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Wheat stripe (yellow) rust, caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst), is a serious fungal disease worldwide, especially in the Huang-Huai-Hai region, a main wheat production area in China. Gene postulation, molecular testing, and pedigree analysis were conducted to determine the presence of stripe rust resistance genes to 15 Pst races in 66 selected commercial wheat cultivars released from 2000 to 2016. In addition, races CYR32, CYR33, and CYR34 were used to evaluate resistance to Pst at the adult-plant stage of wheat in the field. Four Yr genes (Yr9, Yr10, Yr26, and Yr32) were postulated in 24 wheat cultivars either singly or in combination. Thirty-six cultivars might contain unknown Yr genes, whereas no identified Yr gene was postulated in six cultivars. Yr9 was detected at a frequency of 28.8%, and no cultivars carried Yr5, Yr15, or Yr18. Ten cultivars (15.2%) exhibited adult-plant resistance in the field tests with three predominant races. Three cultivars (Langyan 43, Xinong 889, and Yunfeng 139) had all-stage resistance. These results are useful to growers selecting cultivars and to breeders aiming to use more resistance genes to develop new cultivars with effective resistance in order to reduce stripe rust damage.

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In total, 13 commercial wheat cultivars around China and four races of Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (namely, CYR32, CYR33, G22-9, and G22-14) were employed for a test of relative parasitic fitness (RPF) using the drop method. The RPF values were measured, including the urediniospore germination rate, the latent period, the uredinial length, the uredinial density, the infection area, the sporulation intensity, the lesion expansion speed, and the sporulation period. The results indicated that the parameters of relative parasitic fitness of the four P. striiformis f. sp. tritici races on the 13 wheat cultivars were significantly different (P = 0.00) in sporulation intensity, lesion expansion speed, uredinial length, sporulation period, uredinial density, and latent period. The urediniospore germination rates of the four P. striiformis f. sp. tritici races for the test were significantly different (P = 0.00), whereas no correlation with the different cultivars was observed (P = 1.00). The infection areas of the tested races on the different cultivars were significantly different (P = 0.00) but there were no obvious manifestations among the various races (P = 0.20). Principal component analysis (PCA) showed that the sporulation intensity represented sporulation capacity and scalability, the latent period indicated infection ability, and the urediniospore germination rate represented urediniospore vigor, all of which fully contributed to the RPF in the interaction of the four races and 13 wheat cultivars, which was calculated by the following formula: RPF = (sporulation intensity × urediniospore germination rate)/latent period. The sporulation and infection of G22-9 on the 13 large-scale cultivated cultivars were the highest, and the RPF of G22-9 was higher than that of the predominant races, CYR32 and CYR33. This result suggested that G22-9 could become a new predominant race and potentially cause epidemics of wheat stripe rust in China. To prevent potential epidemics, susceptible wheat cultivars should be withdrawn from production and breeding programs should reduce the use of Yr10 and Yr26 and use other more effective resistance genes in combination with nonrace-specific resistance for developing wheat cultivars with durable resistance to stripe rust.

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BACKGROUND: To investigate the effects of ASMase mediated endothelial cell apoptosis in multiple hypofractionated irradiations in CT26 tumor bearing mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty-five CT26 tumor bearing mice were subjected to single ionizing radiation (IR) of 0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18 Gy. Eight hours after IR, the mice were sacrificed and tumor tissues were used for CD31 immunohistochemistry staining, TUNEL and CD31 double staining, ASMase activity assay. Then 6 and 12 Gy were chosen for multiple hypofractionated IR experiments according to the above results. Each time after IR, 5 mice were sacrificed and assayed as above. RESULTS: The ASMase activities were increased significantly after a single IR of 12 Gy or higher which was accompanied with remarkable increased endothelial cell apoptosis and decreased MVD. For 6 Gy which was not high enough to trigger ASMase activation, after 2 or more times of IR, the ASMase activities were significantly increased accompanied with remarkable increased endothelial cell apoptosis and decreased MVD. While for 12 Gy, after 2 or more times of IR, the ASMase activities and endothelial cell apoptosis rates were maintained without remarkable increase; however, the MVD was significantly decreased. What's more, the cancer cell apoptosis rates were significantly increased after multiple IR for both 6 Gy and 12 Gy. CONCLUSIONS: ASMase mediated endothelial cell apoptosis may play an important role in the process of multiple hypofractionated IR for CT26 colorectal carcinoma.

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Chinese herb medicine (CHM) is the most commonly reported traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) modality. This study aimed to assess the prevalence and associated factors of CHM use in cancer patients in southwestern China. Cancer patients from eleven comprehensive cancer centers were asked to complete a structured questionnaire. Of 587 available replies, 53.0% used CHM. Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that educational level, stage of disease, duration of cancer since diagnosis, marital status, and previous use of CHM were strongly associated with CHM use after cancer diagnosis. The source of information about CHM was mainly from media and friends/family. CHM products were used without any consultation with a TCM practitioner by 67.5% of users. The majority used CHM to improve their physical and emotional well-beings and to reduce cancer therapy-induced toxicities. About 4.5% patients reported side effects of CHM. This survey revealed a high prevalence of CHM use among cancer patients. However, these patients did not get sufficient consultation about the indications and contradictions of these drugs. It is imperative for oncologists to communicate with their cancer patients about the usage of CHM so as to avoid the potential side effects.

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BACKGROUND: To construct the Bifidobacterium infantis-mediated soluble kinase insert domain receptor (sKDR) prokaryotic expression system and to observe its inhibitory effect on growth of human umbilicus vessel endothelial cells (HUVECs) in vitro and Lewis lung cancer (LLC) on mice in vivo. METHODS: The Bifidobacterium infantis-mediated sKDR prokaryotic expression system was constructed through electroporation and subsequently identified through PCR and Western blot analysis. HUVECs were added to the products of this system to evaluate the anti-angiogenesis effect through MTT assay in vitro. The LLC mice models were divided into three groups: one group treated with saline (group a); one group treated with recombinant Bifidobacterium infantis containing pTRKH2-PsT plasmid group (group b); and one group treated with recombinant Bifidobacterium infantis containing pTRKH2-PsT/sKDR plasmid group (group c). The quality of life and survival of mice were recorded. Tumor volume, tumor weight, inhibitive rate, and necrosis rate of tumor were also evaluated. Necrosis of tumor and signals of blood flow in tumors were detected through color Doppler ultrasound. In addition, microvessel density (MVD) of the tumor tissues was assessed through CD31 immunohistochemical analysis. RESULTS: The positively transformed Bifidobacterium infantis with recombinant pTRKH2-PsT/sKDR plasmid was established, and was able to express sKDR at gene and protein levels. The proliferation of HUVECs cultivated with the extract of positively transformed bacteria was inhibited significantly compared with other groups (P < 0. 05). The quality of life of mice in group c was better than in group a and b. The recombinant Bifidobacterium infantis containing pTRKH2-PsT/sKDR plasmid enhanced the efficacy of tumor growth suppression and prolongation of survival, increased the necrosis rate of tumor significantly, and could obviously decrease MVD and the signals of blood flow in tumors. CONCLUSION: The Bifidobacterium infantis-mediated sKDR prokaryotic expression system was constructed successfully. This system could express sKDR at gene and protein levels and significantly inhibit the growth of HUVECs induced by VEGF in vitro. Moreover, it could inhibit tumor growth and safely prolong the survival time of LLC C57BL/6 mice.

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Here, we presented a case of carcinosarcoma of the pancreas in a 53-year-old woman. The carcinosarcoma was in the head of pancreas. She underwent a pancreaticoduodenectomy. The tumor was grossly yellowish-whitish. Histologic evaluation of the tumor revealed 2 elements separated from each other. One component was conventional pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, and the other component showed sarcomatous growth pattern composed of pleomorphic spindle cells. Immunohistochemically, the adenocarcinoma component was reactive for antibodies to cytokeratin 18 and epithelial membrane antigen. The sarcomatous component was reactive for smooth muscle antibody. These findings led to a diagnosis of pancreatic carcinosarcoma. The patient was treated with gemcitabine, adriamycin, and cisplatin after the operation. Although previously reported patients with pancreatic carcinosarcoma showed a very poor outcome, this patient has remained free of recurrence for 20 months, which is the longest recurrence-free survival time recorded for this type of cancer. This treatment plan may be a feasible option.

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BACKGROUND: Ginsenoside Rg3, a saponin extracted from ginseng, inhibits angiogenesis. The combination of low-dose chemotherapy and anti-angiogenic inhibitors suppresses growth of experimental tumors more effectively than conventional therapy or anti-angiogenic agent alone. The present study was designed to evaluate the efficacy of low-dose gemcitabine combined with ginsenoside Rg3 on angiogenesis and growth of established Lewis lung carcinoma in mice. METHODS: C57L/6 mice implanted with Lewis lung carcinoma were randomized into the control, ginsenoside Rg3, gemcitabine and combination group. The quality of life and survival of mice were recorded. Tumor volume, inhibitive rate and necrosis rate were estimated. Necrosis of tumor and signals of blood flow as well as dynamic parameters of arterial blood flow in tumors such as peak systolic velocity (PSV) and resistive index (RI) were detected by color Doppler ultrasound. In addition, expression of vascular endothelial cell growth factor (VEGF) and CD31 were observed by immunohistochemstry, and microvessel density (MVD) of the tumor tissues was assessed by CD31 immunohistochemical analysis. RESULTS: Quality of life of mice in the ginsenoside Rg3 and combination group were better than in the control and gemcitabine group. Combined therapy with ginsenoside Rg3 and gemcitabine not only enhanced efficacy on suppression of tumor growth and prolongation of the survival, but also increased necrosis rate of tumor significantly. In addition, the combination treatment could obviously decrease VEGF expression and MVD as well as signals of blood flow and PSV in tumors. CONCLUSION: Ginsenoside Rg3 combined with gemcitabine may significantly inhibit angiogenesis and growth of lung cancer and improve survival and quality of life of tumor-bearing mice. The combination of chemotherapy and anti-angiogenic drugs may be an innovative and promising therapeutic strategy in the experimental treatment of human lung cancer.

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Vilmorin23 is an internationally used differential host variety for studies on the interactions between wheat stripe rust and wheat. It contains the stripe rust resistance gene YrV23 and is potentially an important source of stripe rust resistance worldwide. SSR analysis was performed on the wheat NIL Taichuang 29*6/YrV23 carrying the resistant gene YrV23 against stripe rust, Vilmorin 23 and its recurrent parent Taichung 29. Fifty pairs of SSR primers on wheat chromosome 2B were screened and a reproducible polymorphic DNA fragment amplified by Xwmc356 was found. Genetic linkage was tested on 150 segregating F2 plants. It showed that the microsatellite marker Xwmc356 was linked to the resistance gene YrV23 with a genetic distance of 9.4 cM.

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