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INTRODUCTION: Leptospirosis is a zoonotic disease with high prevalence in low-income and middle-income countries and tropical and subtropical regions. The clinical symptoms of the disease are similar to symptoms presented by other endemic infectious diseases that could be present simultaneously. Thus, leptospirosis could be masked by similar infections like dengue, malaria, hantavirus, melioidosis and borreliosis, among others. Therefore, leptospirosis could present itself as an under-reported infection or as a coinfection with another pathogen, as has been reported in the literature. However, there is a lack of documented evidence about the specific risk factors of leptospirosis infection, the symptoms, the coinfection's mortality and the frequency of coinfection. Additionally, leptospirosis coinfections have not been considered a neglected public health concern. Therefore, this systematic review aims to evaluate published articles that show the risk factors associated with leptospirosis infection and coinfection with other pathogens. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: The search process to identify eligible studies will be conducted including the LILACS, ProQuest, PubMed and Scopus databases with no restriction in terms of publication date. Also, grey literature will be included in the research. Authors will independently screen the title and abstracts of the articles identified from the search using Rayyan free software. Eligibility criteria include peer-reviewed research articles written in English or Spanish, including observational studies, cohorts, case-control, cross-sectional, ecological studies and report cases. The systematic review will include studies that report descriptions of leptospirosis cases with coinfection or co-occurrence. The search will be accomplished by articles from 1950 to May 2022. The data will be extracted in a standard extraction form using an Excel format. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: Results will be published in a peer-reviewed journal. Also, findings will be disseminated through scientific meetings. Ethical approval will not be required as this is a systematic review and primary data will be not collected or included. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER: CRD42021234754.

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Abstract Background: Bovine tuberculosis (BTB) and brucellosis are associated with devastating losses in the livestock sector in Colombia and even in developed countries. Real-time disease surveillance is a key strategy to control and eradicate infectious disease outbreaks. Objective: To design an epidemiological tool for monitoring BTB and brucellosis in Colombia. Methods: An interactive platform for disease mapping of BTB and brucellosis during an observation period between years 2004 and 2019 was designed. Results: Our analysis showed that the provinces of Cundinamarca and Valle del Cauca are regions affected by BTB and brucellosis epidemics, respectively (p<0.001). Furthermore, increased case detection of BTB was reported in 2012 and brucellosis in 2019 (p<0.001). Conclusions: This epidemiological platform allows tracking BTB and tuberculosis hotspots, identifying trends over time, and provides useful information to animal health authorities for designing new strategies in control programs.

Resumen Antecedentes: La tuberculosis bovina (TBB) y la brucelosis están asociadas con problemas persistentes en la ganadería Colombiana e incluso en los países desarrollados. La vigilancia de enfermedades en tiempo real es una estrategia clave para controlar y erradicar brotes de enfermedades infecciosas. Objetivo: Diseñar una herramienta epidemiológica para monitorear TBB y brucelosis en Colombia. Métodos: Se diseñó un panel de control interactivo para el mapeo de ambas enfermedades durante el periodo de observación entre los años 2004 y 2019. Resultados: El análisis de la herramienta mostró que las Provincias de Cundinamarca y Valle del Cauca han sido áreas epidémicas para TBB y brucelosis, respectivamente (p<0,001). Además, se encontró un aumento de la detección de casos de TBB en 2012 y de brucelosis durante 2019 (p<0,001). Conclusiones: Este panel epidemiológico permite el seguimiento de puntos críticos de TBB y tuberculosis, identificando sus tendencias a lo largo del tiempo, y proporciona información útil para las autoridades de sanidad animal que diseñan nuevas estrategias para los programas de control.

Resumo Antecedentes: A tuberculose bovina (TBB) e a brucelose estão associadas a problemas persistentes no campo da pecuária na Colômbia e até em países desenvolvidos. Portanto, a vigilância de doenças em tempo real é uma estratégia essencial para controlar e erradicar surtos de doenças infecciosas. Objetivo: Projetar uma ferramenta epidemiológica para monitorar a TB e a brucelose na Colômbia. Métodos: Um painel de controle interativo foi projetado para o mapeamento de ambas as doenças entre 2004 e 2019 como período de observação. Resultados: A análise da ferramenta mostrou que as Províncias de Cundinamarca e Valle del Cauca foram áreas epidêmicas para TBB e brucelose, respectivamente (p<0,001). Além disso, foi encontrado um aumento na detecção de casos em 2012 para TBB e brucelose durante 2019 (p<0,001). Conclusões: Esse painel epidemiológico poderia permitir o monitoramento de pontos críticos dessas doenças, identificando tendências ao longo do tempo, fornecendo informações úteis para as autoridades de saúde animal que elaboram novas estratégias para programas de controle.