RESUMEN

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Intravenous fat emulsions are associated with liver disease and there is some evidence that the administration of intravenous fish oil (FO) may be useful in reversing it. The aim of our study was to assess whether there are differences in the changes of liver function tests (LFTs) in hospitalized adult patients with parenteral nutrition (PN) with FO and vegetal lipids vs patients without FO. The secondary aim was to study the relationship between impaired LFT and FO. METHODS: This was a 4-year, propensity score-matched analysis including patients aged ≥18 years treated with PN for ≥10 days. The exclusion criteria were previous liver disease, biliary disorders or pancreatic cancer, and altered initial LFT values. Patients were classified into 2 groups: FO cohort (patients who received FO - in addition to vegetal oil - after the first week of PN) and the vegetal oil cohort (patients who received only vegetal oil). A propensity score matched cohort design was developed. Univariate analyses were used to study the changes in LFTs. To evaluate whether LFT alterations vary with FO administration, four stepwise multiple linear regression models were conducted. RESULTS: 52 patients were included, 52% men, median 66 (55-75) years and 69 kg (61.7-78.8), with 18.5 (14-31.8) days of PN treatment. Maximum FO supplementation was 23%. During the first week with PN (none of the groups receiving FO), gammaglutamyl transferase (GGT), alkaline phosphatase (AP) and total bilirubin (BIL) increased significantly. Comparing LFT values at seven days of PN with at the end of PN treatment, the univariate analysis showed a better response for the FO group. The group without FO showed a significant increase for GGT and AP. In multivariate models, the percentage of FO administered was associated with a decrease in GGT, B = -0.33 [CI 95% = -0.54/-0.12], in AP, B = -0.12 [CI 95% = -0.20/-0.03] and ALT, B = -0.12 [CI 95% = -0.21/-0.024]. CONCLUSIONS: Lipid composition plays a significant role in LFT alteration associated with PN, and FO intravenous lipid emulsions (ILEs) minimize disturbance of LFTs in hospitalized adult patients.

Asunto(s)

Emulsiones Grasas Intravenosas/uso terapéutico , Aceites de Pescado/uso terapéutico , Insuficiencia Hepática/prevención & control , Hígado/fisiopatología , Nutrición Parenteral/efectos adversos , Anciano , Biomarcadores/sangre , Estudios de Cohortes , Emulsiones Grasas Intravenosas/administración & dosificación , Emulsiones Grasas Intravenosas/efectos adversos , Femenino , Aceites de Pescado/administración & dosificación , Aceites de Pescado/efectos adversos , Estudios de Seguimiento , Insuficiencia Hepática/sangre , Insuficiencia Hepática/etiología , Insuficiencia Hepática/fisiopatología , Hospitales Universitarios , Humanos , Unidades de Cuidados Intensivos , Tiempo de Internación , Modelos Lineales , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Aceites de Plantas/administración & dosificación , Aceites de Plantas/efectos adversos , Aceites de Plantas/uso terapéutico , Índice de Severidad de la Enfermedad , España

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND & AIMS: To determine whether perioperative glutamine supplementation of parenteral nutrition (PN) has an impact on morbidity and mortality of patients with previous moderate to severe risk of malnutrition. METHODS: A quasi-experimental study was conducted comparing the following groups: Control group 1: without glutamine dipeptide supplementation of PN during the perioperative period. Control group 2: PN was supplemented with glutamine dipeptide (0.4 g/kg/day) after surgery only. Group 3 (follow-up group): PN was supplemented with glutamine dipeptide (0.4 g/kg/day) in the perioperative period. Postoperative morbidity and mortality was recorded. RESULTS: Sixty-seven patients matched for baseline and surgical characteristics were recruited into the study. Univariate analysis showed a lower incidence of hyperglycemia and ICU admission in group 3, and a trend to significance (P = 0.078) in terms of a lower incidence of infection. In the multivariate analysis, only group 3 met the models of ICU admission (OR = 0.28), hyperglycemia (OR = 0.11), and renal failure (OR = 0.19). CONCLUSIONS: The results show that perioperative use of glutamine dipeptide in patients at risk of moderate to severe malnutrition before surgery is an effective option for decreasing the morbidity associated with malnutrition, as it improves blood glucose modulation and reduces infection and ICU stay.

Asunto(s)

Glutamina/uso terapéutico , Desnutrición/tratamiento farmacológico , Nutrición Parenteral , Atención Perioperativa , Anciano , Glucemia/metabolismo , Cuidados Críticos , Ingestión de Energía , Femenino , Humanos , Hiperglucemia/complicaciones , Modelos Logísticos , Masculino , Desnutrición/mortalidad , Persona de Mediana Edad , Análisis Multivariante , Cuidados Posoperatorios , Periodo Posoperatorio , Insuficiencia Renal/complicaciones , Riesgo

RESUMEN

INTRODUCTION: We may define Modular Parenteral Nutrition (MPN) as parenteral nutrition (PN) mixtures obtained from adding different macronutrients to standard formulations (SPN) both binary (amino acids and glucose) and ternary (amino acids, lipids, and glucose). OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study is to demonstrate that PN formulations may be adapted to individual needs of each patient and workload may be reduced by using MPN. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Case-control retrospective study of PN prepared during the first semester of the years 1995, 2000, and 2005. PN are categorized in: standard (SPN) -given without manipulation-, individualized (IPN), and modular parenteral nutrition (MPN). The protocols are compared at the different periods, and the volume of transferred fluid is related with total prepared volume in order to calculate the workload. The Chi squared and student's t tests with a significance level of p < 0.05 are used. RESULTS: In 1995, virtually only individualized formulations were used. In the year 2000, SPN and MPN were introduced as maintenance formulas as well as those for moderate stress. Finally, in the year 2005, the modular concept has been introduced for severe stress and/or immunomodulatory formulas. As a result of these changes, we observe in the protocol a decrease in IPN due to progressive introduction of MPN. In 1995, MPN represented 2.6% of all elaborations, increasing up to 64.7% in 2000, and to 74.7% in 2005. This fact has resulted in a decrease in transferred volume through the volumetric elaboration system. In 1995, 87.3% of the total volume was transferred, in the year 2000 34.3%, and finally in 2005 only 20.6% (the differences between the three periods are statistically significant; p < 0.05). In the year 2005, 543 IPN were elaborated, of which 169 (31.1%) were for patients with liver encephalopathy or non-dialyzed acute renal failure. The following ingredients have been added to MPN during that same period: glutamine, fish oil lipid emulsions lipidicas, structured lipids, olive-pattern lipids, polyionic solutions, and specific micronutrients. DISCUSSION: MPN allows for adapting PN formulas to a wide range of clinical situations, although individualized formulations still are irreplaceable for some pathologies. The use of MPN is associated with a decrease in individualized formulas that reflects in lower workload.

Asunto(s)

Alimentos Formulados , Nutrición Parenteral/métodos , Aminoácidos/administración & dosificación , Estudios de Casos y Controles , Carbohidratos de la Dieta/administración & dosificación , Grasas de la Dieta/administración & dosificación , Ingestión de Energía , Alimentos Formulados/análisis , Humanos , Iones/administración & dosificación , Minerales/administración & dosificación , Nitrógeno/administración & dosificación , Nutrición Parenteral/tendencias , Estudios Retrospectivos , Vitaminas/administración & dosificación

RESUMEN

OBJECTIVE: To determine the relationship between adding glutamine dipeptides to parenteral nutrition (PN) and morbimortality in the critically ill patient. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Case-control retrospective study. The cases were patients to whom PN supplemented with 2 g of nitrogen (glutamine) was administered during the period 2001-2004. Controls were patients with PN without glutamine, collected during the year 2000. All included patients had infection defined as the presence of an infectious site plus more than two of the following criteria: leucocytes > 12.000 x 10(6)/L, fever > 38 degrees C, heart rate > 90 bmp, or PCO2 < 31 mmHg. Besides, they had to have prealbumin plasma levels < 15 g/L or albumin levels < 25 g/L, and CRP > 100 mg/L or a fistula. Patients with renal failure, previous dialysis, hepatic encephalopathy, or mixed diet were excluded from the study. Morbimortality variables collected were: hyperglycemia, renal failure, days on PN, days in the ICU, hospitalization days, and mortality. RESULTS: Two hundred and two patients (75 cases and 127 controls) were included. In the previous univariate analysis no significant differences appeared for independent variables between both groups. In the multivariate analysis, glutamine addition was significantly associated to lower renal failure incidence (OR: 0.28; CI: 0.081.00), lower hyperglycemia (OR: 0.38; CI: 0.19-0.75), less hospitalization days (OR: 0.64; CI: 0.44-0.92), and fewer days in the ICU (OR: 0.64; CI: 0.45-0.93). For the variable "exitus", glutamine addition showed a trend towards inclusion into the model (p = 0.097). About the days on PN, the variable glutamine was not included into the model. CONCLUSIONS: In critically ill patients, adding glutamine to PN leads to quicker recovery and lower incidence of hyperglycemia and renal failure. In view of these results, adding glutamine to PN of particular patients is an effective measure to speed up their recovery and avoid certain complications.

Asunto(s)

Enfermedad Crítica/epidemiología , Enfermedad Crítica/terapia , Glutamina/administración & dosificación , Nutrición Parenteral , Estudios de Casos y Controles , Enfermedad Crítica/mortalidad , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Morbilidad , Nutrición Parenteral/métodos , Estudios Retrospectivos

RESUMEN

INTRODUCTION: Quality and efficiency criteria of allowances associated to technological procedures are developing in a setting that values quality, and from there the Real Decree RD175/2001 has been issued by which the rules of correct elaboration and quality control of formulations and pharmacy preparations. Parenteral nutrition (PN) is a formulation and, as such, its elaboration and control have to agree with the in force regulations. With this aim, at the Bellvitge University Hospital we have developed a project for automation of elaboration of PN mixtures with the MicroMacro Pump 23 Baxa Compounder. OBJECTIVES: To assess the impact of implementing an automated system of volumetric control in PN elaboration. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The project development may be divided into two differentiated aspects. The first one consisted in the implementation and optimization of the automated system of volumetric control (ASVC). The second aspect comprehends the comparative control performed between the new system and the previous one, and which consisted of a gravimetric system with visual control. For that, real weights were gathered and were compared to predicted weights, and the time of elaboration per bag before and at two times after the implementation of the automated system was registered; the first time just after implementation of the system, and the second time within one year. RESULTS: For the comparison study between both systems used, 141 preparations in total, corresponding to individualized PN, were analyzed: 47 elaborated by means of the gravimetric system (GS), 47 with the ASVC during the implementation period (PN ASVC period 1), 47 PN elaborated with the ASVC within one year of implementation (PN ASVC period 2). The average variation between real weight and predicted weight at the three periods (pre-ASVC, NP ASVC period 1, NP ASVC period 2) was 2.41%, 1.35% and 1.25% respectively (table I). This decrease was statistically significant (p = 0.014). When analyzing the percentage of preparations out of the 3% variation range, we observed a significant reduction (p = 0.00001) by comparing the three periods (Table II). The average elaboration time with the ASVC increased approximately in 4 minutes by bag (3 min 58 sec) during the first studied period, and 3 min 10 sec during the second period, as compared with the study period with the GS. CONCLUSIONS: The new bag-filling system by means of volumetric control represents an improvement in accuracy control and a decrease in the risk for surpassing the acceptable limits. The implementation of a new technological procedure is a difficult task that implies the change of many aspects of the daily practice and that requires a "cultural" change in the PN Unit with the aim of optimizing the process. However, these issues allow for an adaptation to legal requisites in force regarding the regulations of proper elaboration and quality control of formulations as well as an improvement in the integral quality of care.

Asunto(s)

Nutrición Parenteral/métodos , Servicio de Farmacia en Hospital/organización & administración , Automatización , Hospitales Universitarios , Humanos , Servicio de Farmacia en Hospital/normas

RESUMEN

GOAL: Binary and ternary parenteral nutrition preparations may be of limited use in certain cases. The goal of this study is to establish difficult nutritional situations to handle and analyze the type of formula used in these situations. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study included patients treated with parenteral nutrition over 9 months. Three clinically complex situations were defined: long duration, lasting more than 25 days; kidney failure, uraemia > 20 mmol/L or serum creatinine > 200 micromol/L; and liver failure, total bilirubin > 30 mmol/L or ALT > 2 microkat/L and alkaline phosphatase > 3 microkat/L or GGT > 3 microkat/L. Mortality and hypoalbuminaemia (< 35 g/L) were studied and compared by means of a chi squared test (p < 0.05) against the rest of the patients. The use of individualized formulas was studied using a multiple logarithmic regression model, the dependent variable being the administration or not of an individualized formula and the independent variables being the 3 groups of patients in clinical situations defined as complex. The Odds Ratio (OR) was studied as the measure of risk. RESULTS: A total of 511 patients receiving 8,015 feeds with parenteral nutrition were studied. Of these, 283 were included in one or more of the 3 complex clinical situations. All three groups presented higher levels of mortality and hypoalbuminaemia with statistically significant differences when compared to the group in a non-complex clinical situation. The use of individualized formulas was greater in the three groups defined, with statistically significant differences resulting: OR=6.7 (CI 95%; 3.78-11.91) with long duration; OR=3.66 (CI 95%; 2.68-5.68) in kidney failure; and OR=1.5 (CI 95%; 1.01-2.35) in liver failure. CONCLUSIONS: Patients in complex clinical situations present greater visceral malnutrition, a worse clinical evolution and, at our hospital, their nutritional treatment by parenteral means is based on a greater use of individualized formulas.

Asunto(s)

Alimentos Formulados/normas , Desnutrición/terapia , Nutrición Parenteral/normas , Humanos , Recién Nacido , Desnutrición/complicaciones , Estudios Prospectivos , Índice de Severidad de la Enfermedad

RESUMEN

AIM: To determine the incidence of hypophosphatemia in parenterally fed patients, the phosphate amount necessary to prevent this complication and associated risks factors. SETTING: Observational study, not controlled, in a third level hospital. PATIENTS: In-patients with parenteral nutrition with at least a complete laboratory work-up. INTERVENTION: For a complete year, days on parenteral nutrition, administered phosphate and plasmatic ionised calcium levels, y-glutamiltranspeptidase, glucose, phosphate, pre-albumin, urea, and leukocytes were recorded. A multiple stepwise regression analysis and logistic regression are used for data analysis. RESULTS: Eight hundred and twenty seven determinations, corresponding to 401 patients, were included. Significant variables (p < 0.05) were: administered phosphate and ionised calcium serum levels, glucose, pre-albumin, and urea; regression coefficients were 0.004 (95%CI: 0.002 to 0.006), -0.156 (95%CI: -0.270 to 0.037), -0.014 (95%IC: -0.022 to 0.009), 0.005 (95%CI: 0.002 to 0.009) and 0.019 (95%CI: 0.016 to 0.022), respectively; the constant was 1.0735 (95%CI: 0.939 to 1.2079). The risk for developing hypophosphatemia decreased from 0.65 (95%CI: 0.33 to 1.26) to 0.16 (95%CI: 0.078 to 0.35) when administered phosphate varied from the span 7.5-17.5 mmol to values higher than 27.5 mmol. CONCLUSIONS: It is necessary to routinely supplement nutrition with phosphate since its content in commercially available lipidic emulsions is not sufficient to prevent hypophosphatemia in the majority of patients with parenteral nutrition. Phosphate intake must be sufficient to restore the intracellular phosphate deficit and to compensate for the plasmatic phosphate fall, with special attention to poorly nourished, hyperglycaemic or with renal failure patients. Phosphate intakes around 27-37 mmol dramatically decrease the incidence of hypophosphatemia in studied patients, with no recorded cases of severe hypophosphatemia.

Asunto(s)

Hipofosfatemia/etiología , Hipofosfatemia/prevención & control , Nutrición Parenteral/efectos adversos , Análisis Químico de la Sangre , Fosfatos de Calcio/administración & dosificación , Femenino , Humanos , Hipofosfatemia/sangre , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Estudios Retrospectivos , Factores de Riesgo

RESUMEN

The objective of the study is, on one hand, to determine the etiology and the clinical implications as a function of the isolated germ, of central venous catheterization in patients with parenteral nutrition in our hospital, and on the other hand, to determine which factors are associated with the selection of germs of central venous catheterization in parenteral nutrition. For this we included venous catheters, colonized for 5 years, and with a study of the different segments (connection, insertion point, and tip). As a function of the appearance of associated clinical symptoms, of the results of the blood culture, and of the clinical evolution of the patient, the variables which determine the level of pathogenicity of the different groups of germs in the central venous catheterization, are defined; for the study of the factors associated with the selection of the different groups of germs, 8 variables were chosen. The data obtained are statistically treated, and the results are considered to be significant if p < 0.05. The understanding of the different factors associated with the selection of germs, and the level of clinical pathogenesis of the different groups, allows a better level of the clinical action in the prevention of the infection associated with the catheter.

Asunto(s)

Infecciones Bacterianas/epidemiología , Cateterismo Venoso Central/efectos adversos , Infección Hospitalaria/epidemiología , Contaminación de Equipos , Micosis/epidemiología , Nutrición Parenteral/efectos adversos , Adulto , Infecciones Bacterianas/etiología , Infecciones Bacterianas/microbiología , Cateterismo Venoso Central/instrumentación , Cateterismo Venoso Central/estadística & datos numéricos , Distribución de Chi-Cuadrado , Infección Hospitalaria/etiología , Infección Hospitalaria/microbiología , Contaminación de Equipos/estadística & datos numéricos , Humanos , Modelos Logísticos , Análisis Multivariante , Micosis/etiología , Micosis/microbiología , Nutrición Parenteral/instrumentación , Nutrición Parenteral/estadística & datos numéricos , España/epidemiología

RESUMEN

We present a proposal for the planning of nursing care for the patient with home parenteral nutrition (HPN). In this proposal the problems, goals, and actions to be taken by the nurse are defined. In this working guide, it is explained what the diverse aspects are that the nurse taking care of a patient with HPN needs to know, as well as the care to be given and the evaluation of the same, in order to insure that the patient with HPN is given a good preparation in his self-care, giving the patient an acceptable degree of independence and quality of life, as well as a lower risk of complications.

Asunto(s)

Evaluación en Enfermería , Nutrición Parenteral Total en el Domicilio/enfermería , Planificación de Atención al Paciente , Familia , Humanos , Nutrición Parenteral Total en el Domicilio/efectos adversos , Educación del Paciente como Asunto , Técnicas de Planificación , Calidad de Vida , España

RESUMEN

INTRODUCTION: the concept of quality is basic to any type of clinical/care activity and with parenteral nutrition (NP), the notion is of particular significance in the field of its clinical monitoring. The aim of this paper is to reveal the NP care level based on our experience in clinical monitoring in 1988, and to select the indicators to be evaluated for initiating NP quality control. MATERIAL AND METHODS: An analysis is made of the existing structure in our hospital, formed by the NP Unit and the NP and Enteral Nutrition Commission, which are subject to a policy of coordination in order to ensure their function. The process is divided into two aspects for the analysis - teaching and care. The clinical monitoring data of NP patients in 1988 were taken as reference in defining the indicators. RESULTS: The indices are presented which were obtained from the analysis of the data of a general nature, from an assessment of the degree of compliance with the procedure, and from the quantification of complications and the indicators elected as quality parameters. DISCUSSION: Although the clinical monitoring of the PN began with the general wish to evaluate different aspects associated with nutritional therapy, this focus later evolved toward the notion of quality. Not all the data gathered during the clinical monitoring can be taken as quality criteria: only those deemed to be more relevant, or of greater clinical significance, and which can be reliably measured, can be treated thus.

Asunto(s)

Nutrición Parenteral/normas , Estudios de Evaluación como Asunto , Estudios de Seguimiento , Unidades Hospitalarias/organización & administración , Unidades Hospitalarias/estadística & datos numéricos , Humanos , Nutrición Parenteral/efectos adversos , Nutrición Parenteral/estadística & datos numéricos , Control de Calidad , España

RESUMEN

The Bellvitge Hospital has a Parenteral Nutrition Unit which is centralized in the Pharmacy Department. Its mission is to prepare the nutritive mixtures for all patients who require them. Based on the diffusion of the nursing protocol (reviewed in 1986), one of the main objectives of this Unit is to define the problems arising during the administration of parenteral nutrition, and offer alternatives. Similarly, it is also necessary to offer regular information on the results of the follow-up, which can be used as a reference on a daily basis, and when compared with the quality level established, will permit us to determine where we are at all times, thus preventing us from falling into routines that will harm the service we offer.

Asunto(s)

Personal de Enfermería en Hospital , Nutrición Parenteral Total , Humanos , Control de Calidad

RESUMEN

For a correct application of PN (parenteral nutrition) protocols, not only is it essential to centralize follow-up, but also to make this known among the nursing staff. With this purpose in mind, the PN Unit organized in-depth seminars on the different hospitalization areas, after previously preparing a questionnaire indicating the extent to which the protocol was known among the staff. A study of the results obtained with the questionnaire enabled us to evaluate the following: the technical difficulties involved in basic understanding of the PN field, an analysis of priorities and the establishing of reference points for later evaluations.

Asunto(s)

Educación en Enfermería/métodos , Nutrición Parenteral/enfermería , Protocolos Clínicos , Evaluación Educacional