RESUMEN
An increasing number of manuscripts related to digital and computational pathology are being submitted to The Journal of Pathology: Clinical Research as part of the continuous evolution from digital imaging and algorithm-based digital pathology to computational pathology and artificial intelligence. However, despite these technological advances, tissue analysis still relies heavily on pathologists' annotations. There are three crucial elements to the pathologist's role during annotation tasks: granularity, time constraints, and responsibility for the interpretation of computational results. Granularity involves detailed annotations, including case level, regional, and cellular features; and integration of attributions from different sources. Time constraints due to pathologist shortages have led to the development of techniques to expedite annotation tasks from cell-level attributions up to so-called unsupervised learning. The impact of pathologists may seem diminished, but their role is crucial in providing ground truth and connecting pathological knowledge generation with computational advancements. Measures to display results back to pathologists and reflections about correctly applied diagnostic criteria are mandatory to maintain fidelity during human-machine interactions. Collaboration and iterative processes, such as human-in-the-loop machine learning are key for continuous improvement, ensuring the pathologist's involvement in evaluating computational results and closing the loop for clinical applicability. The journal is interested particularly in the clinical diagnostic application of computational pathology and invites submissions that address the issues raised in this editorial.
Asunto(s)
Inteligencia Artificial , Patólogos , Humanos , AlgoritmosRESUMEN
The objective of this study was to investigate the outcomes of high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) ablation as a bridging therapy for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) who had been wait-listed for deceased donor liver transplantation (DDLT). Adult patients with unresectable and unablatable HCCs within the University of California San Francisco criteria who had been wait-listed for DDLT were screened for their suitability for HIFU ablation as a bridging therapy if they were not suitable for transarterial chemoembolization (TACE). Treatment outcomes for patients receiving HIFU ablation, TACE, and best medical treatment (BMT) were compared. Fifty-one patients were included in the analysis. Before the introduction of HIFU ablation, only 39.2% of the patients had received bridging therapy (TACE only, n = 20). With HIFU ablation in use, the rate increased dramatically to 80.4% (TACE + HIFU, n = 41). The overall dropout rate was 51% (n = 26). Patients in the BMT group had a significantly higher dropout rate (P = 0.03) and significantly poorer liver function as reflected by higher Model for End-Stage Liver Disease scores and higher Child-Pugh grading. Clinically relevant ascites was found in 5 patients in the HIFU group and 2 patients in the BMT group, but none was found in the TACE group (P = 0.01 and P = 0.03, respectively). The TACE and HIFU groups had comparable percentages of tumor necrosis in excised livers (P = 0.35), and both were significantly higher than that in the BMT group (P = 0.01 and P = 0.02, respectively). In conclusion, HIFU ablation was safe even for HCC patients with Child-Pugh C disease. Its adoption increased the percentage of patients receiving bridging therapy from 39.2% to 80.4%. A randomized controlled trial for further validation of its efficacy is warranted.
Asunto(s)
Carcinoma Hepatocelular/diagnóstico por imagen , Carcinoma Hepatocelular/terapia , Ultrasonido Enfocado de Alta Intensidad de Ablación/métodos , Neoplasias Hepáticas/diagnóstico por imagen , Neoplasias Hepáticas/terapia , Adulto , Anciano , Carcinoma Hepatocelular/mortalidad , Progresión de la Enfermedad , Enfermedad Hepática en Estado Terminal/terapia , Femenino , Humanos , Estimación de Kaplan-Meier , Neoplasias Hepáticas/mortalidad , Trasplante de Hígado , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Proyectos Piloto , Estudios Prospectivos , Factores de Riesgo , Resultado del Tratamiento , Ultrasonografía , Listas de EsperaRESUMEN
AIM: To analyze whether high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) ablation is an effective bridging therapy for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). METHODS: From January 2007 to December 2010, 49 consecutive HCC patients were listed for liver transplantation (UCSF criteria). The median waiting time for transplantation was 9.5 mo. Twenty-nine patients received transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) as a bringing therapy and 16 patients received no treatment before transplantation. Five patients received HIFU ablation as a bridging therapy. Another five patients with the same tumor staging (within the UCSF criteria) who received HIFU ablation but not on the transplant list were included for comparison. Patients were comparable in terms of Child-Pugh and model for end-stage liver disease scores, tumor size and number, and cause of cirrhosis. RESULTS: The HIFU group and TACE group showed no difference in terms of tumor size and tumor number. One patient in the HIFU group and no patient in the TACE group had gross ascites. The median hospital stay was 1 d (range, 1-21 d) in the TACE group and two days (range, 1-9 d) in the HIFU group (P < 0.000). No HIFU-related complication occurred. In the HIFU group, nine patients (90%) had complete response and one patient (10%) had partial response to the treatment. In the TACE group, only one patient (3%) had response to the treatment while 14 patients (48%) had stable disease and 14 patients (48%) had progressive disease (P = 0.00). Seven patients in the TACE group and no patient in the HIFU group dropped out from the transplant waiting list (P = 0.559). CONCLUSION: HIFU ablation is safe and effective in the treatment of HCC for patients with advanced cirrhosis. It may reduce the drop-out rate of liver transplant candidate.
Asunto(s)
Carcinoma Hepatocelular/cirugía , Ultrasonido Enfocado de Alta Intensidad de Ablación , Neoplasias Hepáticas/cirugía , Trasplante de Hígado , Listas de Espera , Anciano , Carcinoma Hepatocelular/patología , Quimioembolización Terapéutica , Distribución de Chi-Cuadrado , Femenino , Humanos , Neoplasias Hepáticas/patología , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Estadificación de Neoplasias , Estudios Retrospectivos , Factores de Tiempo , Resultado del TratamientoRESUMEN
The scarcity of liver grafts in Asia leads to a significant dropout of patients from liver transplant waiting lists, particularly patients with hepatocellular carcinoma and a low model for end-stage liver disease score. In order to reduce dropping out, different bridging therapies are employed. We report the use of high-intensity focused ultrasound ablation as a bridging therapy for a patient with hepatocellular carcinoma of stage two and an extremely low platelet count (20X109/L). The ablation was successful. Blood tests showed that his liver function was similar before and after the treatment. No adhesion was encountered in the liver transplantation performed six months later.
Asunto(s)
Carcinoma Hepatocelular/cirugía , Ultrasonido Enfocado de Alta Intensidad de Ablación/métodos , Neoplasias Hepáticas/cirugía , Trasplante de Hígado , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana EdadRESUMEN
AIM: To determine the pathognomonic diagnostic cytological features of invasive micropapillary carcinoma of the breast which is a poor prognostic subtype of infiltrating ductal carcinoma. METHODS: A series of 20 histologically proven tumours were reviewed retrospectively to evaluate the various cytological features, including tumour morules, isolated malignant cells, staghorn epithelial structures, mucinous background and apocrine metaplasia. RESULTS: Tumour morules formation and isolated malignant cells were the two most reliable and constant cytological features, being present in 75% (15/20 cases) of cases. Staghorn epithelial structures were present in 35% (7 cases). Mucinous background (2 cases, 10%) and apocrine metaplasia (4 cases, 20%) of the tumour cells were seen in a few cases only and did not appear very helpful. CONCLUSION: Tumour morules formation, isolated malignant cells and staghorn epithelial structures are the most reliable cytological features, and the presence of these should raise suspicion of invasive micropapillary carcinoma.