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BACKGROUND: More than 90% of the morbidity and mortality from chronic respiratory disease occurs in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs), with substantial economic impact. Preserved ratio impaired spirometry (PRISm) is a prevalent lung function abnormality associated with increased mortality in high-income countries. We aimed to conduct a post-hoc analysis of a cross-sectional study to assess the prevalence of, the risk factors for, and the impact of PRISm in three diverse LMIC settings. METHODS: We recruited a random, age-stratified and sex-stratified sample of the population in semi-urban Bhaktapur, Nepal; urban Lima, Peru; and rural Nakaseke, Uganda. Quality-assured post-bronchodilator spirometry was performed to American Thoracic Society standards and PRISm was defined as a forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) of less than 80% predicted with a FEV1/forced vital capacity ratio of 0·70 or more. We used t tests and χ2 analyses to assess the relationships between demographic, biometric, and comorbidity variables with PRISm. Multivariable logistic models with random intercept by site were used to estimate odds ratios (ORs) with 95% CIs. FINDINGS: 10â664 participants were included in the analysis, with a mean (SD) age of 56·3 (11·7) years and an equal distribution by sex. The prevalence of PRISm was 2·5% in Peru, 9·1% in Nepal, and 16·0% in Uganda. In multivariable analysis, younger age (OR for each decile of age 0·87, 95% CI 0·82-0·92) and being female (1·37, 1·18-1·58) were associated with increased odds of having PRISm. Biomass exposure was not consistently associated with PRISm across sites. Individuals with PRISm had impairment in respiratory-related quality of life as measured by the St George's Respiratory Questionnaire (OR by decile 1·18, 95% CI 1·10-1·25). INTERPRETATION: The prevalence of PRISm is heterogeneous across LMIC settings and associated with age, female sex, and biomass exposure, a common exposure in LMICs. A diagnosis of PRISm was associated with worse health status when compared with those with normal lung function. Health systems in LMICs should focus on all spirometric abnormalities as opposed to obstruction alone, given the disease burden, reduced quality of life, and size of the undiagnosed population at risk. FUNDING: Medical Research Council.
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Países en Desarrollo , Espirometría , Humanos , Estudios Transversales , Femenino , Masculino , Prevalencia , Adulto , Persona de Mediana Edad , Países en Desarrollo/estadística & datos numéricos , Perú/epidemiología , Nepal/epidemiología , Uganda/epidemiología , Volumen Espiratorio Forzado , Anciano , Factores de Riesgo , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
The subcortical maternal complex (SCMC) plays a crucial role in early embryonic development. Malfunction of SCMC leads to reproductive diseases in women. However, the molecular function and assembly basis for SCMC remain elusive. Here we reconstituted mouse SCMC and solved the structure at atomic resolution using single-particle cryo-electron microscopy. The core complex of SCMC was formed by MATER, TLE6 and FLOPED, and MATER embraced TLE6 and FLOPED via its NACHT and LRR domains. Two core complexes further dimerize through interactions between two LRR domains of MATERs in vitro. FILIA integrates into SCMC by interacting with the carboxyl-terminal region of FLOPED. Zygotes from mice with Floped C-terminus truncation showed delayed development and resembled the phenotype of zygotes from Filia knockout mice. More importantly, the assembly of mouse SCMC was affected by corresponding clinical variants associated with female reproductive diseases and corresponded with a prediction based on the mouse SCMC structure. Our study paves the way for further investigations on SCMC functions during mammalian preimplantation embryonic development and reveals underlying causes of female reproductive diseases related to SCMC mutations, providing a new strategy for the diagnosis of female reproductive disorders.
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Desarrollo Embrionario , Oocitos , Embarazo , Femenino , Humanos , Ratones , Animales , Microscopía por Crioelectrón , Cigoto , Ratones Noqueados , MamíferosRESUMEN
Non-aeration microalgae-bacteria biofilm has attracted increasing interest for its application in low cost wastewater treatment. However, it is unclear the quantified biofilm characteristics dynamics and how biofilm bioactivity affects performance and nitrogen metabolisms during wastewater treatment. In this work, a push-flow microalgae-bacteria biofilm reactor (PF-MBBfR) was developed for aeration-free greywater treatment. Comparatively, organic loading at 1.27 ± 0.10 kg COD/(m3â d) gave the highest biofilm concentration, density, specific oxygen generation (SOGR) and consumption rates (SOCR), and pollutants removal rates. Contributed to low residual linear alkylbenzene sulfonates and bioactivity, reactor downstream showed low bacteria and protein concentrations and SOCR (12.8 mg O2/g TSS·h), but high microalgae, carbohydrate, biofilm density, SOGR (49.4 mg O2/g TSS·h) and pollutants removal rates. Dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) showed higher molecular weight, CHONS and fraction with 4 atoms of N in reactor upstream. Most of nitrogen was fixed to newly synthesized biomass during assimilation process by related functional enzymes, minor contributed to denitrification due to low N2 emission. High nitrogen assimilation by microalgae showed high SOGR, which favored efficient multiple pollutants removal and reduced DON emission. Our findings favor the practical application of PF-MBBfR based on biofilm bioactivity, enhancing efficiency and reducing DON emission for low- energy-input wastewater treatment.
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Contaminantes Ambientales , Microalgas , Bacterias , Biopelículas , Nitrógeno , OxígenoRESUMEN
Background Childhood maltreatment (CM) significantly increases the risk of adulthood psychopathology. Interplay between susceptible genetic variations and CM contributes to the occurrence of depression. This review aims to systematically synthesize the relationships between genetic variations and depression among those exposed to CM. Methods Electronic databases and gray literature to March 31st, 2020 were searched for literature on the topic of depression and CM limited to English-language. Data extraction and quality assessment of key study characteristics were conducted. Qualitative approaches were used to synthesize the findings. Results The initial search resulted in 9185 articles. A total of 29 articles that met the eligibility criteria were included in this review. High heterogeneity was identified regarding the study sample ages, candidate genes and SNPs, the categorization of CM and depression. The findings of this review include several frequently studied genes (5-HTTLPR, CRHR1, BDNF, CREB1, FKBP5, IL1B, NTRK2, and OXTR). Both consistent and inconsistent findings were identified. Overall, the interplay of CM with CREB1-rs2253206 significantly increased the risk of depression. In contrast, CRHR1-TCA haplotype (rs7209436, rs4792887, rs110402), CRHR1-rs17689882, and CRHR1-rs110402 showed protective effects on depression and depressive symptoms among individuals with a history of maltreatment. Limitations Due to clinical and methodological diversity of the studies a qualitative approach was used. Conclusion This review firstly provides a comprehensive overview of the interplay between CM and genetic variations in adult depression. Future etiological explorations should focus on the above-identified genes for down-stream exploration and address the issues and challenges of gene by environment studies.
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Maltrato a los Niños , Depresión , Adulto , Niño , Haplotipos , Humanos , Polimorfismo de Nucleótido Simple/genéticaRESUMEN
PURPOSE: To explore the mediating effect of school interest and maladaptive cognitions in the relationship between stress and Internet addiction. DESIGN AND METHODS: A total of 2271 high school students were recruited from a Chinese high school. Serial mediation model was used. RESULTS: School interest and maladaptive cognitions had 0.03 and 0.13 indirect effects in the association between stress and Internet addiction, and accounting for 7.9% and 34.2% of the total effect, respectively. The serial indirect effect of school interest and maladaptive cognition was 0.05, accounting for 13.2% of the total effect. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS: The present study highlights the need of reducing stress and increasing school interest among high school students to prevent and intervene the occurrence of Internet addiction.
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Adaptación Psicológica , Conducta del Adolescente/psicología , Conducta Adictiva/psicología , Internet , Estrés Psicológico/psicología , Estudiantes/psicología , Adolescente , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Instituciones AcadémicasRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Child maltreatment predicts a significant risk factor for depression. The relationship between child maltreatment and depression has been shown to vary as a function of genetic factors. There have been very few systematic reviews conducted to date to synthesize what DNA methylations and/ or genetic variations interact with childhood maltreatment in the course of depression. This systematic review aimed to provide an overview of DNA methylation modifications with/without genetic variations associated with childhood maltreatment in depression. METHODS: Computerized and manual search on six databases (EMBASE, HealthStar, PsychoInfo, Medline, PubMed and Cochrane Library) and grey literature up to June 30th 2018 were conducted. Studies were critically evaluated for their eligibility and study quality. RESULTS: The initial search resulted in 196 articles. Five articles met the eligibility criteria being included in this review. All the selected studies were from the United States and published within the last five years. Changes in ID3, TPPP, GRIN1, and OXTR DNA methylation sites were found to be involved in the childhood maltreatment-depression relationship. LIMITATIONS: The number of eligible articles included in this review was small. Selected articles had small sample sizes. A high degree of heterogeneity was found. It is difficult to conclude what the roles of DNA methylation modifications are in the relationship between maltreatment and depression. Population stratification has not been extensively studied so far and should be considered in the further research. CONCLUSIONS: This review synthesizes an overview of the interaction between childhood maltreatment, DNA methylation modifications and genetic variations in depression. Findings of this review highlight an urgent need for genetic and epigenetic research in the area of childhood maltreatment and depression. Future etiological explorations should target on the above identified sites.