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INTRODUCTION: Surgeon assessment tools are subjective and nonscalable. Objective performance indicators (OPIs), machine learning-enabled metrics recorded during robotic surgery, offer objective insights into surgeon movements and robotic arm kinematics. In this study, we identified OPIs that significantly differed across expert (EX), intermediate (IM), and novice (NV) surgeons during robotic right colectomy. METHODS: Endoscopic videos were annotated to delineate 461 surgical steps across 25 robotic right colectomies. OPIs were compared among two EX, two IM, and eight NV surgeons during mesenteric dissection, vascular pedicle ligation, right colon and hepatic flexure mobilization, and preparation of the proximal and distal bowel for transection. RESULTS: Compared to NV's, EX's exhibited greater velocity, acceleration and jerk for camera, dominant, nondominant, and third arms across all steps. Compared to NV's, IM's exhibited more arm swaps and master clutch use, higher camera-related metrics (movement, path length, moving time, velocity, acceleration, and jerk), greater dominant wrist pitch and nondominant wrist articulations (roll, pitch, and yaw), longer dominant and nondominant arm path length, and higher velocity, acceleration and jerk for dominant, nondominant, and third arms across all steps. Compared to NV's, EX/IM surgeons utilized more arm swaps, higher camera-related metrics (movement, path length, velocity, acceleration, and jerk), longer nondominant arm path length, and greater velocity, acceleration and jerk for dominant, nondominant, and third arms across all steps. CONCLUSIONS: We report OPIs that discriminate EX, IM, and NV surgeons during RRC. This study is the first to demonstrate feasibility of using OPIs as an objective, scalable way to classify surgeon skill during RRC steps.

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Tellurium is a rare element, and ammonium trichloro (dioxoethylene-o,o') tellurate (AS101) is the most bioactive molecule among several synthetic tellurium compounds. AS101 was found to be immunomodulatory and can modulate types of cytokines. However, the effect of AS101 on tumor metastasis remains unclear. Heparanase, an endo-glucuronidase, cleaves heparin sulfate side chains of proteoglycans on the cell surface, further leading to the degradation of the extracellular matrix. Heparanase also releases angiogenic factors in the extracellular matrix, is overexpressed in tumor cells, and promotes tumor metastasis and angiogenesis. In this study, we investigated the effect of AS101 in 4T1 and CT26 cells, especially heparanase. Heparanase expression was downregulated in 4T1 and CT26 cells after treatment with AS101 in vitro. The protein level involved in the protein kinase-B/mammalian target of rapamycin (AKT/mTOR) signaling pathway also declined. Cell migration assays revealed the inhibitory effect of AS101 on migration. The results of this study indicate that AS101 inhibits tumor migration by downregulating heparanase through the AKT/mTOR signaling pathway and has positive effects in vivo.

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Soybean provides protein, oil and multiple health-related compounds. Understanding the effects of structural variations (SVs) on economic traits in modern breeding is important for soybean improvement. Here we assembled the high-quality genome of modern cultivar Nongdadou2 (NDD2) and identified 25,814 SV-gene pairs compared to 29 reported genomes, with 13 NDD2-private SVs validated in 547 deep-resequencing (average = 18.05-fold) accessions, which advances our understanding of genomic variation biology. We found some insertions/deletions involved in seed protein and weight formation, an inversion related to adaptation to drought and a large intertranslocation implicated in a key divergence event in soybean. Of 749,714 SVs from 547 accessions, 6,013 were significantly associated with 22 yield-related and seed-quality-related traits determined in ten location × year environments. We uncovered 1,761 associated SVs that hit genes or regulatory regions, with 12 in GmMQT influencing oil and isoflavone contents. Our work provides resources and insights into SV roles in soybean improvement.

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Antimicrobial resistance is rapidly increasing worldwide, highlighting the urgent need for pharmaceutical and nonpharmaceutical interventions to tackle different-to-treat bacterial infections. Tigecycline, a semi-synthesis glycylcycline for parenteral administration, is widely recognized as one of the few effective therapies available against pan-drug resistant Gram-negative pathogens. Regrettably, the efficacy of multiple drugs, including tigecycline, is currently being undermined due to the emergence of a recently discovered mobilized resistance-nodulation-division-type efflux pump gene cluster tmexCD1-toprJ1. Herein, by employing untargeted metabolomic approaches, we reveal that the expression of tmexCD1-toprJ1 disrupts bacterial purine metabolism, with inosine being identified as a crucial biomarker. Notably, the supplementation of inosine effectively reverses tigecycline resistance in tmexCD1-toprJ1-positive bacteria. Mechanistically, exogenous inosine enhanced bacterial proton motive force, which promotes the uptake of tigecycline. Furthermore, inosine enhances succinate biosynthesis by stimulating the tricarboxylic acid cycle. Succinate interacts with the two-component system EnvZ/OmpR and upregulates OmpK 36, thereby promoting the influx of tigecycline. These actions collectively lead to the increased intracellular accumulation of tigecycline. Overall, our study offers a distinct combinational strategy to manage infections caused by tmexCD-toprJ-positive bacteria. IMPORTANCE: TMexCD1-TOprJ1, a mobilized resistance-nodulation-division-type efflux pump, confers phenotypic resistance to multiple classes of antibiotics. Nowadays, tmexCD-toprJ has disseminated among diverse species of clinical pathogens, exacerbating the need for novel anti-infective strategies. In this study, we report that tmexCD1-toprJ1-negative and -positive bacteria exhibit significantly different metabolic flux and characteristics, especially in purine metabolism. Intriguingly, the addition of inosine, a purine metabolite, effectively restores the antibacterial activity of tigecycline by promoting antibiotic uptake. Our findings highlight the correlation between bacterial mechanism and antibiotic resistance, and offer a distinct approach to overcome tmexCD-toprJ-mediated multidrug resistance.

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Free-standing micro-supercapacitor (MSC) devices without substrate or current collectors are promising for practical applications. However, it is still difficult to prepare high-performance free-standing MSC devices because of the requirement of optimized active sites, conductivity, ion diffusion, controlled patterns, moisture susceptibility, etc. Here, it is proposed that the optimization of oxygen level on graphene is promising to solve these requirements because of the balance of sp2 and sp3 hybridization. Using the medium-oxidized graphene, the flexible, conductive, hydro-stable, easy-processing film can be facilely obtained, which facilitates the preparation of free-standing MSC electrodes. After constructing with gel electrolyte, the free-standing MSC device shows a high capacitance of 898.4 mF cm-2 using aqueous-gel electrolyte and 383.6 mF cm-2 using ion-gel electrolyte with mass loading of ca. 10 mg cm-2. Correspondingly, the MSC device can achieve a landmark energy density of 42.6 µWh cm-2 at 0.85 mW cm-2 (7.1 mWh cm-3 at 141.7 mW cm-3). The advantages of high performance, facile preparation, and low inactive components make the free-standing MSC device promising for practical applications.

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Wildlife resources are strategic resources of a country, and the investigation of which is a key task for effective management in protection and utilization. Since the 1990s, two national surveys of terrestrial wildlife resources have been carried out in China, and the situation of wildlife resources has been known to a certain extent. Due to the complexity and difficulty of national wildlife survey, we are still not able to grasp the background and dynamics of wildlife resources as a whole promptly and effectively. The results and effectiveness of wildlife resources investigation will directly affect the decision-making related in wildlife protection. According to Law of the People's Republic of China on the Protection of Wildlife and Regulations of the People's Republic of China for the Implementation of the Protection of Terrestrial Wildlife, it is imperative to carry out the third national survey of terrestrial wildlife resources, and to be integrated with the national strategy of ecological civilization construction. The aims of this review were to summarize the earlier experiences in time, to further improve the investigation scheme and technical methods, to serve the third national survey of terrestrial wildlife resources, in addition to obtain more comprehensive and reliable data of wildlife resources, grasp the development trend of domestic wildlife resources, and provide more effective supports for the wildlife conservation in China.

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Strain engineering is an effective strategy to improve the activity of catalysts, especially for flexible carbon-based materials. Nitrogen-coordinated single atomic metals on a carbon skeleton (M-Nx/C) are of interest in catalytic electroreduction reactions due to their high activity and atomic utilization. However, the effect of strain on the structure-activity relationship between the electrochemical activity and the electronic and geometric structures of Ni-Nx/C remains unclear. Here, we found that by applying tensile strain on the Ni-N4/C, the spin state of the single atom can be changed from a low-spin to a high-spin state. Moreover, the energy gap between the highest occupied d orbital of Ni and the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital of the adsorbed species narrowed. With an increasing strain rate, the catalytic activity of O2 and CO2 electroreduction can be improved. Especially for the 2e- O2 reduction, the implicit solvent model, constant-potential method, and microkinetic model were used to verify the positive effect of suitable stretching on the catalytic activity from thermodynamic and kinetic viewpoints. This work can reveal the relationship between strain, spin state, and the catalytic activity of Ni-Nx/C.

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An unexpected, divergent and efficient approach toward furanoid-bridged fullerene dimers C120O and C120O2 was established under different solvent-free ball-milling conditions by simply using pristine C60 as the starting material, water as the oxygen source and FeCl3 as the mediator. The structures of C120O and C120O2 were unambiguously established by single-crystal X-ray crystallography. A plausible reaction mechanism is proposed on the basis of control experiments. Furthermore, C120O2 has been applied in organic solar cells as the third component and exhibits good performance.

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Importance: Meniere disease accounts for up to 15% of new vestibular diagnoses,; however, the optimal treatment has yet to be identified. A conservative treatment that would reduce or stop the vertigo episodes has not been identified. Objective: To determine the efficacy of a serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor, venlafaxine, compared to placebo in treating patients with Meniere disease. Design, Setting, and Participants: This was a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover pilot study spanning 22 weeks of follow-up. The clinical trial took place at a single-center tertiary referral center in Charleston, South Carolina. Participants were eligible if they were 18 years or older, had definite Meniere disease criteria as defined by Barany criteria, had at least 2 episodes in the last month, had not received intratympanic gentamycin, skull base surgery, or radiation therapy to the head or neck, not currently taking diuretics for Meniere disease, not currently taking oral steroids, and not currently taking serotonin-modulating medication. Patients were enrolled between February 2020 and September 2023. Interventions: Patients received either 1 venlafaxine tablet, 37.5 mg, taken daily by mouth for 8 weeks or 1 placebo tablet taken daily by mouth for 8 weeks. Group 1 received placebo during phase 1 of the trial and venlafaxine in phase 2 of the trial. Group 2 received venlafaxine during phase 1 of the trial and placebo in phase 2 of the trial. Main Outcomes and Measures: The main outcomes included the number of episodes and scores on the following scales: Dizziness Handicap Inventory, Neuropsychological Vertigo Inventory, Meniere Disease Patient-Oriented Symptom Index, 20-Item Short Form Health Survey, Penn State Worry Questionnaire, Cognitive Failure Questionnaire. Results: A total of 182 patients were screened, and 40 participants with Meniere disease enrolled in the trial. The mean (SD) age of participants was 56.6 (14.3) years, and 22 (55%) were female. Participants had a mean (SD) of 13.8 (10.1) episodes per phase at baseline, 5.4 (4.4) episodes (Δ8.4) during the venlafaxine phase, and 5.0 (4.6) episodes (Δ8.8) during the placebo phase. No significant difference was identified between venlafaxine and placebo groups in the number of episodes or quality-of-life metrics. Conclusions and Relevance: This randomized clinical trial failed to identify a difference between venlafaxine and placebo in number of episodes and other quality-of-life metrics. Future studies may benefit from different dosing regimens, larger cohorts, and longer lengths of therapy. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04218123.

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Exfoliated graphite platelets (EGPs) have attracted extensive attention owing to their exceptional combinations of thermal conductivity and mechanical properties. Mechanical exfoliation is a facile and high-throughput approach to produce single-layer or few-layer graphite platelets. Herein, octadecylamine (ODA)-grafted EGP (ODA@EGP) and subsequent polyethylene/ODA@EGP (PE/ODA@EGP) composites with different contents of ODA@EGPs were successfully prepared via ball-milling and melt-mixing methods, respectively. The thermal conductivity, crystallinity, and mechanical properties of the composites were investigated using tensile tests, the hot-wire method, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The results demonstrated that the thermal conductivity, mechanical properties, and thermal stability of the composites can be improved by regulating the additive contents of ODA@EGPs. When the content of ODA@EGPs was 10 wt%, the thermal conductivity of the composite reached up to 1.276 W (m-1 K-1), which is 216% higher than that of bare PE, while the tensile strength of the composite was 38.4% higher than that of PE. Additionally, thermal decomposition temperature increased by 16.2 °C. Therefore, the PE/ODA@EGP nanocomposites have great application potential in thermal management.

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The emergence of lysosome-targeting chimeras (LYTACs), which represents a promising strategy for membrane protein degradation based on lysosomal pathways, has attracted much attention in disease intervention and treatment. However, the expression level of commonly used lysosome-targeting receptors (LTRs) varies in different cell lines, thus limiting the broad applications of LYTACs. To overcome this difficulty, we herein report the development of integrin α3ß1 (ITGA3B1)-facilitated bispecific aptamer chimeras (ITGBACs) as a platform for the degradation of membrane proteins. ITGBACs consist of two aptamers, one targeting ITGA3B1 and another binding to the membrane-associated protein of interest (POI), effectively transporting the POI into lysosomes for degradation. Our findings demonstrate that ITGBACs effectively eliminate pathological membrane proteins, such as CD71 and PTK7, inducing significant cell-cycle arrest and apoptosis and markedly inhibiting tumor growth in tumor-bearing mice models. Therefore, this work provides a novel and versatile membrane protein degradation platform, offering a promising targeted therapy based on tumor-specific LTRs.

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Early healing of bone defects is still a clinical challenge. Many bone-filling materials have been studied, among which photocrosslinked alginate has received significant attention due to its good biocompatibility and morphological plasticity. Although it has been confirmed that photocrosslinked alginate can be used as an extracellular matrix for 3D cell culture, it lacks osteogenesis-related biological functions. This study constructed a copper ions-photo dual-crosslinked alginate hydrogel scaffold by controlling the copper ion concentration. The scaffolds were shaped by photocrosslinking and then endowed with biological functions by copper ions crosslinking. According to in vitro research, the dual-crosslinked hydrogel increased the compressive strength and favored copper dose-dependent osteoblast differentiation and cell surface adherence of rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells and the expression of type I collagen (Col1), runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2), osteocalcin (OCN), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). In addition, hydrogel scaffolds were implanted into rat skull defects, and more angiogenesis and osteogenesis could be observed in in vivo studies. The above results show that the copper-photo-crosslinked hydrogel scaffold has excellent osseointegration properties and can potentially promote angiogenesis and early healing of bone defects, providing a reference solution for bone tissue engineering materials.

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Adding supernumerary robotic limbs (SRLs) to humans and controlling them directly through the brain are main goals for movement augmentation. However, it remains uncertain whether neural patterns different from the traditional inherent limbs motor imagery (MI) can be extracted, which is essential for high-dimensional control of external devices. In this work, we established a MI neo-framework consisting of novel supernumerary robotic sixth-finger MI (SRF-MI) and traditional right-hand MI (RH-MI) paradigms and validated the distinctness of EEG response patterns between two MI tasks for the first time. Twenty-four subjects were recruited for this experiment involving three mental tasks. Event-related spectral perturbation was adopted to supply details about event-related desynchronization (ERD). Activation region, intensity and response time (RT) of ERD were compared between SRF-MI and RH-MI tasks. Three classical classification algorithms were utilized to verify the separability between different mental tasks. And genetic algorithm aims to select optimal combination of channels for neo-framework. A bilateral sensorimotor and prefrontal modulation was found during the SRF-MI task, whereas in RH-MI only contralateral sensorimotor modulation was exhibited. The novel SRF-MI paradigm enhanced ERD intensity by a maximum of 117% in prefrontal area and 188% in the ipsilateral somatosensory-association cortex. And, a global decrease of RT was exhibited during SRF-MI tasks compared to RH-MI. Classification results indicate well separable performance among different mental tasks (88.1% maximum for 2-class and 88.2% maximum for 3-class). This work demonstrated the difference between the SRF-MI and RH-MI paradigms, widening the control bandwidth of the BCI system.

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Introduction: Salicylic acid (SA) is a phenolic compound widely found in plants. It plays a key role in exerting plant disease resistance. Panax vietnamensis Ha & Grushv., a valuable medicinal plant, contains high levels of phenolic compounds, which contribute significantly to the resilience of the plant against stress. However, the precise role of SA in regulating the synthesis of secondary metabolites in P.vietnamensis remains elusive. Methods: Two-year-old P. vietnamensis seedlings were treated with exogenous SA. We systematically assessed the changes in the physiological parameters of SA-treated P. vietnamensis leaves, employing transcriptome and metabolome analyses to elucidate the underlying mechanisms. Results: Our results revealed a significant improvement of the plant's antioxidant capacity at 6 h post-treatment. Furthermore, exogenous SA treatment promoted the biosynthesis of lignin and flavonoids such as rutin, coumarin, and cyanidin. In addition, it increased the levels of endogenous SA and jasmonic acid (JA), promoting the disease resistance of the plants. Thus, SA pretreatment enhanced the defense of P. vietnamensis against pathogens. Conclusions: Our study provided novel insights into the potential molecular mechanisms underlying SA-mediated biosynthesis of secondary metabolites. Furthermore, our results provided a theoretical foundation for optimizing the cultivation practices of P.vietnamensis and the application of SA as a plant immunomodulator.

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Background: Glycoprotein non-metastatic melanoma B (GPNMB)/osteoactivin was first identified in the human melanoma cell lines. GPNMB plays a key role in the anti-inflammatory and antioxidative functions as well as osteoblast differentiation, cancer progression, and tissue regeneration. Recently, GPNMB was used as an anti-aging vaccine for mice. The present study aimed to investigate the potential of biofluid GPNMB as an aging biomarker in humans using serum and urine samples from an aging Chinese population. Methods: We analyzed RNA-sequencing data (GSE132040) from 17 murine organs across different ages to assess the gene expression of potential ageing biomarkers. Spearman's correlation coefficients were used to evaluate the relationship between gene expression and age. Meanwhile, a cross-sectional population study was conducted, which included 473 participants (aged 25-91 years), a representative subset of participants from the Peng Zu Study on Healthy Ageing in China (Peng Zu Cohort). Biofluid GPNMB levels were measured by ELISA. The associations of serum and urine GPNMB levels with various clinical and anthropometrical indices were assessed using ANOVA, Kruskal-Wallis H test, and univariate and multivariate linear regression analyses. Results: In mice, the Gpnmb mRNA expression levels showed a significant positive association with age in multiple organs in mice (P < 0.05). In Peng Zu Cohort, biofluid (both serum and urine) GPNMB levels showed a positive correlation with age (P < 0.05). Univariate linear regression analysis revealed that serum GPNMB levels were negatively associated with skeletal muscle mass index (SMI, P < 0.05) and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1, P < 0.05), and urine GPNMB levels showed a negative association with total bile acids (TBA, P < 0.05). Multivariate linear regression analysis further indicated that serum GPNMB levels negatively correlated with the systemic immune-inflammation index (SII, P < 0.05), and the urine GPNMB levels maintained a negative association with TBA (P < 0.05), additionally, urine GPNMB levels in men were significantly lower than in women (P < 0.05). Conclusions: The biofluid GPNMB was a strong clinical biomarker candidate for estimating biological aging.

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Purpose: To investigate sex-specific differences in associations of abdominal obesity indexes, systemic factors, and diabetic retinopathy (DR) in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) subjects with normal body mass index (BMI). Methods: This cross-sectional study comprised 653 T2DM subjects (402 women and 251 men) with normal BMI (18.5 kg/m2 0.05). Main conclusions: There were sex differences in the relationships between WC, WHR, WHtR, and DR in this T2DM population with normal BMI. Our findings provide new insight into a sex-specific mechanism of DR and management of the condition.

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Vertical field effect transistor (VFET), in which the semiconductor is sandwiched between source/drain electrodes and the channel length is simply determined by the semiconductor thickness, has demonstrated promising potential for short channel devices. However, despite extensive efforts over the past decade, scalable methods to fabricate ultra-short channel VFETs remain challenging. Here, we demonstrate a layer-by-layer transfer process of large-scale indium gallium zinc oxide (IGZO) semiconductor arrays and metal electrodes, and realize large-scale VFETs with ultra-short channel length and high device performance. Within this process, the oxide semiconductor could be pre-deposited on a sacrificial wafer, and then physically released and sandwiched between metals, maintaining the intrinsic properties of ultra-scaled vertical channel. Based on this lamination process, we realize 2 inch-scale VFETs with channel length down to 4 nm, on-current over 800 A/cm2, and highest on-off ratio up to 2 × 105, which is over two orders of magnitude higher compared to control samples without laminating process. Our study not only represents the optimization of VFETs performance and scalability at the same time, but also offers a method of transfer large-scale oxide arrays, providing interesting implication for ultra-thin vertical devices.

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Emergent superconductivity at the LaAlO3/KTaO3 interfaces exhibits a mysterious dependence on the KTaO3 crystallographic orientations. Here by soft X-ray angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy, we directly resolve the electronic structure of the LaAlO3/KTaO3 interfacial superconductors and the non-superconducting counterpart. We find that the mobile electrons that contribute to the interfacial superconductivity show strong k⊥ dispersion. Comparing the superconducting and non-superconducting interfaces, the quasi-three-dimensional electron gas with over 5.5 nm spatial distribution ubiquitously exists and shows similar orbital occupations. The signature of electron-phonon coupling is observed and intriguingly dependent on the interfacial orientations. Remarkably, the stronger electron-phonon coupling signature correlates with the higher superconducting transition temperature. Our observations help scrutinize the theories on the orientation-dependent superconductivity and offer a plausible and straightforward explanation. The interfacial orientation effect that can modify the electron-phonon coupling strength over several nanometers sheds light on the applications of oxide interfaces in general.

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Soil salinity is detrimental to plant growth and remains a major threat to crop productivity of the world. Plants employ various physiological and molecular mechanisms to maintain growth under salt stress. Identification of genes and genetic loci underlying plant salt tolerance holds the key to breeding salt tolerant crops. CIPK-CBL pathways regulate adaptive responses of plants (especially ion transport) to abiotic stresses via fine-tuned Ca2+ signal transduction. In this study, we showed that over-expression of OsCIPK17 in Arabidopsis enhanced primary root elongation under salt stress, which is in a Ca2+ dependent manner. Further investigation revealed that, under salt stress, OsCIPK17 transcript level was significantly induced and its protein moved from the cytosol to the tonoplast. Using both Y2H and BiFC, tonoplast-localised OsCBL2 and OsCBL3 were shown to interact with OsCIPK17. Interestingly, over-expressing salt-induced OsCBL2 or OsCBL3 in Arabidopsis led to enhanced primary root elongation under salt stress. In this process, OsCIPK17 was shown recruited to the tonoplast (similar to the effect of salt stress). Furthermore, transgenic Arabidopsis lines individually over-expressing OsCIPK17, OsCBL2 and OsCBL3 all demonstrated larger biomass and less Na + accumulation in the shoot under salt stress. All data combined suggest that OsCIPK17- OsCBL2/3 module is a major component of shoot Na+ exclusion and therefore plant salt tolerance, which is through enhanced Na + compartmentation into the vacuole in the root. OsCIPK17 and OsCBL2/3 are therefore potential genetic targets that can be used for delivering salt tolerant rice cultivars.

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The taste profile of oolong tea is intricately shaped by origins and roasting. Herein, a comprehensive approach integrating non-targeted metabolomics, quantitative analysis and sensory evaluations was employed to analyze the taste profile of oolong tea. 25 selected representative oolong teas, including Southern Fujian (MN), Northern Fujian (MB), and Taiwan (TW), were meticulously were classified into SX-RG-DD, GS, and TGY based on the chemical taste phenotypes. A total of 314 non-volatile compounds were identified, among which 87 and 77 compounds, including catechin, theaflavins, flavonoids and amino acids were screened as critical taste metabolites responsible for regions and roasting degree, respectively. The reduction of bitter and astringent, coupled with the enhancement of umami, sweet and sweet aftertaste exhibited a correlation with the decrease in (-)-epigallocatechin (EGC), (-)-epicatechin (EC), (-)-epicatechin gallate (ECG) and (-)-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), while the increase in catechin (C). These findings provide insights for further research on optimizing tea quality and refining processing techniques.

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