RESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: In the light of Chile's comprehensive new restriction on unhealthy food marketing, we analyse food advertising on Chilean television prior to the first and final phases of implementation of the restriction. DESIGN: Content analysis of marketing strategies of 6976 advertisements, based on products' nutritional quality. Statistical analysis of total and child audience reached using television ratings data. SETTING: Advertising from television aired between 06.00 and 00.00 hours during two random composite weeks across April-May 2016 from the four broadcast and four cable channels with the largest youth audiences. RESULTS: Food ads represented 16 % of all advertising; 34 % of food ads featured a product high in energy, saturated fats, sugars and/or salt (HEFSS), as defined by the initial regulation. HEFSS ads were seen by more children and contained more child-directed marketing strategies than ads without HEFSS foods. If HEFSS advertising was restricted only in programmes where 20 % are children aged 4-12 years, 31 % of children's and 8 % of the general audience's HEFSS advertising exposure would be reduced. The newest 06.00-22.00 hours restriction captures 80 % of all audience exposure. CONCLUSIONS: HEFSS advertising was seen by a large proportion of children before Chile's regulation. Chile's first implementation based on audience composition should reduce a third of this exposure and its second restriction across the television day should eliminate most of the exposure. The current study is a crucial first step in evaluating how Chile's regulation efforts will impact children's diets and obesity prevalence.
Asunto(s)
Publicidad/estadística & datos numéricos , Mercadotecnía/estadística & datos numéricos , Valor Nutritivo , Televisión/estadística & datos numéricos , Adolescente , Publicidad/métodos , Bebidas , Niño , Preescolar , Chile , Femenino , Alimentos , Humanos , Masculino , Mercadotecnía/métodos , PrevalenciaRESUMEN
PIP: 526 patients admitted to the Department of Tocogynecology of the Sao Paulo Medical School during 1976-83 comprised of 281 secundiparas, 152 terciparas, and 93 quadriparas with 1390 live births and 864 intergestational intervals, aged no older than 40, took part in the investigation. The short intergestational interval lasted up to 12 months following delivery, and the long interval was 13 months or longer. Infant mortality rate (IMR) was very low among secundiparas (58.7/1000 live births), higher among terciparas (72.4/100 live births), reaching 110.2 among quadriparas with an average of 77.0 for the whole population. The IMR increased to 96.9 among secundiparas when the interval was short (60.1%), and dropped to 38.2 during the long interval (65.1%). Among terciparas the findings were: 116.7 and 57.1 for 2 short and 2 long intervals, respectively, and 51.1 and 98.9 for short-long and long-short combined intervals. The effect of intergestational intervals on IMR was the most pronounced among quadriparas: it soared to 270.80 for only short intervals (25% increase), decreased to 89.3 for only long intervals (18.9% drop), further diminished to 78.9 for 2 long and 1 short intervals, and increased to 94.8 for 2 short and 1 long intervals. These results confirm the benefit of longer intergestational intervals and this knowledge ought to be a vital part of family planning programs.^ieng