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In this study, a series of BiTeX (X = Cl, Br, I) photocatalysts were successfully synthesized via a simple hydrothermal method. The synthesis process involved dissolving BiX3 and Te powder in toluene to identify the most efficient material for photocatalytic activity. The main objective of this approach is to facilitate the conversion of carbon dioxide into sustainable solar fuels, such as alcohols and hydrocarbons, offering an appealing solution to address environmental concerns and energy crises. The BiTeX photocatalysts demonstrated significant proficiency in converting CO2 into CH4, particularly BiTeCl exhibited a notable photocatalytic conversion rate of up to 0.51 µmolg-1h-1. The optimized BiTeX photocatalysts displayed a gradual and selective transition from CO2 to CH4, ultimately producing valuable hydrocarbons (C2+). Furthermore, owing to their ability to reduce CO2, these photocatalysts show promise as materials for mitigating environmental pollution.

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The extensive consumption of fossil fuels increases CO2 concentration in the atmosphere, resulting in serious global warming problems. Meanwhile, the problem of water contamination by organic substances is another significant global challenge. We have successfully synthesized ZnGa1.01Te2.13/g-C3N4 (ZGT/GCN) composites for the first time as effective photocatalysts for both pollutant degradation and CO2 reduction. ZGT/GCN composites were synthesized by a simple hydrothermal method. The prepared photocatalysts were characterized by XRD, SEM, TEM-EDS, DRS, BET, PL, and XPS. The ZGT/GCN heterojunction exhibited considerably enhanced photocatalytic activity in the degradation of crystal violet (CV) as well as in the photoreduction of CO2 when compared to pure ZGT and GCN semiconductors. The optimal rate constant for CV degradation was obtained with the ZGT-80%GCN composite (0.0442 h-1), which is higher than the constants obtained with individual ZGT and GCN by 7.75 and 1.63 times, respectively. Moreover, the CO2 reduction yields into CH4 by ZGT-80%GCN was 1.013 µmol/g in 72 h, which is 1.21 and 1.08 times larger than the yields obtained with ZGT and GCN. Scavenger and ESR tests were used to propose the photocatalytic mechanism of the ZGT/GCN composite as well as the active species in the CV degradation.

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The recycling of lithium batteries should be prioritized, and the use of discarded alkali metal battery electrode materials as photocatalysts merits research attention. This study synthesized alkali metal cobalt oxide (MCoO2, M = Li or Na) as a photocatalyst for the photoreduction of CO2 and degradation of toxic organic substances. The optimized NaCoO2 and LiCoO2 photocatalysts increased the photocatalytic CO2-CH4 conversion rate to 21.0 and 13.4 µmol g-1 h-1 under ultraviolet light irradiation and to 16.2 and 5.3 µmol g-1 h-1 under visible light irradiation, which is 17 times higher than that achieved by TiO2 P25. The rate constants of the optimized reactions of crystal violet (CV) with LiCoO2 and NaCoO2 were 2.29 × 10-2 and 4.35 × 10-2 h-1, respectively. The quenching effect of the scavengers and electron paramagnetic resonance in CV degradation indicated that active O2•-, 1O2, and h+ play the main role, whereas •OH plays a minor role for LiCoO2. The hyperfine splitting of the DMPO-•OH and DMPO-•CH3 adducts was aN = 1.508 mT, aHß = 1.478 mT and aN = 1.558 mT, aHß = 2.267 mT, respectively, whereas the hyperfine splitting of DMPO+• was aN = 1.475 mT. The quenching effect also indicated that active O2•- and h+ play the main role and that •OH and 1O2 play a minor role for NaCoO2. The hyperfine splitting of the DMPO-•OH and DMPO+• adducts was aN = 1.517 mT, aHß = 1.489 mT and aN = 1.496 mT, respectively. Discarded alkali metal battery electrode materials can be reused as photocatalysts to address environmental pollution.

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The first systematic synthesis of bismuth oxychloride/bismuth oxybromide/graphitic carbon nitride (BiOxCly/BiOmBrn/g-C3N4) nano-composites used a controlled hydrothermal method. The structure, morphology and characteristic of BiOxCly/BiOmBrn/g-C3N4 photocatalyst were measured by XRD, UV-vis-DRS, FT-IR, FE-TEM, FE-SEM-EDS, PL, BET, HR-XPS and EPR. Under visible light irradiation, the photodegradation activity was evaluated for the decolorization of crystal violet (CV) and 2-hydroxybenzoic acid (2-HBA) in aqueous solution. The catalytic performance showed that, when using sample BB2C1-4-250-30 wt% g-C3N4 composite as a photocatalyst, the best reaction-rate-constant (k) was 0.071 h-1. It was 1.5 times higher than the k value of BB2C1-4-250 as a photocatalyst. From the scavenging effect of various scavengers, the results of EPR showed that reactive OH was the main scavenger, while O2-, h+ and 1O2 were the second scavenger in CV degradation. In this study, a possible photodegradation mechanism was proposed and discussed. In this work, our method of BiOxCly/BiOmBrn/g-C3N4 preparation could be used for future mass production and the BiOxCly/BiOmBrn/g-C3N4 composite materials could be applied to the environmental pollution control in future.

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SnO2 nanowires (NWs) were grown on a catalyst-coated silicon wafer via the thermal evaporation of SnO powder at 20-30 mTorr. Three types of catalyst, namely Fe, Pt, and Au, were used for the synthesis of the SnO2 NWs. The results show that Pt and Au can be used for the formation of SnO2 NWs. Depending on the experimental conditions, the diameter and length of the SnO2 NWs obtained with Au catalyst are in the ranges of 20-65 nm and a few hundred nanometers to a few micrometers, respectively. The size of the Au nanocatalyst greatly affects the diameter of the SnO2 NWs. With increasing particle size of the Au catalyst, the diameter of the SnO2 NWs increased. In addition, the results show that the synthesis of SnO2 NWs can be conducted at 500 degrees C, which is compatible with low-temperature processes.

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The unavoidable occurrence of microdefects in silicon wafers increase the probability of catastrophic fracture of silicon-based devices, thus highlighting the need for a strengthening mechanism to minimize fractures resulting from defects. In this study, a novel mechanism for manufacturing silicon wafers was engineered based on nanoscale reinforcement through surface nanotexturing. Because of nanotexturing, different defect depths synthetically emulated as V-notches, demonstrated a bending strength enhancement by factors of 2.5, 3.2, and 6 for 2-, 7-, and 14-µm-deep V-notches, respectively. A very large increase in the number of fragments observed during silicon fracturing was also indicative of the strengthening effect. Nanotextures surrounding the V-notch reduced the stress concentration factor at the notch tip and saturated as the nanotexture depth approached 1.5 times the V-notch depth. The stress reduction at the V-notch tip measured by micro-Raman spectroscopy revealed that nanotextures reduced the effective depth of the defect. Therefore, the nanotextured samples were able to sustain a larger fracture force. The enhancement in Weibull modulus, along with an increase in bending strength in the nanotextured samples compared to polished single-crystal silicon samples, demonstrated the reliability of the strengthening method. These results suggest that this method may be suitable for industrial implementation.

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BACKGROUND: Pigmentation is one of the essential defense mechanisms against oxidative stress or UV irradiation; however, abnormal hyperpigmentation in human skin may pose a serious aesthetic problem. C-phycocyanin (Cpc) is a phycobiliprotein from spirulina and functions as an antioxidant and a light harvesting protein. Though it is known that spirulina has been used to reduce hyperpigmentation, little literature addresses the antimelanogenic mechanism of Cpc. Herein, we investigated the rationale for the Cpc-induced inhibitory mechanism on melanin synthesis in B16F10 melanoma cells. METHODS: Cpc-induced inhibitory effects on melanin synthesis and tyrosinase expression were evaluated. The activity of MAPK pathways-associated molecules such as MAPK/ERK and p38 MAPK, were also examined to explore Cpc-induced antimelanogenic mechanisms. Additionally, the intracellular localization of Cpc was investigated by confocal microscopic analysis to observe the migration of Cpc. RESULTS: Cpc significantly (P < 0.05) reduced both tyrosinase activity and melanin production in a dose-dependent manner. This phycobiliprotein elevated the abundance of intracellular cAMP leading to the promotion of downstream ERK1/2 phosphorylation and the subsequent MITF (the transcription factor of tyrosinase) degradation. Further, Cpc also suppressed the activation of p38 causing the consequent disturbed activation of CREB (the transcription factor of MITF). As a result, Cpc negatively regulated tyrosinase gene expression resulting in the suppression of melanin synthesis. Moreover, the entry of Cpc into B16F10 cells was revealed by confocal immunofluorescence localization and immunoblot analysis. CONCLUSIONS: Cpc exerted dual antimelanogenic mechanisms by upregulation of MAPK/ERK-dependent degradation of MITF and downregulation of p38 MAPK-regulated CREB activation to modulate melanin formation. Cpc may have potential applications in biomedicine, food, and cosmetic industries.

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The gold nanoparticles with core diameter of 3.9-4.7 nm were stabilized with octanethiolate and dipyridylphosphinicamido undecanethiolate. Without varying the size of central Au cores, palladium complexes were immobilized onto these Au nanoparticles through chelation to the surface-bound dipyridyls. Hybrid catalysts of this type were dissolvable and precipitable, and their structures and reactions were investigated by solution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy with a resolution typically attained for soluble systems. These surface-bound Pd(II) complexes were highly effective catalysts for [2+2+2] alkyne cyclotrimerization reactions to give highly congested benzene rings with fairly good selectivity. The catalytic reactivity of these interphase catalysts was even higher than that of their unbound counterparts. In addition, they can be easily separated and quantitatively recovered by simple filtration. The recovered catalysts can be effectively recycled many times and their electron microscopy images and NMR spectra showed negligible difference from those of freshly prepared. The complete transformation by Au-bound Pd(II) catalyst with a loading of 4 mol % can be achieved within 1 h for most alkynes. The same catalysis can be further accelerated in ionic liquid under microwave conditions to give nearly 100% of cyclotrimerized products in minutes.

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A technique is presented that is ideally suited for characterizing the mechanical and transport properties of polymer gels at small strains. A flat, circular punch and a flat, rectangular punch are used to probe the response of gels under oscillatory loading conditions. Solvent transport within the gel is driven by gradients in hydrostatic pressure, giving rise to a dissipative response quantified by the phase lag between the punch displacement and the resulting load. By comparing results for different punch sizes, it is possible to differentiate between dissipation resulting from internal solvent flow and dissipation due to the viscoelastic character of the polymer network itself. Use of the technique is illustrated with poly(n-isopropylacrylamide) gels, which undergo a reversible structural transition just above room temperature. We show that heterogeneous structure formed above the transition temperature is not conducive to internal solvent flow within these gels.

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Inflammatory events may contribute to the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD). We conducted a case-control study in a cohort of 369 PD cases and another cohort of 326 ethnically matched controls to investigate the association of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) promoter single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with the risk of PD. The overall genotype distribution at T-1031C and C-857T sites showed significant difference between PD cases and controls (P = 0.0062 and 0.0035, respectively). However, only the more frequent -1031 CC genotype was evidently associated with PD (P = 0.0085, odds ratio: 2.96; 95% CI: 1.38-7.09). Pairwise SNP linkage disequilibrium showed -1031 and -863 sites are in strong linkage disequilibrium (D' = 0.93, Delta(2) = 0.80). Pairwise haplotype analysis among the four sites showed that -1031C-863A may act as a risk haplotype among PD cases (P = 0.0028, odds ratio: 2.18; 95% CI: 1.33-3.69).

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A new cohesive zone model is developed in order to study the mechanisms of adhesive and cohesive failures of soft rubbery materials. The fracture energy is estimated here using a strategy similar to that of Lake and Thomas (LT) by considering the dissipation of stored elastic energy followed by the extension and relaxation of polymer chains. The current model, however, departs from that of LT in that the force needed to break an interfacial bond does not have a fixed value; instead, it depends on the thermal state of the system and the rate at which the force is transmitted to the bond. While the force required to rupture a chain is set by the rules of thermomechanically activated bond dissociation kinetics, extension of a polymer chain is modeled within both the linear and nonlinear models of chain elasticity. Closed form asymptotic solutions are obtained for the dependence of crack propagation speed on the energy release rate, which are valid in two regimes: (I) slow crack velocity or short relaxation time for bond dissociation; (II) fast crack velocity or long relaxation time for bond dissociation. The rate independent and the zero temperature limit of this theory correctly reduces to the fracture model of LT. Detailed comparisons are made with a previous work by Chaudhury et al. which carried out an approximate analysis of the same problem.