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The debate over marijuana regulation has gained strength in recent years, due to its therapeutic potential. Despite this, there is still a lot of prejudice related to the use of medical marijuana. In the mid-1990s, Lafepe proposed to produce a Cannabis sativa-based medicine. This proposal was pioneering at a time when the discussion about drugs was still surrounded by intense prohibitions and prejudice. This work aims to rescue, through an interview with Professor Antônio José Alves, President of Lafepe at the time, all the paths and obstacles taken in the avant-garde attempt to create the first marijuana-based medicine made in Brazil.

O debate acerca da regulamentação da maconha ganhou força nos últimos anos, devido seu potencial terapêutico. Apesar disso ainda existe muito preconceito em relação à utilização da maconha medicinal. Em meados dos anos 1990, o Lafepe trouxe a proposta da produção de um medicamento à base de Cannabis sativa. Essa proposta foi pioneira numa época na qual a discussão sobre as drogas ainda era cercada de intenso proibicionismo e preconceitos. Este trabalho visa resgatar por meio de uma entrevista com o Professor Antônio José Alves, Presidente do Lafepe da época, todos os caminhos e entraves percorridos na tentativa de vanguarda da criação do primeiro medicamento feito com maconha no Brasil.

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O presente artigo retoma aspectos relevantes do movimento denominado “Reforma Psiquiátrica Brasileira” (RPB), no sentido de imbricar esse histórico - em seus aspectos políticos e sociais - com a construção da “Redução de Danos” (RD) como estratégia norteadora da “Política Nacional de Atenção Integral aos Usuários de Álcool e Outras Drogas” (PNAD) no Brasil. Desta feita, nossa intenção é a de apresentar parte das experiências vividas na cidade do Recife e no Estado de Pernambuco, justamente, devido à presença de serviços pontuais, tais quais: o “Programa Mais Vida” e o “Programa Atitude”; experiências ímpares e exitosas no deslocamento de um novo olhar possível para o cuidado às pessoas com problemas decorrentes do uso/abuso de substâncias psicoativas (SPA). Ademais, alentamos para a necessidade do entrecruzamento entre os serviços voltados para o cuidado dessas pessoas, apresentando, ao mesmo tempo, como se encontra constituída, na atualidade, a Rede de Atenção Psicossocial (RAPS) de Recife (PE), com o recorte específico para álcool e outras drogas, buscando problematizar a efetividade da mesma no contexto da RPB.(AU)

This article reviews some important aspects of the “Brazilian Psychiatric Reform” (RPB) in order to intertwine its history – considering its political and social aspects – with the construction of Harm Reduction strategy in the “National Policy for the Comprehensive Care of Users of Alcohol and other Drugs”, in Brazil. Our intention is to present some of the experiences occurred in the state of Pernambuco and its capital Recife, such as the occasional services as “Programa Mais Vida” and the “Programa Atitude”, unique and successful local experiences in shift the care of people with drug problems. In addition, we sustain the need for services cross-linking in the care of this public, presented here as the “Health Care Network for Users of Alcohol and other Drugs” aiming problematize its effectiveness in the context of RPB.(AU)

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O presente artigo retoma aspectos relevantes do movimento denominado “Reforma Psiquiátrica Brasileira” (RPB), no sentido de imbricar esse histórico - em seus aspectos políticos e sociais - com a construção da “Redução de Danos” (RD) como estratégia norteadora da “Política Nacional de Atenção Integral aos Usuários de Álcool e Outras Drogas” (PNAD) no Brasil. Desta feita, nossa intenção é a de apresentar parte das experiências vividas na cidade do Recife e no Estado de Pernambuco, justamente, devido à presença de serviços pontuais, tais quais: o “Programa Mais Vida” e o “Programa Atitude”; experiências ímpares e exitosas no deslocamento de um novo olhar possível para o cuidado às pessoas com problemas decorrentes do uso/abuso de substâncias psicoativas (SPA). Ademais, alentamos para a necessidade do entrecruzamento entre os serviços voltados para o cuidado dessas pessoas, apresentando, ao mesmo tempo, como se encontra constituída, na atualidade, a Rede de Atenção Psicossocial (RAPS) de Recife (PE), com o recorte específico para álcool e outras drogas, buscando problematizar a efetividade da mesma no contexto da RPB.

This article reviews some important aspects of the “Brazilian Psychiatric Reform” (RPB) in order to intertwine its history - considering its political and social aspects - with the construction of Harm Reduction strategy in the “National Policy for the Comprehensive Care of Users of Alcohol and other Drugs”, in Brazil. Our intention is to present some of the experiences occurred in the state of Pernambuco and its capital Recife, such as the occasional services as “Programa Mais Vida” and the “Programa Atitude”, unique and successful local experiences in shift the care of people with drug problems. In addition, we sustain the need for services cross-linking in the care of this public, presented here as the “Health Care Network for Users of Alcohol and other Drugs” aiming problematize its effectiveness in the context of RPB.

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A 51-year-old patient underwent posterior vitrectomy with perfluoropropane gas injection, phacoemulsification, and implantation of an Oft Cryl® hydrophilic acrylic intraocular lens (IOL) because of traumatic retinal detachment and cataract in the right eye. On the first postoperative day, gas was filling the anterior chamber because of patient's non-compliance in terms of head positioning, and was reabsorbed within one week. Eight months later, the patient returned complaining of a significant decrease in vision. IOL opacification was noticed by slit-lamp examination. The lens was explanted to undergo gross and light microscopic analysis. The lens was also stained with the alizarin red method for calcium identification. Light microscopic analysis confirmed the presence of granular deposits, densely distributed in an overall circular pattern in the central part of the lens optic. The granules stained positive for calcium. This is the first case of the opacification of this type of hydrophilic lens. Surgeons should be aware of this potential postoperative complication, and the use of hydrophilic IOLs should be avoided in procedures involving intracameral gas because of the risk of IOL opacification.

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ABSTRACT A 51-year-old patient underwent posterior vitrectomy with perfluoropropane gas injection, phacoemulsification, and implantation of an Oft Cryl® hydrophilic acrylic intraocular lens (IOL) because of traumatic retinal detachment and cataract in the right eye. On the first postoperative day, gas was filling the anterior chamber because of patient's non-compliance in terms of head positioning, and was reabsorbed within one week. Eight months later, the patient returned complaining of a significant decrease in vision. IOL opacification was noticed by slit-lamp examination. The lens was explanted to undergo gross and light microscopic analysis. The lens was also stained with the alizarin red method for calcium identification. Light microscopic analysis confirmed the presence of granular deposits, densely distributed in an overall circular pattern in the central part of the lens optic. The granules stained positive for calcium. This is the first case of the opacification of this type of hydrophilic lens. Surgeons should be aware of this potential postoperative complication, and the use of hydrophilic IOLs should be avoided in procedures involving intracameral gas because of the risk of IOL opacification.

RESUMO Uma paciente de 51 anos foi submetida à vitrectomia posterior com injeção de gás perfluoropropano, facoemulsificação e implante de lente intraocular (LIO) acrílica hidrofílica Oft cryl® devido a descolamento traumático da retina e catarata. No primeiro dia pós-operatório, o gás estava ocupando a câmara anterior pois a paciente não manteve o decúbito ventral restrito, tendo sido absorvido ao longo de uma semana. Oito meses depois, a paciente retornou com baixa da acuidade visual. Ao exame foi evidenciado opacificação da lente intraocular. A lente foi explantada e submetida à análise macroscópica e sob microscopia óptica. Também, foi corada pelo método de vermelho de alizarina, que identifica cálcio. A análise sob microscopia óptica evidenciou depósitos granulares, densamente distribuídos em padrão circular na parte central da óptica da lente intraocular, que coraram positivo para cálcio. Esse é o primeiro relato de opacificação dessa lente hidrofílica. Os cirurgiões devem estar atentos para esta potencial complicação pós-operatória.

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PURPOSE: To evaluate the incidence of posterior capsule opacification (PCO) four years after the implantation of a hydrophilic acrylic intraocular lens (IOL). METHODS: Fifty-eight randomly selected eyes from 58 patients were analyzed four years after phacoemulsification and Ioflex IOL implantation. The patients underwent an ophthalmic examination to detect PCO and a detailed medical history was obtained. The patients' charts were reviewed for their corrected distance visual acuity prior to the IOL implantation, as well as for one month postoperatively. The Student's t-test was used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: The mean age of patients without PCO was 74.6 ± 9.5 years, compared to 70.3 ± 15 years in patients with PCO. Four years after surgery, 39 of the 58 eyes (67%) had detectable PCO and 24 eyes (41.3%) had decreased visual acuity (VA) due to PCO. These patients were referred for Nd:YAG laser capsulotomy. Three patients (5.1%) had decreased VA due to glaucoma, IOL opacification, or age-related macular degeneration. Twelve eyes (20.7%) presented mild PCO with unchanged VA. Systemic arterial hypertension was reported by 45% of the patients, and in 3.5% of these cases this was associated with diabetes mellitus. CONCLUSION: This study found the incidence of PCO to be 67% four years after phacoemulsification and Ioflex IOL implantation.

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Purpose: To evaluate the incidence of posterior capsule opacification (PCO) four years after the implantation of a hydrophilic acrylic intraocular lens (IOL). Methods: Fifty-eight randomly selected eyes from 58 patients were analyzed four years after phacoemulsification and Ioflex IOL implantation. The patients underwent an ophthalmic examination to detect PCO and a detailed medical history was obtained. The patients' charts were reviewed for their corrected distance visual acuity prior to the IOL implantation, as well as for one month postoperatively. The Student's t-test was used for statistical analysis. Results: The mean age of patients without PCO was 74.6 ± 9.5 years, compared to 70.3 ± 15 years in patients with PCO. Four years after surgery, 39 of the 58 eyes (67%) had detectable PCO and 24 eyes (41.3%) had decreased visual acuity (VA) due to PCO. These patients were referred for Nd:YAG laser capsulotomy. Three patients (5.1%) had decreased VA due to glaucoma, IOL opacification, or age-related macular degeneration. Twelve eyes (20.7%) presented mild PCO with unchanged VA. Systemic arterial hypertension was reported by 45% of the patients, and in 3.5% of these cases this was associated with diabetes mellitus. Conclusion: This study found the incidence of PCO to be 67% four years after phacoemulsification and Ioflex IOL implantation. .

Objetivo: Avaliar a incidência da opacificação da cápsula posterior com o implante de uma lente intraocular acrílica hidrofílica. Métodos: Cinquenta e oito olhos, de 58 pacientes, selecionados de forma aleatória, foram examinados 4 anos após a cirurgia de facoemulsificação com implante da lente intraocular Ioflex em uma campanha comunitária para pessoas carentes. Os pacientes foram submetidos ao exame oftalmológico a fim de detectar opacificação da cápsula posterior. Foi obtido histórico médico detalhado. A acuidade visual corrigida antes e 1 mês após a cirurgia foi obtida através de revisão em prontuário médico. O teste t de student foi utilizado para a análise estatística. Resultados: A idade média dos pacientes sem opacificação da cápsula posterior foi 74,6 ± 9,5 anos, e 70,3 ± 15 anos nos pacientes com opacificação da cápsula posterior. Após 4 anos da cirurgia, 39 olhos (67%) foram diagnosticados com opacificação da cápsula posterior, e 24 olhos (41,3%) tiveram redução da acuidade visual causada pela opacificação da cápsula posterior, sendo encaminhados para realização de capsulotomia com Nd:YAG laser. Três olhos (5,1%) tiveram redução da acuidade visual causada por glaucoma, opacificação da lente intraocular e degeneração macular relacionada á idade. Em outros 12 olhos (20,7%) que apresentaram opacificação da cápsula posterior, a acuidade visual ficou mantida. Dentre as doenças sistêmicas, a hipertensão arterial foi relatada por 45% da amostra avaliada e 3,5% referiram diabetes mellitus. Conclusão: O estudo encontrou incidência de 67% de opacificação da cápsula posterior na lente intraocular Ioflex 4 anos ...

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PURPOSE: To report the incidence of late postoperative opacification of a hydrophilic acrylic foldable intraocular lens (IOL). SETTING: Altino Ventura Foundation, Pernambuco, Brazil. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. METHODS: Patients were examined 4 years after phacoemulsification with Ioflex IOL implantation in the rural areas of Pernambuco, Brazil, as part of a community campaign for underprivileged people. The patients had a detailed ophthalmic examination to detect late IOL opacification. The patients' charts were reviewed for preexisting ocular pathology and corrected distance visual acuity (CDVA) before and 1 month after surgery. The IOL opacification was classified according to its location and severity. RESULTS: All surgeries were uneventful intraoperatively and postoperatively. Six (7%) of the 87 eyes (58 patients) examined had a diagnosis of late IOL opacification; asteroid hyalosis and high myopia were associated ocular findings in 2 of the eyes. The preoperative CDVA ranged from hand motions (HM) to 20/80. The postoperative CDVA ranged from 20/20 to 20/40 except in 1 eye with posterior segment disease. Over the 4-year follow-up, 2 of the 6 eyes had a decrease in visual acuity to HM and 20/80, respectively, as a result of late IOL opacification. They had IOL replacement and CDVA improved to 20/60 and 20/20, respectively. A third eye with severe late opacification was not referred for IOL replacement because of macular disease. CONCLUSION: Intraocular lens opacification was observed in 7% of the eyes studied. No risk factors could be determined.

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Five cases of intraocular lens (IOL) opacification in patients implanted with the Mediphacos Ioflex® IOL are described. Clinical data in each case was obtained from the patient's medical record. The five explanted IOLs underwent gross and light microscopic analysis. Selected lenses were processed for further evaluation and multiple sagittal cuts were stained with the alizarin red and von Kossa methods. Light microscope analysis confirmed the presence of deposits on and within the lens, which stained positive for calcium. The reason why calcification has occurred in these cases remains unclear, but surgeons should be aware of this potential late postoperative complication.

Cinco casos de opacificação de lente intraocular (LIO) em pacientes implantados com a LIO Ioflex® da Mediphacos são descritos. Os dados clínicos dos pacientes foram obtidos a partir dos prontuários médicos. As cinco LIOs explantadas foram enviadas para análise macroscópica e sob microscopia óptica. Algumas lentes foram processadas para análise adicional e múltiplos cortes sagitais foram corados pelos métodos de vermelho de alizarina e von Kossa. A análise sob microscopia óptica confirmou a presença de depósitos na superfície e no corpo da lente, que coraram positivamente para cálcio. A razão pela qual a calcificação ocorreu nestes casos permanece obscura. Entretanto, cirurgiões devem estar atentos para esta potencial complicação tardia.

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INTRODUCTION: Ipsilateral rotational penetrating autokeratoplasty technique may be an alternative to minimize the problem of long waiting lists for transplantation due to keratoconus. PURPOSE: To report the visual outcomes in keratoconus patients after ipsilateral rotational penetrating autokeratoplasty technique (IRPAK) associated with a crescent-shape resection of 0.5 mm of the inferior cornea. METHODS: According to a prospective, longitudinal, interventional, analytic study, the authors investigated the visual results of 15 patients (18 eyes) with keratoconus, who underwent an ipsilateral rotational penetrating autokeratoplasty, by two coincident trepanations superiorly and with a difference of 0.5 mm inferiorly. After resection of this corneal crescent, a 180° rotation of the corneal disk was performed, which was fixed with 24 sutures diametrically opposed. The patients were followed-up for a period of 24 months. RESULTS: Comparing data of the first and second postoperative years to preoperative data, there were: significant improvements in visual acuity, vision lines and spherical equivalent; reduction of topographic astigmatism and maximum and mean corneal curvatures. There was also a decrease in corneal thickness associated to a reduction of corneal endothelial cell count. CONCLUSION: There was an improvement of ophthalmologic parameters 6, 12 and 24 months after ipsilateral rotational penetrating autokeratoplasty associated with a crescent-shape resection of 0.5 mm of the inferior cornea, but along the follow-up there was reduction of visual acuity with increased astigmatism.

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INTRODUÇÃO: A ceratoplastia penetrante autóloga ipsilateral rotacional pode ser uma alternativa para minimizar o problema de longas filas de espera para transplante por ceratocone. OBJETIVO: Apresentar os resultados visuais em portadores de ceratocone após ceratoplastia penetrante autóloga ipsilateral rotacional associada à ressecção de 0,5 mm de crescente corneana inferior. MÉTODOS: Estudo prospectivo, longitudinal, de intervenção, analítico, investigando os resultados visuais de 15 pacientes (18 olhos), com diagnóstico de ceratocone, submetidos a ceratoplastia penetrante autóloga ipsilateral rotacional (CPAIR) por meio de duas trepanações, coincidentes superiormente e com diferença de 0,5 mm inferiormente. Após ressecção da cunha resultante das duas trepanações inferiores, o disco corneano foi rotado de 180° e suturado com 24 pontos diametralmente opostos. Os pacientes foram acompanhados por um período de 24 meses. RESULTADOS: Ao comparar os dados de 1º e 2º anos de pós-operatório aos do pré-operatório, observou-se melhora significante de: acuidade visual, linhas de visão, equivalente esférico, diminuição do astigmatismo topográfico e das curvaturas corneais máxima e média. Houve adelgaçamento corneano, com diminuição do número de células endoteliais da córnea. CONCLUSÃO: Observou-se melhora dos parâmetros oftalmológicos decorridos 6, 12 e 24 meses da ceratoplastia penetrante autóloga ipsilateral rotacional associada à ressecção de 0,5 mm na porção inferior corneana, mas ao longo do seguimento houve redução da acuidade visual com aumento do astigmatismo.

INTRODUCTION: Ipsilateral rotational penetrating autokeratoplasty technique may be an alternative to minimize the problem of long waiting lists for transplantation due to keratoconus. PURPOSE: To report the visual outcomes in keratoconus patients after ipsilateral rotational penetrating autokeratoplasty technique (IRPAK) associated with a crescent-shape resection of 0.5 mm of the inferior cornea. METHODS: According to a prospective, longitudinal, interventional, analytic study, the authors investigated the visual results of 15 patients (18 eyes) with keratoconus, who underwent an ipsilateral rotational penetrating autokeratoplasty, by two coincident trepanations superiorly and with a difference of 0.5 mm inferiorly. After resection of this corneal crescent, a 180° rotation of the corneal disk was performed, which was fixed with 24 sutures diametrically opposed. The patients were followed-up for a period of 24 months. RESULTS: Comparing data of the first and second postoperative years to preoperative data, there were: significant improvements in visual acuity, vision lines and spherical equivalent; reduction of topographic astigmatism and maximum and mean corneal curvatures. There was also a decrease in corneal thickness associated to a reduction of corneal endothelial cell count. CONCLUSION: There was an improvement of ophthalmologic parameters 6, 12 and 24 months after ipsilateral rotational penetrating autokeratoplasty associated with a crescent-shape resection of 0.5 mm of the inferior cornea, but along the follow-up there was reduction of visual acuity with increased astigmatism.

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PURPOSE: To report the visual outcomes in keratoconus after ipsilateral rotating penetrating autokeratoplasty technique (IRPAK) associated with resection of 0.5 mm of inferior corneal crescent. METHODS: According to a prospective, longitudinal, series of cases, the authors analyzed visual results of six patients with keratoconus, who underwent an IRPAK, by two trepanations superiorly coincident and with a difference of 0.5 mm inferiorly. After resection of this corneal crescent, a 180 masculine rotation of the corneal disc was performed, which was fixed with 24 sutures diametrically opposed. The patients were followed-up for a mean period of 12.6 months. RESULTS: Comparing the data of first postoperative year to those of the preoperative, there were significant improvements in the medians of: far visual acuity (p=0.04) and maximum keratometric value (p=0.04). For the refractive spherical equivalent (p=0.25) and topographic astigmatism (p=0.67), the improvement was not significant. CONCLUSION: IRPAK associated with resection of 0.5 mm of inferior corneal crescent, after the first postoperative year, was effective in improving visual acuity and topographic maximum keratometric value. This technique has the advantages of eliminating the difficulties of obtaining donor corneal tissue and to avoid graft rejection.

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