total de cadera primaria mediante la implantación del vástago HMAX-M® (Limacorporate, San Daniele, Italia) en los que se realizó una determinación sérica de cromo y cobalto a los seis meses, a los dos años y a los cinco años. Resultados: Nuestra serie presenta una elevación progresiva de los niveles de cromo, con una diferencia significativa entre los valores de cromo a los seis meses (0,35±0,18) y los cinco años (0,52±0,36), p=0,01. Respecto al cobalto, se observa una elevación estadísticamente significativa entre los seis meses y los dos años y una posterior estabilización hasta los cinco años, siendo la media de cobalto a los seis meses (1,17±0,8) significativamente menor que a los dos años (2,63±1,76) y a los cinco años (2,84±2,1), p=0,001. Conclusión: Se ha observado una elevación de los niveles séricos de cobalto en aquellos pacientes a los que se les implantó un vástago con cuello modular. Los resultados obtenidos en este estudio han limitado el uso de vástagos con cuello modular en nuestra práctica habitual.(AU)

Introduction and objectives: Modular neck primary stems were introduced with the theoretical advantage of restoring the hip anatomy more precisely. However, the presence of a second junction has been associated with increased corrosion and release of metal debris. The objective of our study is to quantify of chromium and cobalt serum values, and to analyze their temporal evolution during five years. Material and methods: We present a prospective series of 61 patients who underwent primary total hip arthroplasty by implantation of the HMAX-M® stem (Limacorporate, San Daniele, Italy). Serum chromium and cobalt determinations were performed at six months, two years and five years. Results: Our series shows a progressive elevation in chromium levels with a significant difference between chromium values at six months (0.35±0.18) and five years (0.52±0.36), P=.01. Regarding cobalt, a statistically significant elevation is observed between six months and two years and a subsequent stabilization of values between two and five years, with a cobalt mean at six months (1.17±0.8) significantly lower than at two (2.63±1.76) and five years (2.84±2.1), P=.001. Conclusion: Elevated serum cobalt levels have been observed in patients who underwent modular neck stem implantation. The results obtained in this study have limited the use of stems with a modular neck in our clinical practice.(AU)

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Introducción y objetivos: Los vástagos primarios con cuellos modulares fueron introducidos con la ventaja teórica de restaurar la anatomía de la cadera de forma más precisa. Sin embargo, la presencia de un segundo encaje se ha asociado a una mayor corrosión y liberación de detritos metálicos. El objetivo de nuestro estudio es cuantificar los valores séricos de cromo y de cobalto, y analizar su evolución temporal durante cinco años. Material y métodos: Se presenta una serie prospectiva de 61 pacientes intervenidos de artroplastia total de cadera primaria mediante la implantación del vástago HMAX-M® (Limacorporate, San Daniele, Italia) en los que se realizó una determinación sérica de cromo y cobalto a los seis meses, a los dos años y a los cinco años. Resultados: Nuestra serie presenta una elevación progresiva de los niveles de cromo, con una diferencia significativa entre los valores de cromo a los seis meses (0,35±0,18) y los cinco años (0,52±0,36), p=0,01. Respecto al cobalto, se observa una elevación estadísticamente significativa entre los seis meses y los dos años y una posterior estabilización hasta los cinco años, siendo la media de cobalto a los seis meses (1,17±0,8) significativamente menor que a los dos años (2,63±1,76) y a los cinco años (2,84±2,1), p=0,001. Conclusión: Se ha observado una elevación de los niveles séricos de cobalto en aquellos pacientes a los que se les implantó un vástago con cuello modular. Los resultados obtenidos en este estudio han limitado el uso de vástagos con cuello modular en nuestra práctica habitual.(AU)

Introduction and objectives: Modular neck primary stems were introduced with the theoretical advantage of restoring the hip anatomy more precisely. However, the presence of a second junction has been associated with increased corrosion and release of metal debris. The objective of our study is to quantify of chromium and cobalt serum values, and to analyze their temporal evolution during five years. Material and methods: We present a prospective series of 61 patients who underwent primary total hip arthroplasty by implantation of the HMAX-M® stem (Limacorporate, San Daniele, Italy). Serum chromium and cobalt determinations were performed at six months, two years and five years. Results: Our series shows a progressive elevation in chromium levels with a significant difference between chromium values at six months (0.35±0.18) and five years (0.52±0.36), P=.01. Regarding cobalt, a statistically significant elevation is observed between six months and two years and a subsequent stabilization of values between two and five years, with a cobalt mean at six months (1.17±0.8) significantly lower than at two (2.63±1.76) and five years (2.84±2.1), P=.001. Conclusion: Elevated serum cobalt levels have been observed in patients who underwent modular neck stem implantation. The results obtained in this study have limited the use of stems with a modular neck in our clinical practice.(AU)

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OBJECTIVE: To improve knowledge about routine clinical practice in the management of paediatric acute pain in Spain. METHODS: A telematic survey was conducted via the Internet on a representative sample of healthcare professionals involved in the management of paediatric acute pain (specifically anaesthesiologists) in Spain. The survey included 28 questions about their usual clinical practice in the assessment and treatment of acute pain, and also training and organisational aspects in paediatric acute pain. RESULTS: The survey was completed during March 2021 by 150 specialists in anaesthesiology. The respondents widely experienced in the management of acute paediatric pain (mean years of experience: 14.3: SD: 7.8), essentially in acute postoperative pain (97% of cases). Although 80% routinely used validated paediatric acute pain assessment scales, only 2.6% used specific scales adapted for patients with cognitive impairment. Most of the respondents routinely used analgesic drugs such as paracetamol (99%) or metamizole (92%), but only 84% complemented these drugs with a loco-regional blocking technique or other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (62%). Furthermore, only 62.7% acknowledged having received specific training in paediatric acute pain, only 45% followed hospital institutional protocols, and a scant 28% did so through paediatric pain units. CONCLUSIONS: The survey identified important points for improvement in the training and organisation of acute pain management in Spanish paediatric patients.

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Tight relationships exist in the local Universe between the central stellar properties of galaxies and the mass of their supermassive black hole (SMBH)1-3. These suggest that galaxies and black holes co-evolve, with the main regulation mechanism being energetic feedback from accretion onto the black hole during its quasar phase4-6. A crucial question is how the relationship between black holes and galaxies evolves with time; a key epoch to examine this relationship is at the peaks of star formation and black hole growth 8-12 billion years ago (redshifts 1-3)7. Here we report a dynamical measurement of the mass of the black hole in a luminous quasar at a redshift of 2, with a look back in time of 11 billion years, by spatially resolving the broad-line region (BLR). We detect a 40-µas (0.31-pc) spatial offset between the red and blue photocentres of the Hα line that traces the velocity gradient of a rotating BLR. The flux and differential phase spectra are well reproduced by a thick, moderately inclined disk of gas clouds within the sphere of influence of a central black hole with a mass of 3.2 × 108 solar masses. Molecular gas data reveal a dynamical mass for the host galaxy of 6 × 1011 solar masses, which indicates an undermassive black hole accreting at a super-Eddington rate. This suggests a host galaxy that grew faster than the SMBH, indicating a delay between galaxy and black hole formation for some systems.

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BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: In the last years, the Emergency Department (ED) has become an important source of admissions for hospitals. Since late 90s, the number of ED visits has been steadily increasing, and since Covid19 pandemic this trend has been much stronger. Accurate prediction of ED visits, even for moderate forecasting time-horizons, can definitively improve operational efficiency, quality of care, and patient outcomes in hospitals. METHODS: In this paper we propose two different interpretable approaches, based on Machine Learning algorithms, to accurately forecast hospital emergency visits. The proposed approaches involve a first step of data segmentation based on two different criteria, depending on the approach considered: first, a threshold-based strategy is adopted, where data is divided depending on the value of specific predictor variables. In a second approach, a cluster-based ensemble learning is proposed, in such a way that a clustering algorithm is applied to the training dataset, and ML models are then trained for each cluster. RESULTS: The two proposed methodologies have been evaluated in real data from two hospital ED visits datasets in Spain. We have shown that the proposed approaches are able to obtain accurate ED visits forecasting, in short-term and also long-term prediction time-horizons up to one week, improving the efficiency of alternative prediction methods for this problem. CONCLUSIONS: The proposed forecasting approaches have a strong emphasis on providing explainability to the problem. An analysis on which variables govern the problem and are pivotal for obtaining accurate predictions is finally carried out and included in the discussion of the paper.

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INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Modular neck primary stems were introduced with the theoretical advantage of restoring the hip anatomy more precisely. However, the presence of a second junction has been associated with increased corrosion and release of metal debris. The objective of our study is to quantify of chromium and cobalt serum values, and to analyse their temporal evolution during five years. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We present a prospective series of 61 patients who underwent primary total hip arthroplasty by implantation of the H MAX-M® stem (Limacorporate, San Daniele, Italy). Serum chromium and cobalt determinations were performed at six months, two years and five years. RESULTS: Our series shows a progressive elevation in chromium levels with a significant difference between chromium values at six months (0.35±0.18) and five years (0.52±0.36), p=.01. Regarding cobalt, a statistically significant elevation is observed between six months and two years and a subsequent stabilisation of values between two and five years, with a cobalt mean at six months (1.17±0.8) significantly lower than at two (2.63±1.76) and five years (2.84±2.1), p=.001. CONCLUSION: Elevated serum cobalt levels have been observed in patients who underwent modular neck stem implantation. The results obtained in this study have limited the use of stems with a modular neck in our clinical practice.