RESUMEN
Nicotinamide (NAM) is the amide form of niacin and one of the precursors of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD +). NAM can be used as a dietary supplement or clinical therapeutic drug to replenish NAD + levels in the human body and participate in key bodily functions such as cellular metabolism and DNA repair. NAM has the advantage of low cost, wide availability, and sound biosafety. It also has multiple biological functions, including antibacterial effect, anti-inflammatory effect, and modulation of cellular immunity, producing significant ameliorative effects on skin and neurodegenerative diseases. However, most studies on NAM are still at the laboratory stage. Herein we reviewed the role and mechanism of NAM in the prevention and treatment of oral and systemic diseases, explored its potential as clinical therapeutic medication, provided some basis and references for the clinical application of nicotinamide in the prevention and treatment of various diseases, and discussed its prospects for future research and application.
Asunto(s)
NAD , Niacinamida , Humanos , Niacinamida/farmacología , Niacinamida/uso terapéutico , NAD/metabolismo , Piel/metabolismo , Boca/metabolismo , CaraRESUMEN
Objective: To explore the effects of nicotinamide (NAM) on the growth, biofilm formation and exopolysaccharides (EPS) production of Streptococcus mutans. Methods: The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of NAM on S. mutanswas determined by the planktonic bacterial susceptibility assay. The NAM mass concentrations were set as 1/2 MIC, 1/4 MIC and 1/8 MIC for hree separate treatment groups. Culture medium without NAM was used in the negative control group and culture medium containing 0.1 mg/mL NaF was used for the positive control group (except for the scanning electron microscopy). The growth curves of S. mutans under different NAM concentrations were drawn. Crystal violet assay and anthrone-sulfuric acid method were used to explore the effects of NAM on S. mutans biofilm formation and water-insoluble EPS production, respectively. The morphology and structure of S. mutansplanktons and biofilms after NAM treatment were observed by scanning electron microscopy. Results: The MIC of NAM on S. mutans was 32 µg/µL. After 16 µg/µL (1/2 MIC), 8 µg/µL (1/4 MIC) and 4 µg/µL (1/8 MIC) NAM treatments, S. mutans growth and biofilm formation were inhibited, with the 16 µg/µL NAM group displaying the most significant inhibitory effects. The synthesis of EPS decreased significantly in the 16 µg/µL and 8 µg/µL NAM groups in comparison with that of the negative control group (P<0.05). Under scanning electron microscope, the cell length of S. mutans was shortened, the cell width was extended, and the length/width ratio was decreased, showing significant difference when comparing the 16 µg/µL and 8 µg/µL NAM groups with the negative control group (P<0.05). Conclusion: Under the influence of NAM at certain concenrations, the growth, biofilm formation, and EPS synthesis of S. mutanswere inhibited.