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BACKGROUND: Severe mental illness diagnoses have overlapping symptomatology and shared genetic risk, motivating cross-diagnostic investigations of disease-relevant quantitative measures. We analysed relationships between neurocognitive performance, symptom domains, and diagnoses in a large sample of people with severe mental illness not ascertained for a specific diagnosis (cases), and people without mental illness (controls) from a single, homogeneous population. METHODS: In this case-control study, cases with severe mental illness were ascertained through electronic medical records at Clínica San Juan de Dios de Manizales (Manizales, Caldas, Colombia) and the Hospital Universitario San Vicente Fundación (Medellín, Antioquía, Colombia). Participants were assessed for speed and accuracy using the Penn Computerized Neurocognitive Battery (CNB). Cases had structured interview-based diagnoses of schizophrenia, bipolar 1, bipolar 2, or major depressive disorder. Linear mixed models, using CNB tests as repeated measures, modelled neurocognition as a function of diagnosis, sex, and all interactions. Follow-up analyses in cases included symptom factor scores obtained from exploratory factor analysis of symptom data as main effects. FINDINGS: Between Oct 1, 2017, and Nov 1, 2019, 2406 participants (1689 cases [schizophrenia n=160; bipolar 1 disorder n=519; bipolar 2 disorder n=204; and major depressive disorder n=806] and 717 controls; mean age 39 years (SD 14); and 1533 female) were assessed. Participants with bipolar 1 disorder and schizophrenia had similar impairments in accuracy and speed across cognitive domains. Participants with bipolar 2 disorder and major depressive disorder performed similarly to controls, with subtle deficits in executive and social cognition. A three-factor model (psychosis, mania, and depression) best represented symptom data. Controlling for diagnosis, premorbid IQ, and disease severity, high lifetime psychosis scores were associated with reduced accuracy and speed across cognitive domains, whereas high depression scores were associated with increased social cognition accuracy. INTERPRETATION: Cross-diagnostic investigations showed that neurocognitive function in severe mental illness is characterised by two distinct profiles (bipolar 1 disorder and schizophrenia, and bipolar 2 disorder and major depressive disorder), and is associated with specific symptom domains. These results suggest the utility of this design for elucidating severe mental illness causes and trajectories. FUNDING: US National Institute of Mental Health.

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Ciguatera fish poisoning (ciguatera) is a common clinical syndrome in areas where there is dependence on tropical reef fish for food. A subset of patients develops recurrent and, in some instances, chronic symptoms, which may result in substantial disability. To identify possible biomarkers for recurrent/chronic disease, and to explore correlations with immune gene expression, peripheral blood leukocyte gene expression in 10 ciguatera patients (7 recurrent and 3 acute) from the U.S. Virgin Islands, and 5 unexposed Florida controls were evaluated. Significant differences in gene expression were noted when comparing ciguatera patients and controls; however, it was not possible to differentiate between patients with acute and recurrent disease, possibly due to the small sample sizes involved.

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Objetivo: Caracterizar los principales hallazgos psicopatológicos y los perfiles neuropsicológicos de un grupo de hijos de pacientes adultos con TAB de ascendencia antioqueña. Métodos: 20 sujetos hijos de pacientes con TAB tipo I se evaluaron por medio de la entrevista diagnóstica K-SADS-LP para establecer sus diagnósticos según criterios del DSM-IV-TR. También se les aplicaron varias subpruebas de la Evaluación Neuropsicológica Infantil (ENI) y una versión abreviada de la Escala de Inteligencia para niños WISC III. Los padres bipolares y los copadres biológicos fueron evaluados con la Entrevista Diagnóstica para Estudios Genéticos (DIGS). Resultados: Los trastornos psiquiátricos más frecuentes fueron los de ansiedad de separación (35%), fobia simple (20%), trastorno por déficit de atención con hiperactividad (50%) y trastorno oposicionista y desafiante (20%). Como un hallazgo psicopatológico frecuente, este grupo presentó, además, síntomas subsindromáticos de ansiedad y trastorno por déficit de atención con hiperactividad. Ninguno de los hijos evaluados presentó TAB y solo dos casos presentaron trastorno depresivo mayor; sin embargo, se encontraron síntomas subsindromáticos para manía en una cuarta parte de la muestra. Los hallazgos neuropsicológicos principales en los HPB fueron dificultades de memoria de evocación, memoria diferida y almacenamiento de información. Conclusiones: Este grupo de niños y adolescentes hijos de padres con TAB tipo I del aislado genético antioqueño, presenta diagnósticos según el DSM-IV-TR de trastorno de ansiedad y TDAH y, además, síntomas subsindrómicos de diversos trastornos psiquiátricos, incluido el TAB. Algunas medidas neuropsicológicas muestran un menor rendimiento en pruebas de memoria y atención.

Objective: To characterize the main psycho pathological findings and neuropsychological profiles in a group of offspring of parents with Bipolar Disorder of Antioquia-Colombian ancestry. Methods: 20 children of parents with bipolar disorder type I were assessed using the K-SADS-PL in order to establish their diagnosis according with DSM-IV-TR criteria. Neuropsychological assessment was done by using subtests of the "Evaluación Neuropsicológica Infantil (ENI)" and the abbreviated version of WISC III. Bipolar parents and biological co-parents were evaluated with the Diagnostic Interview for Genetic Studies (DIGS). Results: The most common psychiatric disorders found were separation anxiety disorder (35%), simple phobia (20%), attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (50%), and oppositional defiant disorder (20%). This group of offspring also presented subsyndromal anxiety and ADHD symptoms as a common psychopathological finding. None of the children assessed had bipolar disorder and only two cases presented major depressive disorder. However, subsyndromal symptoms for mania were found in a quarter of the sample. The main neuropsychological findings in the offspring were difficulties in memory evocation, memory recall, and long term memory. Conclusions: This group of children and adolescents of parents with BD type I from paisa population (Colombia) genetic isolate presents DSM-IV-TR diagnoses of anxiety and disruptive disorders and subsyndromal symptoms of several psychiatric disorders including BD. Some neuropsychological measures show low performance in memory and attention tests.

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Contenido: Mitos del abuso. Secuelas del abuso. Lugares del abuso. Clases de abusos. Acerca de los abusadores. Etapas del abuso. Psicología del abusador. Potenciales abusadores. Psicología del niño abusado. Potenciales víctimas. Las madres de los niños abusados. Prevención del abuso...

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Contenido: Mitos del abuso. Secuelas del abuso. Lugares del abuso. Clases de abusos. Acerca de los abusadores. Etapas del abuso. Psicología del abusador. Potenciales abusadores. Psicología del niño abusado. Potenciales víctimas. Las madres de los niños abusados. Prevención del abuso...(AU)

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Introducción. La utilización de la frecuencia de apellidos como marcadores de linajes paternos ha permitido caracterizar poblaciones. Los principios de isonimia se han empleado para determinar el grado de estructuración genética, las tasas de migraciones y las relaciones de ancestría y origen entre poblaciones. Este análisis se aplicó a dos poblaciones históricamente relacionadas y consideradas como aislados genéticos. Objetivo. Evaluar las relaciones genéticas y de origen entre Aranzazu y Marinilla y su zona de influencia por medio de análisis de frecuencia de apellidos. Materiales y métodos. A partir de la base de datos del Sistema de Identificación de Beneficiarios de los Programas Sociales, Sisbén, se calcularon los parámetros poblacionales de coeficiente de parentesco (ii), la homogeneidad poblacional con los estimadores B (porcentaje de la población que comparte los siete apellidos más frecuentes) y C (15 apellidos más frecuentes) y la distancia genética de Cavalli-Sforza en tres poblaciones del núcleo fundador de Marinilla y Rionegro como población externa. Resultados. Marinilla y Aranzazu, al igual que las poblaciones de Marinilla y su zona de influencia, mostraron los mayores valores de homogeneidad (valores B entre 0,25 y 0,5) comparados con Rionegro (B = 0,159) y también mayores valores de parentesco intrapoblacional (valores ii entre 0,0034 y 0,01). Las menores distancias se encontraron entre Marinilla y Aranzazu.Conclusiones. Aranzazu es una población con características similares a las de Marinilla y su zona de influencia y debido al efecto fundador, estas poblaciones pueden presentar características genéticas similares. Por lo tanto, las enfermedades genéticas, principalmente las de herencia compleja, podrían tener la misma etiología genética en ambas poblaciones, lo que garantizaría las condiciones óptimas para estudios de cartografía genética.

Introduction. Surname frequency (isonymy) is used as a marker of paternal lineage and is used to characterize human population structure. Principles of isonymy were used to determine the genetic structure, migration rates, ancestry relations and origins of populations. This analysis was applied to two historically related local populations which currently are considered to be genetically isolated. Objective. The genetic relationships and influence zones of the Aranzazu and Marinilla populations were assessed by means of surname frequency analysis. Materials and methods. Data originated from database with the title “System of Identification of Beneficiaries of the Social Programs” database or Sisben. Population parameters such as a priori kinship (fii), population homogeneity with B and C estimators, and Cavalli-Sforza’s genetic distance were calculated for (a) three towns of Marinilla and its influence zone and (b) Aranzazu. The Rionegro population served as an external, comparison population. Results. The Aranzazu and Marinilla populations showed the higher homogeneity (B value between 0.25 and 0.5) in contrast with Rionegro (B = 0.159), as well as greater a priori kinship values (fii between 0.003 and 0.010). The lowest distances were found between Marinilla and Aranzazu. Conclusions. Aranzazu is a population with characteristics similar to those of Marinilla and its influence zone. The close similarity of genetic characteristics for these populations is due probably to a founder effect. Furthermore, the genetic similarity predicts that genetic diseases will have the same etiology in both populations and provides optimum conditions for gene mapping studies.

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INTRODUCTION: Surname frequency (isonymy) is used as a marker of paternal lineage and is used to characterize human population structure. Principles of isonymy were used to determine the genetic structure, migration rates, ancestry relations and origins of populations. This analysis was applied to two historically related local populations which currently are considered to be genetically isolated. OBJECTIVE: The genetic relationships and influence zones of the Aranzazu and Marinilla populations were assessed by means of surname frequency analysis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Data originated from database with the title "System of Identification of Beneficiaries of the Social Programs" database or Sisben. Population parameters such as a priori kinship (phi(ii)), population homogeneity with B and C estimators, and Cavalli-Sforza's genetic distance were calculated for (a) three towns of Marinilla and its influence zone and (b) Aranzazu. The Rionegro population served as an external, comparison population. RESULTS: The Aranzazu and Marinilla populations showed the higher homogeneity (B value between 0.25 and 0.5) in contrast with Rionegro (B = 0.159), as well as greater a priori kinship values (4), between 0.003 and 0.010). The lowest distances were found between Marinilla and Aranzazu. CONCLUSIONS: Aranzazu is a population with characteristics similar to those of Marinilla and its influence zone. The close similarity of genetic characteristics for these populations is due probably to a founder effect. Furthermore, the genetic similarity predicts that genetic diseases will have the same etiology in both populations and provides optimum conditions for gene mapping studies.

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An interview tool, Diagnostic Interview for Genetic Studies (DIGS 3.0), was translated into Spanish for application in studies of psychiatric disorders in Colombia. Two Spanish translations of the original English version of DIGS were prepared and back-translated into English. A review committee verified the linguistic and cultural equivalence of the translations. The evaluator and test-retest reliability were assessed calculating Cohen's kappa for samples of 65 and 91 patients respectively. DIGS proved valid in both appearance and content. The confidence interval (C.I.) was excellent for schizophrenia (kappa = 0.81, C.I. 95% = 0.68-0.93), bipolar disorder (kappa = 0.87, C.I. 95% = 0.75-0.99), major depressive disorder (kappa = 0.86, C.I. 95% = 0.70-1.00), and for a normal diagnosis (kappa = 0.65, C.I. 95% = 0.41-0.89); it was good for other psychiatric diagnosis (kappa = 0.65, C.I. 95% = 0.41-0.89) and poor for schizoaffective disorder (kappa = 0.37, C.I. 95% = -0.02-0.76). Test-retest reliability was excellent for all diagnoses (kappa > 0.8), except for "other psychiatric diagnoses" (kappa = 0.64, C.I. 95% = 0.31-0.96). The Spanish translation of the DIGS was comprehensible, with face and content validity, and good test-retest and evaluator reliability. This translation will be a useful tool for genetic studies of psychiatric disorders in Latin America, particularly where schizophrenia and affective disorders are involved.

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Objetivo: validar la entrevista diagnóstica para estudios genéticos (DIGS 3.0) en Colombia. Métodos: se hicieron dos traducciones del inglés al español del DIGS y se hizo traducción en sentido inverso (al inglés) de cada una. Un comité de revisión verificó la equivalencia translingüística y transcultural. Se evaluó la confiabilidad examen-reexamen e interevaluador del DIGS 3.0 en 65 y 91 pacientes, respectivamente, mediante el cálculo de kappa de Cohen. Resultados: el DIGS 3.0 mostró ser comprensible, con validez de apariencia y de contenido. La confiabilidad interevaluador fue excelente para esquizofrenia (kapa=0,81, IC95%: 0,68-0,93), trastorno bipolar (kapa=0,87, IC95%: 0,75-0,99), trastorno depresivo mayor (kapa=0,86, IC95%: 0,7- 1) y ausencia de trastorno psiquiátrico (kapa=0,88, IC95%: 0,71-1); fue buena para otro diagnóstico psiquiátrico (kapa=0,65, IC95%: 0,41-0,89) y pobre para trastorno esquizoafectivo (kapa=0,37, IC95%: -0,02-0,76). La confiabilidad examen-reexamen fue excelente para todos los diagnósticos (kapa>0,8), excepto para otro diagnóstico psiquiátrico (kapa=0,64, IC95%: 0,31-0,96), donde fue buena. Conclusiones: la versión en español del DIGS para Colombia mostró comprensibilidad, validez de apariencia y de contenido, y confiabilidad examen-reexamen e interevaluador. Es una herramienta útil para estudios genéticos en esquizofrenia y en trastornos afectivos.

An interview tool, Diagnostic Interview for Genetic Studies (DIGS 3.0), was translated into Spanish for application in studies of psychiatric disorders in Colombia. Two Spanish translations of the original English version of DIGS were prepared and backtranslated into English. A review committee verified the linguistic and cultural equivalence of the translations. The evaluator and test-retest reliability were assessed calculating Cohen’s kappa for samples of 65 and 91 patients respectively. DIGS proved valid in both appearance and content. The confidence interval (C.I.) was excellent for schizophrenia (kappa=0.81, C.I. 95% = 0.68-0.93), bipolar disorder (kappa=0.87, C.I. 95% = 0.75-0.99), major depressive disorder (kappa=0.86, C.I. 95% = 0.70-1.00), and for a normal diagnosis (kappa=0.65, C.I. 95% = 0.41-0.89); it was good for other psychiatric diagnosis (kappa=0.65, C.I. 95% = 0.41-0.89) and poor for schizoaffective disorder (kappa=0.37, C.I. 95% = -0.02-0.76). Test-retest reliability was excellent for all diagnoses (kappa>0.8), except for "other psychiatric diagnoses" (kappa=0.64, C.I. 95% = 0.31-0.96). The Spanish translation of the DIGS was comprehensible, with face and content validity, and good test-retest and evaluator reliability. This translation will be a useful tool for genetic studies of psychiatric disorders in Latin America, particularly where schizophrenia and affective disorders are involved.

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Se presenta el contexto sociopolítico, jurídico y ambiental donde suceden los desastres y las emergencias, el cual sustenta la importancia de realizar trabajos que aporten, desde la atención en salud y desde lo psicosocial para la prevención, la atención, la mitigación y la rehabilitación de las personas y las comunidades. También se presentan investigaciones, actividades de extensión y de capacitación, publicaciones y ponencias, vinculaciones nacionales e internacionales, participcaipón en la formación de estudiantes de especializaciones y de pregrado y referencias bibliográficas. Los desastres son uno de los principales problemas y generan diferentes situaciones que alteran la calidad de vida de las comunidades; para el trabajo en investigación se consideran como núcleos problemáticos: el trauma, el autocuidado, las repercusiones fisicas y psicosociales, la particpación de las comunidades y el desplazamiento forzado.

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