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PURPOSE: To investigate the separate and joint association between snoring and total sleep duration with the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in both genders within Chinese rural community. METHODS: The Henan Rural Cohort Study included a total of 28093 participants. Data on snoring and total sleep duration were obtained through the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). Binary logistic regression was employed to assess the correlation between snoring and total sleep duration with T2DM. RESULTS: The prevalences of T2DM were 8.53% in males and 9.27% in females. Males exhibited a higher prevalence of snoring (34.90%) compared to females (22.42%), and the median of total sleep duration was also longer in males (8.83 h) than in females (8.67 h), respectively (P < 0.001). Females who snored had an adjusted odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) for T2DM of 1.19 (1.06, 1.35) when contrasted with non-snorers. Compared with optimal total sleep duration (6-8 h), longer total sleep duration (≥ 8 h) increased the prevalence of T2DM by 17% (95%CI: 3%, 32%) in females. Additionally, the participants with shorter total sleep duration (< 6 h) and snoring have the highest risk of T2DM, with an increase of 91% (95%CI: 20%, 204%) than those with optimal total sleep duration and non-snorers in females. These significant associations were not found in males. CONCLUSIONS: Snoring and longer total sleep duration independently elevated the prevalence of T2DM. Meantime, a synergistic relationship was observed between snoring and total sleep duration with a higher prevalence of T2DM. These associations exhibited gender-specific differences.

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BACKGROUND: The concurrence of monoclonal gammopathy and TMA was suggested in a few studies. However, the complement activation was not fully studied in previous cases. In this study, we aimed to determine the complement activation in these group of patients and the association with clinical, laboratory and pathological features. METHODS: Between 2007 to 2020, 20 patients with biopsy-proven renal TMA patients and monoclonal gammopathy in Peking University First Hospital were included in the study. Complement activation was tested by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Associations with clinical features, pathological data, and laboratory findings were further investigated. RESULTS: Among renal TMA patients beyond 50 years of age, the prevalence of monoclonal gammopathy was 16.51% (18/109) which is almost 4-fold greater than the expected rate in population (4.2%). Eleven patients had acute kidney injury, and two patients required dialysis. Hematological diagnosis was consistent with monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (n = 10), unconfirmed MGUS (n = 3), POEMS syndromes (n = 4), Castleman's disease (n = 2), and chronic lymphocytic leukemia (n = 1). A majority of patients (84.2%) showed the activation of complement classical pathway. 15% (3/20) of patients received conservative therapy, 5% one patient received steroid only, 30% (6/20) received with immunosuppression, and 50% (10/20) received with clone-targeted chemotherapy. During 56 months Of median follow-up, ESRD developed in 2 patients, and 5 patients died mainly because of hematological progression. CONCLUSION: This study found the dysregulation of complement activation, especially the classical pathway, involved in the pathogenesis of biopsy-proven renal TMA and monoclonal gammopathy.

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There is no evidence on the associations between persistent organic pollutants (POPs) and the incidence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in the Chinese rural population. We aimed to investigate the individual and mixed effects of 22 POPs on the prevalence and incidence of CKD, and the joint effects of POPs and abnormal glucose metabolism as well as the modification effects of healthy lifestyle on these associations. A total of 2775 subjects, including 925 subjects with normal plasma glucose (NPG) and 925 subjects with prediabetes (PDM) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), were enrolled from the Henan Rural Cohort Study. Logistic regression and quantile g-computation were performed to assess the individual and mixed effects of POPs on the risk of CKD. Joint effects of POPs and abnormal glucose metabolism status, as well as the modification effects of lifestyle on CKD were assessed. After 3-year follow-up, an increment of ln-o,p'-DDT was related to an elevated risk of CKD prevalence. Positive associations of p,p'-DDE and ß-BHC with CKD incidence were observed (P < 0.05). In addition, participants with high levels of ∑POPs were associated elevated incidence risk of CKD (OR: 1.217, 95%CI: 1.008-1.469). One quartile increase in POPs mixture was associated with the increased incidence of CKD among T2DM patients (P < 0.05). Further, a higher risk of CKD was observed among PDM and T2DM patients with high levels of o,p'-DDT, p,p'-DDE, ß-BHC, and ∑POPs than NPG subjects with low levels of pollutants. In addition, interactive effects of ∑POPs and lifestyle score on CKD incidence were found. Individual and mixed exposure to POPs increased the prevalence and incidence of CKD, and glucose metabolic status exacerbated the risk of CKD resulting from such exposures. Further, the modifying effects of lifestyle were observed, highlighting the importance of precision prevention for high-risk CKD population and healthy lifestyle intervention measures.

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BACKGROUND: The pine wood nematode Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, a severe invasive species, is responsible for causing widespread pine wilt disease. The CytCo protein, a pore-forming toxin derived from Conidiobolus obscurus, exhibits nematotoxicity towards B. xylophilus. RESULTS: Our present study reveals the expression variation of a range of gene products in B. xylophilus that respond to the effects of CytCo using the isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification proteomics technology. Functional enrichment analysis indicates that many differentially expressed proteins are linked to calcium signaling system, proteasome, energy production and conversion, and the determination of adult lifespan. It suggests that the dysregulation of calcium homeostasis, energy metabolism, and apoptosis contribute to the CytCo nematotoxicity. Using the calcium ion (Ca2+)-indicator calcein, we detected changes in Ca2+ levels in B. xylophilus, with a significantly increase in fluorescence in the nematode's intestine and pseudocoelom following CytCo treatments. Meanwhile, the apoptosis and reactive oxygen species (ROS) assays showed an enhancement of fluorescence in B. xylophilus cells, with increased CytCo concentrations. CONCLUSION: The protein toxin CytCo triggers Ca2+ leakage, disrupts Ca2+ balance in B. xylophilus, and induces apoptosis and ROS outburst, thereby intensifying its nematotoxic effects. This finding facilitates our understanding of the modes of action of nematotoxic proteins, and contributes to the development of innovative nematode control strategies. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.

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BACKGROUND AND AIMS: There is no evidence on the longitudinal and causal associations between multiple pesticides and the incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in the Chinese rural population, and whether physical activity (PA) modified these associations remains unclear. Here, we aimed to investigate the longitudinal and causal associations between pesticides mixture and T2DM, and determine whether PA modified these associations. METHODS: A total of 925 subjects with normal glucose and 925 subjects with impaired fasting glucose (IFG) were enrolled in this case-cohort study. A total of 51 targeted pesticides were quantified at baseline. Logistic regression, quantile g-computation, and Bayesian kernel machine regression (BKMR) were used to assess the individual and combined effects of pesticides on IFG and T2DM. Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis was employed to obtain the causal association between pesticides and T2DM. RESULTS: After 3-year follow-up, one-unit increment in ln-isofenphos, ln-malathion, and ln-deltamethrin were associated with an increase conversion of IFG to T2DM (FDR-P<0.05). One quartile increment in organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), organophosphorus pesticides (OPs), herbicides and pyrethroids mixtures were related to a higher incidence of T2DM among IFG patients (P<0.05). The BKMR results showed a positive trend between exposure to pesticides mixture and T2DM. The MR analysis indicated a positive association between exposure to pesticides and T2DM risk (P<0.05). No any significant association was found between pesticides and IFG. In addition, compared to subjects with high levels of PA, those with low levels of PA were related to increased risk of T2DM with the increased levels of pesticides among IFG patients. CONCLUSIONS: Individual and combined exposure to pesticides increased the incidence of T2DM among IFG patients. MR analysis further supported the causal association of pesticides exposure with T2DM risk. Our study furtherly indicated that high levels of PA attenuated the diabetogenic effect of pesticides exposure.

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Due to the chemical stability of graphene, synthesis of carboxylated graphene still remains challenging during the electrochemical exfoliation of graphite. In this work, a spatially confined radical addition reaction which occurs in the sub-nanometer scaled interlayers of the expanded graphene sheets for the electrochemical synthesis of highly stable carboxylated graphene is reported. Here, formate anions act as both intercalation ions and co-reactant acid for the confinement of electro-generated carboxylic radical (●COOH) in the sub-nanometer scaled interlayers, which facilitates the radical addition reaction on graphene sheets. The controllable carboxylation of graphene is realized by tuning the concentration of formate anions in the electrolyte solution. The high crystallinity of the obtained product indicates the occurrence of spatially confined ●COOH addition reaction between the sub-nanometer interlayers of expanded graphite. In addition, the carboxylated graphene have been used for water desalination and hydrogen/oxygen reduction reaction. Therefore, this work provides a new method for the in situ preparation of functionalized graphene through the electrolysis and its applications in water desalination and hydrogen/oxygen reduction reactions.

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This study aims to investigate whether toothbrushes with fluoride-infused bristles have any (re)mineralisation effects on bovine enamel. Bovine incisors (N = 160) were extracted, and the buccal side of the crown was cut into dimensions of ~5 mm × 5 mm with a low-speed saw. These specimens were randomly allocated into four groups: half (80 teeth) were stored in demineralising solution (DM), and the other half were stored in deionised water (DW) for 96 h. Then, they were brushed with a force of 2.0 ± 0.1 N for five min with a manual toothbrush with either fluoride-infused (TF) or regular (TR) bristles. Microhardness (Vickers), X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to investigate the surfaces of the bovine enamel specimens before and after brushing. Two-way ANOVA was used to analyse the hardness data, and the pairwise comparison method was used to analyse the Ca/P ratio, for each group at α = 0.05. The results show that brushing with either of these toothbrushes increased the Vickers microhardness on DM and DW enamel (p < 0.001), whereas hydroxyapatite was revealed in all groups by XRD. The DM samples showed a significant increase (p < 0.05) in the Ca/P ratios after brushing with TR and TF. Conversely, under DW conditions, these ratios decreased significantly after brushing. In terms of the F atomic%, TF increased significantly. SEM revealed mineral deposition in the DM groups after toothbrushing. To conclude, toothbrushing effectively induces the microhardness of sound and demineralised enamel, while fluoride-infused bristles might be able to retain fluoride on the enamel surface.

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Green mold, caused by Penicillium digitatum, is the major cause of citrus postharvest decay. Currently, the application of sterol demethylation inhibitor (DMI) fungicide is one of the main control measures to prevent green mold. However, the fungicide-resistance problem in the pathogen P. digitatum is growing. The regulatory mechanism of DMI fungicide resistance in P. digitatum is poorly understood. Here, we first performed transcriptomic analysis of the P. digitatum strain Pdw03 treated with imazalil (IMZ) for 2 and 12 h. A total of 1338 genes were up-regulated and 1635 were down-regulated under IMZ treatment for 2 h compared to control while 1700 were up-regulated and 1661 down-regulated under IMZ treatment for 12 h. The expression of about half of the genes in the ergosterol biosynthesis pathway was affected during IMZ stress. Further analysis identified that 84 of 320 transcription factors (TFs) were differentially expressed at both conditions, making them potential regulators in DMI resistance. To confirm their roles, three differentially expressed TFs were selected to generate disruption mutants using the CRISPR/Cas9 technology. The results showed that two of them had no response to IMZ stress while ∆PdflbC was more sensitive compared with the wild type. However, disruption of PdflbC did not affect the ergosterol content. The defect in IMZ sensitivity of ∆PdflbC was restored by genetic complementation of the mutant with a functional copy of PdflbC. Taken together, our results offer a rich source of information to identify novel regulators in DMI resistance.

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Purpose: This study aimed to assess the potential association between blood pressure and osteoporosis in a rural population with limited resources. Existing evidence on this association is limited, particularly in such settings. Methods: Data from 7,689 participants in the Henan Rural Cohort study were analyzed. Four blood pressure indicators [systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), mean arterial pressure (MAP), and pulse pressure (PP)] were measured. The logistic regression model and restricted cubic spline plots were used to assess the relationship between blood pressure indicators and osteoporosis prevalence. Results: Positive trends were noted between blood pressure indicators and osteoporosis prevalence in the entire group and women (P trend < 0.05 for SBP, MAP, and PP). Women with higher SBP and PP exhibited elevated odds of osteoporosis compared with those with the lowest SBP and PP (ORs ranging from 1.15 to 1.5 for SBP and 1.06 to 1.83 for PP). No such associations were found in men. These relationships were only evident in postmenopausal women. Dose-response analysis confirmed these findings. Excluding participants taking hypertension medication did not alter the results. Conclusion: In resource-limited settings, higher SBP and PP are associated with the increased prevalence of osteoporosis in women, potentially influenced by menopause-related factors. This indicates that potential gender-based differences and social inequalities may affect bone health. Clinical trial registration: The Henan Rural Cohort Study has been registered at the Chinese Clinical Trial Register (Registration number: ChiCTR-OOC-15006699) http://www.chictr.org.cn/showproj.aspx?proj=11375.

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The Chinese keratoconus (CKC) cohort study is a population-based longitudinal prospective cohort study in the Chinese population involving a clinical database and biobanks. This ongoing study focuses on the prevention of KC progression and is the first to involve the effect of gene‒environment interactions on KC progression. The CKC cohort is hospital-based and dynamic and was established in Zhengzhou, China; KC patients (n = 1114) from a large geographical area were enrolled from January 2019 to June 2023, with a mean age of 22.23 years (6‒57 years). Demographic details, socioeconomic characteristics, lifestyle, disease history, surgical history, family history, and visual and social function data are being collected using questionnaires. General physical examination, eye examination, biological specimen collection, and first-degree relative data were collected and analyzed in the present study. The primary focus of the present study was placed on gene, environment and the effect of gene‒environment interactions on KC progression. The follow-up of the CKC cohort study is expected to include data collection at 3 months, 6 months, and 1 year after the initial examination and then at the annual follow-up examinations. The first follow-up of the CKC cohort study was recorded. A total of 918 patients completed the follow-up by June 1, 2023, with a response rate of 82.40%. Aside from the younger age of patients who were followed up, no significant differences were found between patients who were followed up and patients who were not.

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ß-Coronaviruses remodel host endomembranes to form double-membrane vesicles (DMVs) as replication organelles (ROs) that provide a shielded microenvironment for viral RNA synthesis in infected cells. DMVs are clustered, but the molecular underpinnings and pathophysiological functions remain unknown. Here, we reveal that host fragile X-related (FXR) family proteins (FXR1/FXR2/FMR1) are required for DMV clustering induced by expression of viral non-structural proteins (Nsps) Nsp3 and Nsp4. Depleting FXRs results in DMV dispersion in the cytoplasm. FXR1/2 and FMR1 are recruited to DMV sites via specific interaction with Nsp3. FXRs form condensates driven by liquid-liquid phase separation, which is required for DMV clustering. FXR1 liquid droplets concentrate Nsp3 and Nsp3-decorated liposomes in vitro. FXR droplets facilitate recruitment of translation machinery for efficient translation surrounding DMVs. In cells depleted of FXRs, SARS-CoV-2 replication is significantly attenuated. Thus, SARS-CoV-2 exploits host FXR proteins to cluster viral DMVs via phase separation for efficient viral replication.

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Assembly of macromolecular complexes at correct cellular sites is crucial for cell function. Nuclear pore complexes (NPCs) are large cylindrical assemblies with eightfold rotational symmetry, built through hierarchical binding of nucleoporins (Nups) forming distinct subcomplexes. Here, we uncover a role of ubiquitin-associated protein 2-like (UBAP2L) in the assembly and stability of properly organized and functional NPCs at the intact nuclear envelope (NE) in human cells. UBAP2L localizes to the nuclear pores and facilitates the formation of the Y-complex, an essential scaffold component of the NPC, and its localization to the NE. UBAP2L promotes the interaction of the Y-complex with POM121 and Nup153, the critical upstream factors in a well-defined sequential order of Nups assembly onto NE during interphase. Timely localization of the cytoplasmic Nup transport factor fragile X-related protein 1 (FXR1) to the NE and its interaction with the Y-complex are likewise dependent on UBAP2L. Thus, this NPC biogenesis mechanism integrates the cytoplasmic and the nuclear NPC assembly signals and ensures efficient nuclear transport, adaptation to nutrient stress, and cellular proliferative capacity, highlighting the importance of NPC homeostasis at the intact NE.

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PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of solid fuel use on serum sex hormone levels. Furthermore, the effects of improved kitchen ventilation and duration of cooking time on the relationship between solid fuel use and serum sex hormone levels will be further explored. METHODS: In this cross-sectional study, 5386 individuals were recruited. Gender and menopausal status modified associations between solid fuel type and serum sex hormone levels was investigated through generalized linear models and further analyzed by improving kitchen ventilation and length of cooking time on the relationship between solid fuel use and serum sex hormone levels. To identify the causal association, mendelian randomization of two-sample was performed. RESULTS: In observational analyses, for ln-17-hydroxyprogesterone, ln-testosterone, and ln-androstenedione among premenopausal women, the estimated ß and 95 % CI of sex hormone levels for the effect of solid fuel users was -0.337 (-0.657, -0.017), -0.233 (-0.47, 0.005), and - 0.240 (-0.452, -0.028) respectively, and - 0.150 (-0.296, -0.004) in ln-progesterone among postmenopausal women. It was found that combining solid fuels with long cooking periods or no ventilation more effectively reduced testosterone and androstenedione in premenopausal women. We further found the adverse effects of using solid fuel on progesterone, testosterone, and androstenedione levels were enhanced with the increases of PM1, PM2.5, PM10, and NO2. Corresponding genetic, the causal risk effect of solid fuel were - 0.056 (-0.513, 0.4) and 0.026 (-3.495, 3.547) for testosterone levels and sex hormone binding globulin, respectively. CONCLUSION: Using gas or solid fuel was negatively related to sex hormone levels. A combination of using solid fuels, cooking for a long time, or cooking without ventilation had a stronger effect on sex hormone levels. However, genetic evidence did not support causality for the associations. WHAT IS ALREADY KNOWN ON THIS TOPIC?: The mechanisms underlying these associations household air pollution (HAP) from incomplete combustion of such fuels and occurrence of chronic diseases remained obscure. Recent years, extensive evidences from animal as well as human researches have suggested that progestogen and androgen hormones are involved in the development of diabetes, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease, which indicated that changes in serum progestogen and androgen hormones levels might play a role in these pathological mechanisms. However, limited evidence exists examining the effect of HAP from solid fuel use on serum sex hormone levels.

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PURPOSE: Inflammation has been implicated for development of myopia. It is not clear when inflammation is kicked in during the course of myopia, and what characteristics of the inflammation. In this study, we tested for cytokines from aqueous humour of eyes with wide spectrum of refractive status for profiling the inflammation. METHODS: Aqueous humour of 142 patient eyes were tested for soluble intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (sICAM-1), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), and transforming growth factor-beta 2 (TGF-ß2) using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Eye globe axial length of these patients ranged from emmetropia to high myopia. RESULTS: Of 142 patients, an average axial length is 25.51 ± 3.31 mm, with a range of 21.56-34.37 mm. There are 36 cases in lower 25 percentile, 37 cases in upper 25 percentile, and 69 case in the middle 50 percentile. sICAM-1 and MCP-1 were significantly higher in the eyes with staphyloma (407.48 pg/mL, 312.31 pg/mL, n = 33) or macular schisis (445.86 pg/mL,345.33 pg/mL, n = 19) than that in the eyes without these changes (206.44 pg/mL, 244.76 pg/mL, n = 107). All three cytokines level was significantly associated with eye globe axial in a positive mode while adjusting for the age and sex. Strength of the association was the greatest for sICAM-1 and the weakest for TGF- ß2. MCP-1 was in between. CONCLUSION: sICAM-1 and MCP-1 in ocular fluid may be indicative biomarkers for progressive high myopia and the underneath autoimmune inflammation. sICAM-1 may be used as a monitoring biomarker for development of pathologic myopia.

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It is highly challenging to activate the basal plane and minimize the π-π stacking of MoS2 sheets, thus enhancing its catalytic performance. Here, we display an approach for making well-dispersed MoS2 . By using the N-doped multi-walled carbon nanotubes (NMWCNTs) as an isolation unit, the aggregation of MoS2 sheets was effectively reduced, favoring the dispersion of Pt nanoparticles (noted as Pt/NMWCNTs-isolated-MoS2 ). Excellent bifunctional catalytic performance for methanol oxidation and oxygen reduction reaction (MOR/ORR) were demonstrated by the produced Pt/NMWCNTs-isolated-MoS2 . In comparison to Pt nanoparticles supported on MoS2 (Pt/MoS2 ), the MOR activity (2314.14 mA mgpt -1 ) and stability (317.69 mA mgpt -1 after 2 h of operation) on Pt/NMWCNTs-isolatedMoS2 were 24 and 232 times higher, respectively. As for ORR, Pt/NMWCNTs-isolated-MoS2 holds large half-wave potential (0.88 V) and high stability (92.71 % after 22 h of operation). This work presents a tactic for activating the basal planes and reducing the π-π stacking of 2D materials to satisfy their applications in electrocatalysis. In addition, the proposed sheet-isolation method can be used for fabricating other 2D materials to promote the dispersion of nanoparticles, which assist its application in other fields of energy as well as the environment.

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The design of catalysts with tunable active sites in heterogeneous interface structures is crucial for addressing challenges in the water-splitting process. Herein, a hollow spherical heterostructure FeCo-P is successfully prepared by hydrothermal and phosphorization methods. This hollow structure, along with the heterogeneous interface between Co2 P and FeP, not only facilitates the exposure of more active sites, but also increases the contact area between the catalyst and the electrolyte, as well as shortens the distance for mass/electron transfer. This enhancement promotes electron transfer to facilitate water decomposition. FeCo-P exhibits excellent hydrogen evolution (HER) and oxygen evolution (OER) performance when reaching @ 10 mA cm-2 in 1 mol L-1  KOH, with overpotentials of 131/240 mV for HER/OER. Furthermore, when FeCo-P is used as both the cathode and anode for overall water splitting (OWS), it only requires low voltages of 1.49, 1.55, and 1.57 V to achieve CDs of 10, 100, and 300 mA cm-2 , respectively. Density functional theory calculations indicate that constructing a Co2 P and FeP heterogeneous interface with good lattice matching can facilitate electron redistribution, thereby enhancing the electrocatalytic performance of OWS. This work opens up new possibilities for the rational design of efficient water electrolysis catalysts derived from MOFs.

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OBJECTIVES: Evidence on the health-related quality of life (HRQoL) among Chinese rural populations and its influence factors were limited. This study aimed to describe the distribution of HRQoL assessed by EQ-5D-5L and its determinants among a Chinese rural population. METHODS: A total of 23,510 eligible participants (9542 men and 13,968 women) from the Henan rural cohort study were included. Tobit regression and generalized linear models were performed to investigate the associations between demographic characteristics, lifestyle factors, common chronic diseases, and HRQoL. RESULTS: Of all respondents, the most frequently reported problem was pain/discomfort dimension (23.05%), followed by mobility (12.72%), anxiety/depression (7.77%), and usual activities (6.45%), while the least reported was the self-care dimension (3.84%). The more problems reported in all dimensions with age increased except anxiety/depression. The mean (standard deviation) utility index and VAS score were 0.954 (0.111) and 78.34 (14.80), respectively. The regression analysis indicated that increasing age, former drinkers, poor sleep quality, and suffering from common chronic diseases were significantly associated with low HRQoL, while high education level, average monthly income, and physical activity were significantly associated with high HRQoL. CONCLUSION: This study described the distribution of HRQoL and its influence factors among the Chinese rural population, which was helpful for medical institutions and policymakers to allocate medical resources and better understand HRQoL among the Chinese rural population.

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BACKGROUND: Protein misfolding and inclusion body aggregation caused by α-Syn mutations in the brain often cause neurodegeneration and cognitive impairment, among which the A53T point mutation is more common. Inhibition of adenosine A2A receptor (A2AR) can alleviate the pathological symptoms of brain dysfunction caused by A53T-α-Syn protofibrils, but the mechanism of action is still unclear. AIM: This studies aimed to investigate the potential therapeutic role of the A2AR inhibitor KW6002 in a mouse model of brain synucleinopathy. METHODS: A53T-α-Syn fibre precursor cell nuclear protein was injected into the bilateral prefrontal cortex of mice to establish a synucleinopathy animal model, and the A2AR inhibitor KW6002 (5 mg/kg) was injected intraperitoneally to intervene. RESULT: The intracerebral injection of A53T-α-Syn protofibrils triggers the formation of inclusion bodies in the brain, leading to astrocyte activation, an increased number of apoptotic cells, and suppression of autophagic flux. The administration of KW6002 significantly reversed these phenomena. In vitro experiments revealed that A53T-α-Syn protofibrils inhibited HT-22 autophagy in mouse hippocampal neuronal cells, whereas KW6002 increased cellular autophagic flux, upregulated the expression of LAMP2A and Hsc70 proteins and inhibited the expression of SQSTM1 protein. The present study suggests that KW6002 reduces the level of α-Syn phosphorylation by inhibiting A2AR protein, at the same time, enhances the autophagic flux of neuronal cells, resulting in the degradation of A53T-α-Syn protofibrils and thus reducing the neuronal toxicity and apoptosis induced by A53T-α-Syn protofibrils. CONCLUSION: KW6002 has a significant protective effect on neuronal injury induced by A53T-α-Syn.

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To clarify the role of the C5a/C5aR (C5a receptor) and C5b-9 pathways in macrovascular thrombosis (MAT) and renal microthrombosis (MIT), 73 renal biopsy-proven complement-mediated thrombotic microangiopathy (C-TMA) patients were enrolled; 9 patients with pure MAT and 13 patients with pure MIT were selected for further study. Twenty-five external C-TMA patients were selected as the validation cohort. Plasma C5a and sC5b-9 (soluble C5b-9) levels were significantly higher in patients with MAT than in those with MIT (P = 0.008, P = 0.041, respectively). The mean optical density of C5aR1 in the kidney was significantly higher in MAT patients than in those with MIT (P < 0.001). Both urinary sC5b-9 levels (MIT: P < 0.001, MAT: P = 0.004) and renal deposition of C5b-9 (MIT: P < 0.001, MAT: P = 0.001) were significantly higher in C-TMA patients compared to normal control, but were similar between MAT and MIT groups. In the correlation analysis within 22C-TMA patients, urinary sC5b-9 levels and renal deposition of C5b-9 were positively correlated to renal MIT formation (P = 0.009 and P = 0.031, respectively). Furthermore, the renal citrullinated histone H3 (CitH3)- and neutrophil elastase (NE)-positive area ratios were both significantly higher in the MAT group than in the MIT group (P = 0.006 and P = 0.020, respectively). Therefore, the local C5b-9 and C5a/C5aR1 pathways might have differential contributions to MIT and MAT formation in the disease.

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Dispersants, serving as an essential raw material in the formulation of coal water slurry, offer an economical and convenient solution for enhancing slurry concentration, thus stimulating significant interest in the development of novel and efficient dispersants. This paper intends to illuminate the evolution of dispersants by examining both the traditional and the newly conceived types and elaborating on their respective mechanisms of influence on slurry performance. Dispersants can be classified into anionic, cationic, amphoteric, and non-ionic types based on their dissociation properties. They can be produced by modifying either natural or synthetic products. The molecular structure of a dispersant allows for further categorization into one-dimensional, two-dimensional, or three-dimensional structure dispersants. This document succinctly outlines dispersants derived from natural products, three-dimensional structure dispersants, common anionic dispersants such as lignin and naphthalene, and amphoteric and non-ionic dispersants. Subsequently, the adsorption mechanism of dispersants, governed by either electrostatic attraction or functional group effects, is elucidated. The three mechanisms through which dispersants alter the surface properties of coal, namely the wetting dispersion effect, electrostatic repulsion effect, and steric hindrance effect, are also explained. The paper concludes with an exploration of the challenges and emerging trends in the domain of dispersants.