RESUMEN
Benefits of near-peer teaching are well-documented, but its time requirements can be prohibitive. We integrated the near-peer effect into a clinical anatomy course with weekly student-developed handouts vetted by faculty to provide an element of near-peer teaching without the burden of extra time.
RESUMEN
Ten river frog tadpoles (Rana hecksheri) were collected from Pointsett State Park in South Carolina in April 1995. They were housed together in a tank at the North Carolina Zoological Park. Although no skin lesions were evident at collection, skin scrapings performed 4 weeks later revealed numerous immature and adult Argulus sp. on the tails and dorsal trunks of many of the tadpoles. The adult parasites were removed manually, and the tadpoles were treated with lufenuron (15 mg/l; Program, Novartis Animal Health, Greensboro, N.C.) and sodium chloride (3 g/l) in the tank water for 3 weeks. A single immature Argulus was found on a skin scraping on day 2 of treatment, and no parasites were seen thereafter on skin scrapings obtained through day 28 after the initiation of treatment. Metamorphosis occurred in all tadpoles within 4 weeks of initiating treatment. No deleterious effects of the treatment were noted.
Asunto(s)
Benzamidas/uso terapéutico , Crustáceos/patogenicidad , Insecticidas/uso terapéutico , Ranidae/parasitología , Animales , Animales de Laboratorio , Larva/parasitología , Cloruro de Sodio/uso terapéutico , Resultado del TratamientoRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To compare the anesthetic efficacy and physiologic changes associated with exposure to tricaine methanesulfonate and clove oil (100% eugenol). ANIMALS: 15 adult cultured red pacu (Piaractus brachypomus). PROCEDURE: Fish were exposed to each of 6 anesthetic concentrations in a within-subjects complete crossover design. Stages of anesthesia and recovery were measured, and physiologic data were collected before and during anesthesia. RESULTS: Interval to induction was more rapid and recovery more prolonged in fish exposed to eugenol, compared with those exposed to tricaine methanesulfonate. The margin of safety for eugenol was narrow, because at the highest concentration, most fish required resuscitation. Mixed venous-arterial PO2 consistently decreased with anesthesia, while PCO2 consistently increased with anesthesia in all fish regardless of anesthetic agent. The increase in PCO2 was accompanied by a decrease in pH, presumably secondary to respiratory acidosis. Anesthesia was associated with increased blood glucose, potassium, and sodium concentrations as well as Hct and hemoglobin. Fish anesthetized with eugenol were more likely to react to a hypodermic needle puncture than fish anesthetized with tricaine methanesulfonate. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Anesthesia induced with tricaine methanesulfonate or eugenol contributes to hypoxemia, hypercapnia, respiratory acidosis, and hyperglycemia in red pacu. Similar to tricaine methanesulfonate, eugenol appears to be an effective immobilization compound, but eugenol is characterized by more rapid induction, prolonged recovery, and a narrow margin of safety. Care must be taken when using high concentrations of eugenol for induction, because ventilatory failure may occur rapidly. In addition, analgesic properties of eugenol are unknown.
Asunto(s)
Aminobenzoatos/farmacología , Anestesia/veterinaria , Anestésicos/farmacología , Eugenol/farmacología , Peces/fisiología , Aminobenzoatos/administración & dosificación , Periodo de Recuperación de la Anestesia , Anestésicos/administración & dosificación , Animales , Conducta Animal/efectos de los fármacos , Glucemia/efectos de los fármacos , Glucemia/metabolismo , Estudios Cruzados , Relación Dosis-Respuesta a Droga , Eugenol/administración & dosificación , Peces/sangre , Hematócrito , Hemoglobinas/metabolismo , Concentración de Iones de Hidrógeno , Oxígeno/sangre , Distribución Aleatoria , Respiración/efectos de los fármacos , Estadísticas no ParamétricasRESUMEN
There are 183 zoos and aquariums accredited by the American Zoo and Aquarium Association and scores of smaller, nonaccredited zoos in the U.S. Thousands of individuals work at these zoos in many different roles. Likewise, most counties and many larger cities employ animal control officers and have animal shelters. The authors discuss the numerous hazards encountered by animal control officers as well as employees of zoo and aquarium facilities. Suggested protocols for ensuring a safe workplace are presented. However, a thorough industrial hygiene and safety inspection should be performed on a regular basis, as additional protocols may be needed periodically.
Asunto(s)
Accidentes de Trabajo , Exposición Profesional , Salud Laboral , Animales , Femenino , Sustancias Peligrosas/toxicidad , Vivienda para Animales , Humanos , Hipersensibilidad/epidemiología , Hipersensibilidad/etiología , Enfermedades Profesionales/epidemiología , Embarazo , Complicaciones del Embarazo/epidemiología , Complicaciones del Embarazo/etiología , Radiación Ionizante , Administración de la Seguridad , Zoonosis/epidemiología , Zoonosis/transmisiónRESUMEN
Five African elephants (Loxodonta africana) were immobilized with etorphine in Waza National Park, Cameroon, for the purpose of deploying radio/satellite tracking collars. A portable ventilator constructed from two high-flow demand valves and the Y-piece of a large animal anesthesia circuit was used to provide intermittent positive-pressure ventilation with 100% oxygen. Oxygenation status improved dramatically in all five elephants. In one hypoxemic elephant, arterial PaO2 increased from 40 to 366 mm Hg. The results of this study demonstrate that both oxygenation and ventilation can be readily controlled in etorphine-immobilized elephants even under remote field conditions.
Asunto(s)
Elefantes/fisiología , Etorfina , Hipnóticos y Sedantes , Hipoxia/veterinaria , Inmovilización , Ventilación con Presión Positiva Intermitente/veterinaria , Animales , Animales Salvajes , Análisis de los Gases de la Sangre , Presión Sanguínea , Dióxido de Carbono/sangre , Femenino , Frecuencia Cardíaca , Hipoxia/prevención & control , Oxígeno/sangre , Presión , Respiración , Volumen de Ventilación PulmonarRESUMEN
This investigation evaluated the cardiopulmonary effects of medetomidine, ketamine, and butorphanol anesthesia in captive juvenile Thomson's gazelles (Gazella thomsoni). Butorphanol was incorporated to reduce the dose of medetomidine necessary for immobilization and minimize medetomidine-induced adverse cardiovascular side effects. Medetomidine 40.1 +/- 3.6 microg/kg, ketamine 4.9 +/- 0.6 mg/kg, and butorphanol 0.40 +/- 0.04 mg/kg were administered intramuscularly by hand injection to nine gazelles. Times to initial effect and recumbency were within 8 min postinjection. Cardiopulmonary status was monitored every 5 min by measuring heart rate, respiratory rate, indirect blood pressure, end-tidal CO2, and indirect oxygen-hemoglobin saturation by pulse oximetry. Venous blood gases were collected every 15 min postinjection. Oxygen saturations less than 90% in three gazelles suggested hypoxemia. Subsequent immobilized gazelles were supplemented with intranasal oxygen throughout the anesthetic period. Sustained bradycardia (<60 beats per minute, as compared with anesthetized domestic calves, sheep, and goats) was noted in eight of nine gazelles. Heart and respiratory rates and rectal temperatures decreased slightly, whereas systolic, mean, and diastolic blood pressure values were consistent over the anesthetic period. Mild elevations in end tidal CO2 and PCO2 suggested hypoventilation. Local lidocaine blocks were necessary to perform castrations in all seven of the gazelles undergoing the procedure. Return to sternal recumbency occurred within 7 min and return to standing occurred within 12 min after reversal with atipamezole (0.2 +/- 0.03 mg/kg) and naloxone (0.02 +/- 0.001 mg/kg). Medetomidine, ketamine, and butorphanol can be used to safely anesthetize Thomson's gazelles for routine, noninvasive procedures. More invasive procedures, such as castration, can be readily performed with the additional use of local anesthetics.
Asunto(s)
Anestésicos Combinados , Antílopes/fisiología , Butorfanol , Ketamina , Medetomidina , Analgésicos Opioides/administración & dosificación , Anestésicos Combinados/administración & dosificación , Anestésicos Disociativos/administración & dosificación , Animales , Presión Sanguínea/efectos de los fármacos , Butorfanol/administración & dosificación , Dióxido de Carbono/metabolismo , Frecuencia Cardíaca/efectos de los fármacos , Hemoglobinas/análisis , Hipnóticos y Sedantes/administración & dosificación , Inyecciones Intramusculares/veterinaria , Ketamina/administración & dosificación , Masculino , Medetomidina/administración & dosificación , Oximetría/veterinaria , Oxígeno/sangre , Respiración/efectos de los fármacosRESUMEN
The clinical, gross necropsy, and histopathology findings in two unrelated desert grassland whiptail lizards (Cnemidophorus uniparens) with teratoma are described. The desert grassland whiptail is a parthenogenic lizard species with a polyploid chromosomal complement. The chromosome composition of the teratomas from these lizards was not determined.
Asunto(s)
Lagartos , Neoplasias Ováricas/veterinaria , Teratoma/veterinaria , Animales , Autopsia/veterinaria , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Resultado Fatal , Femenino , Neoplasias Ováricas/patología , Teratoma/patologíaRESUMEN
Cholesterol granulomas are uncommon pathologic lesions in animals, although they are important intracranial tumors in humans. This report describes cholesterol granulomas associated with multiple organ systems of three captive meerkats. In the most severe case, meerkat No. 1, the pathologic behavior of the cholesterol granuloma was unique in that it appeared to locally invade the cerebrum and calvarium, possibly contributing to neurological deficits observed antemortem. A review of other meerkat necropsies revealed incidental, asymptomatic cholesterol granulomas in organs of two other individuals, meerkat Nos. 2 and 3. Histologically, all lesions were composed of cholesterol clefts admixed with large, foamy macrophages containing hemosiderin, multinucleated giant cells, lymphocytes, plasma cells, and foci of mineralization. Hypercholesterolemia was documented in two of the three meerkats.
Asunto(s)
Carnívoros , Colesterol , Granuloma/veterinaria , Animales , Encéfalo/patología , Resultado Fatal , Granuloma/patología , MasculinoRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the cardiopulmonary effects of immobilizing doses of xylazine-ketamine (XK), medetomidine-ketamine (MK), medetomidine-ketamine-acepromazine (MKA), and medetomidine-butorphanol-ketamine (MBK) in captive red wolves. DESIGN: Prospective study. ANIMALS: 32 adult captive red wolves. PROCEDURE: Wolves were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 treatment groups: XK, MK, MKA, or MBK. Physiologic variables measured included heart rate, blood pressure, respiratory rate, tidal volume, oxygen-hemoglobin saturation (Spo2), end-tidal CO2, arterial blood gases, and rectal temperature. Induction time, muscle relaxation, and quality of recovery were assessed. RESULTS: Heart rates were lower in wolves in the MBK group than for the other groups. All 4 drug combinations induced considerable hypertension, with diastolic pressures exceeding 116 mm Hg. Blood pressure was lowest in wolves receiving the MBK combination. Respiratory rate was significantly higher in wolves receiving XK, MK, and MKA. Tidal volumes were similar for all groups. Wolves receiving XK, MK, and MKA were well-oxygenated throughout the procedure (SPo2 > 93%), whereas those receiving MBK were moderately hypoxemic (87% < Spo2 < 93%) during the first 20 minutes of the procedure. Hyperthermia was detected initially following induction in all groups. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The alpha2-adrenoceptor agonist-ketamine combinations provide rapid reversible anesthesia for red wolves but cause severe sustained hypertension. Such an adverse effect puts animals at risk for development of cerebral encephalopathy, retinal hemorrhage, pulmonary edema, and myocardial failure. Although the MBK combination offers some advantages over the others, it is advised that further protocol refinements be made to minimize risks associated with acute hypertension.
Asunto(s)
Agonistas alfa-Adrenérgicos/farmacología , Anestésicos Disociativos/farmacología , Conservación de los Recursos Naturales , Ketamina/farmacología , Lobos/fisiología , Acepromazina/farmacología , Analgésicos Opioides/farmacología , Animales , Análisis de los Gases de la Sangre , Presión Sanguínea/efectos de los fármacos , Temperatura Corporal , Butorfanol/farmacología , Electrocardiografía/veterinaria , Femenino , Frecuencia Cardíaca/efectos de los fármacos , Masculino , Medetomidina/farmacología , Oximetría/veterinaria , Estudios Prospectivos , Respiración/efectos de los fármacos , Xilazina/farmacologíaRESUMEN
We evaluated the analgesic efficacy of epidural morphine for relieving postoperative pain in domestic ferrets by evaluating behavior and fecal cortisol concentrations. The 12 laboratory-reared, intact, female, domestic ferrets were anesthetized then underwent ovariohysterectomy and bilateral anal sacculectomy. Using a double-blind procedure, we provided epidural morphine (0.1 mg/kg) to six ferrets and epidural saline (0.1 mL/ferret) to the remaining animals prior to surgery. Compared to the animals that received saline, the morphine-treated ferrets were more likely to have attenuated pain responses, and they returned more rapidly to preoperative behavior. Although fecal cortisol concentrations during the first 24 h after surgery increased in all animals, the increase was statistically significant only in the ferrets that received saline epidurals. These data suggest that morphine epidurals administered to ferrets prior to surgery may attenuate both the physiologic and behavioral manifestations of surgically induced pain.
Asunto(s)
Analgésicos Opioides/farmacología , Hurones , Morfina/farmacología , Dolor Postoperatorio/prevención & control , Dolor Postoperatorio/veterinaria , Analgésicos Opioides/administración & dosificación , Animales , Conducta Animal , Heces/química , Femenino , Hidrocortisona/análisis , Inyecciones Epidurales , Morfina/administración & dosificaciónRESUMEN
Six wild-caught, captive canyon tree frogs (Hyla arenicolor) purchased as a group and housed at the North Carolina Zoological Park were diagnosed with intradermal Hannemania mites, the first described infestation of this frog species by this mite. Typical gross lesions were orange-colored skin vesicles approximately 1 mm in diameter, predominantly located on the ventrum and ventral hind limbs. The larval mites had ovoid bodies approximately 44 microm in length and 240 microm in width. Three of the frogs died, and three became free of mites and pathologic changes after approximately 28 wk of treatment with transcutaneous ivermectin and manual mite removal. The frogs remained free of mites at a 1-yr recheck.
Asunto(s)
Bufonidae/parasitología , Infestaciones por Ácaros/veterinaria , Trombiculidae , Enfermedades de los Animales/tratamiento farmacológico , Enfermedades de los Animales/patología , Animales , Resultado Fatal , Insecticidas/uso terapéutico , Ivermectina/uso terapéutico , Infestaciones por Ácaros/tratamiento farmacológico , Infestaciones por Ácaros/patología , North Carolina , Piel/patologíaRESUMEN
Aspergillosis is a common cause of mortality in captive birds, particularly in recently imported birds or captive chicks and their parents. Use of the Andersen N-6 single-stage viable air sampler in the North Carolina Zoological Park (NCZP) R.J.R. Nabisco Rocky Coast Alcid Exhibit before and after the introduction of birds allowed a unique study of the mycological content of the air in a developing self-contained ecosystem. The Alcid Exhibit had a median count of 17 colony-forming-units (CFU)/m3 of air in comparison to 200-500 CFU/m3 and 1,000-3,500 CFU/m3 reported in human dwellings and the NCZP R.J. Reynolds Forest Aviary, respectively. Cladosporium and Penicillium represented 21.3% and Aspergillus 1.08% of the fungi collected. During the study, no respiratory mycoses were reported in any of the alcids. Continuous high-efficiency particulate air filtration, maintenance of low exhibit air temperatures, and an environment with little residual organic material capable of supporting fungal growth were important factors contributing to low colony counts. All colony counts >100 CFU/m3 in the exhibit were related to the apparent introduction of fungi from outside the facility. A reduction in the number of fungi transported from an external source into enclosed cool-temperature aviaries may be sufficient to avoid outbreaks of aspergillosis.
Asunto(s)
Microbiología del Aire , Animales de Zoológico , Aves , Hongos/aislamiento & purificación , Vivienda para Animales , Animales , Frío , Recuento de Colonia Microbiana , Hongos/crecimiento & desarrollo , North Carolina , Esporas Fúngicas/aislamiento & purificaciónRESUMEN
Corrective surgery on a 1.5-yr-old male polar bear (Ursus maritimus) with hypospadias included amputation of the vestigial penis, bilateral orchiectomy with scrotal ablation, and distal perineal urethrostomy. Hypospadias in other species is a congenital deformity that may be caused by extra- and intrauterine factors resulting in a disruption of the testosterone balance during urethral development, but the causative mechanism in this bear is unknown. The urethrostomy site was functional without complications 8 mo after surgery.
Asunto(s)
Hipospadias/veterinaria , Ursidae/anomalías , Animales , Animales de Zoológico , Hipospadias/cirugía , Masculino , Resultado del Tratamiento , Ursidae/cirugíaRESUMEN
Constitutive anti-Trypanosoma brucei subsp. brucei S 427 clone 1 and 22 activities were evaluated in sera from 22 species of nonprimate mammals. The sera fell into 5 categories. Sera from Cape buffalo, giraffe, and greater kudu showed a concentration-dependent inhibition of replication of the 2 clones of organisms, which was dependent on the presence of xanthine oxidase. Sera from warthog and springbok also severely limited trypanosome replication but lacked xanthine oxidase. Their antitrypanosome activity was inactivated by heating at 56 C for 30 min but not affected by absorbing with trypanosomes at 4 C. Sera from lion and leopard showed a concentration-dependent inhibition of the growth of T. brucei S427 clone 1 organisms, but not clone 22 organisms. These sera lacked xanthine oxidase. Their anti-T. brucei S 427 clone 1 activity was inactivated by heating at 56 C for 30 min but not removed by absorbing with trypanosomes. Serum from Grant's gazelle prevented replication of both T. brucei clones, lacked xanthine oxidase, and was not affected by heating at 56 C. Sera from waterbuck, Thompson's gazelle, sitatunga, Cape hartebeeste, gerenuk, Grant's zebra, cow, several cat, cougar, bobcat, and domestic cat were fully supportive of trypanosome replication irrespective of concentration tested up to a maximum of 48% v/v in culture medium. Sera from different individuals of the same mammal species had similar effects on trypanosomes, and samples collected from the same individual at different times also had similar activities indicating species-specific stable expression, or lack thereof, of constitutive serum antitrypanosome components.
Asunto(s)
Animales de Zoológico/parasitología , Anticuerpos Antiprotozoarios/inmunología , Sueros Inmunes/inmunología , Trypanosoma brucei brucei/inmunología , Tripanosomiasis Africana/veterinaria , Animales , Animales de Zoológico/sangre , Animales de Zoológico/inmunología , Antílopes , Anticuerpos Antiprotozoarios/sangre , Artiodáctilos , Búfalos , Carnívoros , Proteínas del Sistema Complemento/inmunología , Medios de Cultivo , Calor , Peróxido de Hidrógeno/metabolismo , Porcinos , Trypanosoma brucei brucei/crecimiento & desarrollo , Tripanosomiasis Africana/inmunología , Ácido Úrico/metabolismo , Xantina Oxidasa/sangreRESUMEN
This retrospective study describes 16 immobilizations performed on nine adult captive Nile hippopotamus (Hippopotamus amphibius). Animals were immobilized using intramuscular etorphine alone (1.0-5.0 micrograms/kg; n = 9) or in combination with xylazine (67-83 micrograms/kg; n = 6) or acepromazine (20 micrograms/kg; n = 1). Exact weights for the animals were unknown so drug dosages were based on estimated weights. Seven animals either were in good health or had minor or localized medical problems. Following etorphine and xylazine induction, one animal undergoing castration was anesthetized with isoflurane in oxygen delivered by endotracheal tube. Ten immobilizations occurred without complications, and eight of those procedures were rated as good or excellent. Complications, including bradypnea, cyanosis, and apnea, occurred during six immobilizations. One animal died following prolonged apnea, and the necropsy failed to find a specific cause of death. Immobilizations were reversed with diprenorphine alone (4.4-10.0 micrograms/kg; n = 13), diprenorphine (2.9 micrograms/kg) and naloxone (14.6 mu k/kg; n = 1), or naltrexone (146-180 micrograms/kg; n = 2). Mean time to reversal of immobilization for those animals given etorphine alone and reversed with diprenorphine alone was 21.6 min (n = 5). Time to reversal for the two immobilizations reversed with only naltrexone was 4 min. No renarcotizations were observed. Total doses of 2.0-6.0 mg etorphine i.m. should produce heavy sedation to surgical anesthesia in calm adult captive Nile hippopotamuses. Insufflation with oxygen during immobilization seems warranted.