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Virtualization is a core 5G network technology which helps telecom companies significantly reduce capital expenditure and operating expenses by deploying multiple services on the same hardware infrastructure. However, providing QoS-guaranteed services for multi-tenants poses a significant challenge due to multi-tenant service diversity. Network slicing has been proposed as a means of addressing this problem by isolating computing and communication resources for the different tenants of different services. However, optimizing the allocation of the network and computation resources across multiple network slices is a critical but extremely difficult problem. Accordingly, this study proposes two heuristic algorithms, namely Minimum Cost Resource Allocation (MCRA) and Fast Latency Decrease Resource Allocation (FLDRA), to perform dynamic path routing and resource allocation for multi-tenant network slices in a two-tier architecture. The simulation results show that both algorithms significantly outperform the Upper-tier First with Latency-bounded Overprovisioning Prevention (UFLOP) algorithm proposed in previous work. Furthermore, the MCRA algorithm achieves a higher resource utilization than the FLDRA algorithm.
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Deep learning technology has developed rapidly in recent years and has been successfully applied in many fields, including face recognition. Face recognition is used in many scenarios nowadays, including security control systems, access control management, health and safety management, employee attendance monitoring, automatic border control, and face scan payment. However, deep learning models are vulnerable to adversarial attacks conducted by perturbing probe images to generate adversarial examples, or using adversarial patches to generate well-designed perturbations in specific regions of the image. Most previous studies on adversarial attacks assume that the attacker hacks into the system and knows the architecture and parameters behind the deep learning model. In other words, the attacked model is a white box. However, this scenario is unrepresentative of most real-world adversarial attacks. Consequently, the present study assumes the face recognition system to be a black box, over which the attacker has no control. A Generative Adversarial Network method is proposed for generating adversarial patches to carry out dodging and impersonation attacks on the targeted face recognition system. The experimental results show that the proposed method yields a higher attack success rate than previous works.
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Aprendizaje Profundo , Reconocimiento Facial , Redes Neurales de la ComputaciónRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Early recognition and prevention of in-hospital cardiac arrest (IHCA) have played an increasingly important role in the chain of survival. However, clinical tools for predicting IHCA are scarce, particularly in the emergency department (ED). We sought to estimate the incidence of ED-based IHCA and to develop and validate a novel triage tool, the Emergency Department In-hospital Cardiac Arrest Score (EDICAS), for predicting ED-based IHCA. METHODS: In this retrospective cohort study we used electronic clinical warehouse data from a tertiary medical center with approximately 100,000 ED visits per year. We extracted data from 733,398 ED visits over a seven-year period. We selected one ED visit per person and excluded out-of-hospital cardiac arrest or children. Patient demographics and computerized triage information were included as potential predictors. RESULTS: A total of 325,502 adult ED patients were included. Of these patients, 623 (0.2%) developed ED-based IHCA. The EDICAS, which includes age and arrival mode and categorizes vital signs with simple cut-offs, showed excellent discrimination (area under the receiver operating characteristic [AUROC] curve, 0.87) and maintained its discriminatory ability (AUROC, 0.86) in cross-validation. Previously developed early warning scores showed lower AUROC (0.77 for the Modified Early Warning Score and 0.83 for the National Early Warning Score) when applied to our ED population. CONCLUSION: In-hospital cardiac arrest in the ED is relatively uncommon. We developed and internally validated a novel tool for predicting imminent IHCA in the ED. Future studies are warranted to determine whether this tool could gain lead time to identify high-risk patients and potentially reduce ED-based IHCA.
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Paro Cardíaco , Triaje , Adulto , Área Bajo la Curva , Niño , Servicio de Urgencia en Hospital , Paro Cardíaco/diagnóstico , Paro Cardíaco/epidemiología , Paro Cardíaco/etiología , Humanos , Estudios RetrospectivosRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Early detection of bladder cancer remains challenging because patients with early-stage bladder cancer usually have no incentive to take cytology or cystoscopy tests if they are asymptomatic. Our goal is to find non-invasive marker candidates that may help us gain insight into the metabolism of early-stage bladder cancer and be examined in routine health checks. RESULTS: We acquired urine samples from 124 patients diagnosed with early-stage bladder cancer or hernia (63 cancer patients and 61 controls). In which 100 samples were included in our marker discovery cohort, and the remaining 24 samples were included in our independent test cohort. We obtained metabolic profiles of 922 compounds of the samples by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Based on the metabolic profiles of the marker discovery cohort, we selected marker candidates using Wilcoxon rank-sum test with Bonferroni correction and leave-one-out cross-validation; we further excluded compounds detected in less than 60% of the bladder cancer samples. We finally selected eight putative markers. The abundance of all the eight markers in bladder cancer samples was high but extremely low in hernia samples. Moreover, the up-regulation of these markers might be in association with sugars and polyols metabolism. CONCLUSIONS: In the present study, comparative urine metabolomics selected putative metabolite markers for the detection of early-stage bladder cancer. The suggested relations between early-stage bladder cancer and sugars and polyols metabolism may create opportunities for improving the detection of bladder cancer.
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Neoplasias de la Vejiga Urinaria , Biomarcadores de Tumor , Cromatografía de Gases y Espectrometría de Masas , Humanos , Metaboloma , Metabolómica , Neoplasias de la Vejiga Urinaria/diagnósticoRESUMEN
BACKGROUND AND IMPORTANCE: Although factors related to a return emergency department (ED) visit have been reported, few studies have examined 'high-risk' return ED visits with serious adverse outcomes. Understanding factors associated with high-risk return ED visits may help with early recognition and prevention of these catastrophic events. OBJECTIVES: We aimed to (1) estimate the incidence of high-risk return ED visits, and (2) to investigate time-varying factors associated with these revisits. DESIGN: Case-crossover study. SETTINGS AND PARTICIPANTS: We used electronic clinical warehouse data from a tertiary medical center. We retrieved data from 651 815 ED visits over a 6-year period. Patient demographics and computerized triage information were extracted. OUTCOME MEASURE AND ANALYSIS: A high-risk return ED visit was defined as a revisit within 72 h of the index visit with ICU admission, receiving emergency surgery, or with in-hospital cardiac arrest during the return ED visit. Time-varying factors associated with a return visit were identified. MAIN RESULTS: There were 440 281 adult index visits, of which 19 675 (4.5%) return visits occurred within 72 h. Of them, 417 (0.1%) were high-risk revisits. Multivariable analysis showed that time-varying factors associated with an increased risk of high-risk revisits included the following: arrival by ambulance, dyspnea, or chest pain on ED presentation, triage level 1 or 2, acute change in levels of consciousness, tachycardia (>90/min), and high fever (>39°C). CONCLUSIONS: We found a relatively small fraction of discharges (0.1%) developed serious adverse events during the return ED visits. We identified symptom-based and vital sign-based warning signs that may be used for patient self-monitoring at home, as well as new-onset signs during the return visit to alert healthcare providers for timely management of these high-risk revisits.
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Servicio de Urgencia en Hospital , Readmisión del Paciente , Adulto , Dolor en el Pecho , Estudios Cruzados , Humanos , TriajeRESUMEN
Home blood pressure (BP) monitoring is a useful tool for hypertension management. BP variability (BPV) has been associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular events. However, little is known about the correlation between BPV and different measurement patterns of long-term home BP monitoring. This longitudinal cohort study aimed to assess the associations between dynamic BP measurement patterns and BPV. A total of 1128 participants (mean age, 77.4 ± 9.3 years; male, 51%) with 23 269 behavior measuring units were included. We used sliding window sampling to classify the home BP data with a regular 6-month interval into units in a sliding manner until the data are not continuous. Three measurement patterns (stable frequent [SF], stable infrequent [SI], and unstable [US]) were assessed based on the home BP data obtained within the first 3 months of the study, and the data in the subsequent 3 months were used to assess the BPV of that unit. We used linear mixed-effects model to assess the association between BP measurement patterns and BPV with adjustment for possible confounding factors including average BP. Average real variability and coefficient variability were used as measures of the BPV. No significant differences were observed in average BP between the SF, SI, and US patterns. However, BPV in the SF group was significantly lower than that in the US and SI groups (all p-values < .05). The BPV in SI and US groups was not significantly different. A stable and frequent BP measuring pattern was independently associated with a lower BPV.
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Hipertensión , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Presión Sanguínea , Determinación de la Presión Sanguínea , Monitoreo Ambulatorio de la Presión Arterial , Humanos , Hipertensión/diagnóstico , Hipertensión/epidemiología , Estudios Longitudinales , MasculinoRESUMEN
The development of biocompatible advanced Fenton-like catalysts with high catalytic activity, good stability, and recyclability using sustainable biosourced materials is of considerable interest yet remains a challenge. Herein, we develop a novel mussel-inspired magnetic cellulose nanocomposite (MCNF/PDA) with carboxylated cellulose nanofibers (CNF) and explore as advanced Fenton-like catalysts to effectively degrade organic dyes and antibiotics. The MCNF/PDA nanocomposites were prepared by anchoring Fe3O4 nanoparticles to CNFs via chemical deposition followed with PDA coatings. The composites exhibit an excellent degradation activity toward methylene blue (MB) in a wide pH range of 2-10 in the presence of H2O2 and have a maximum degradation capacity of 2265 mg/g. Moreover, the MCNF/PDA nanocatalysts are highly stable and can be easily regenerated. After four cycles, it can still achieve the removal rate as high as 95%. In addition, the MCNF/PDA nanocatalysts also demonstrate an excellent degradation performance to the antibiotic tetracycline. This work provides new insights into fabricating biocompatible cellulosic-based advanced Fenton catalysts with sustainable biomass-derived materials to efficiently remove organic pollutants from wastewater.
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Antibacterianos/química , Celulosa/química , Colorantes/química , Magnetismo , Nanocompuestos/química , Adsorción , Catálisis , Colorantes/metabolismo , Peróxido de Hidrógeno/química , Concentración de Iones de Hidrógeno , Azul de Metileno/química , Azul de Metileno/metabolismo , Nanofibras/química , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua/químicaRESUMEN
An ultra-efficient and stable heterogeneous iron-based Fenton nanocatalyst has been developed for degrading organic dyes at neutral pH via a chelating effect under nanoconfinement. The catalyst demonstrates an exceptionally high degradation capacity of 2600 mg g-1 for methylene blue and rapid degradation efficiencies at neutral and basic conditions. Moreover, MPOPs are highly stable and recyclable without any obvious performance loss and iron leaching under different pH conditions.
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Stomatocyte-like hollow polydopamine nanoparticles (SHPNs) are synthesized for rapid removal of water-soluble dyes from water. They demonstrate an exceptionally high adsorption capacity of 2896 mg g-1 for methylene blue (MB) and can rapidly sequester MB from water within 20 seconds. Moreover, SHPNs can be regenerated easily using a mild washing procedure.
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Bladder cancer is one of the most common urinary tract carcinomas in the world. Urine metabolomics is a promising approach for bladder cancer detection and marker discovery since urine is in direct contact with bladder epithelia cells; metabolites released from bladder cancer cells may be enriched in urine samples. In this study, we applied ultra-performance liquid chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry to profile metabolite profiles of 87 samples from bladder cancer patients and 65 samples from hernia patients. An OPLS-DA classification revealed that bladder cancer samples can be discriminated from hernia samples based on the profiles. A marker discovery pipeline selected six putative markers from the metabolomic profiles. An LLE clustering demonstrated the discriminative power of the chosen marker candidates. Two of the six markers were identified as imidazoleacetic acid whose relation to bladder cancer has certain degree of supporting evidence. A machine learning model, decision trees, was built based on the metabolomic profiles and the six marker candidates. The decision tree obtained an accuracy of 76.60%, a sensitivity of 71.88%, and a specificity of 86.67% from an independent test.
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Biomarcadores de Tumor/análisis , Metaboloma , Metabolómica/métodos , Neoplasias de la Vejiga Urinaria/diagnóstico , Anciano , Estudios de Casos y Controles , Cromatografía Liquida , Femenino , Estudios de Seguimiento , Humanos , Masculino , Espectrometría de Masas , Persona de Mediana Edad , Pronóstico , Neoplasias de la Vejiga Urinaria/metabolismoRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To study the expression of apoptosis related genes, Bcl-2, bax, and iNOS in the olfactory epithelium of mice infected with influenza virus, and to discuss how they regulate apoptosis of the olfactory sensory neurons. METHOD: The expression levels of apoptosis related genes were detected with semi-quantity RT-PCR. RESULT: (1) The expression levels of Bcl-2 mRNA remain relatively constant after virus inoculation; (2) The expression levels of bax mRNA increased massively, and decreased gradually; (3) The expression levels of iNOS mRNA increased significantly in a short period, and then fell down to the undetectable level gradually. CONCLUSION: The apoptosis related genes, Bcl-2, bax, and iNOS may play important roles in regulation of apoptosis of olfactory sensory neurons of mice infected with influenza virus.
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Óxido Nítrico Sintasa de Tipo II/metabolismo , Mucosa Olfatoria/metabolismo , Infecciones por Orthomyxoviridae/metabolismo , Proteínas Proto-Oncogénicas/metabolismo , Proteína X Asociada a bcl-2/metabolismo , Animales , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos BALB C , Orthomyxoviridae , Proteínas Proto-Oncogénicas c-bcl-2RESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To observe the effects and mechanisms of beta-endorphin (beta-END) preventing collagen induced arthritis (CIA) by neuroimmuno-regulating pathway. METHODS: Female wistar (Ws) rats were used in this study. CIA was induced by Native bovine type II collagen emulsified with complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA). Beta-END was administered i.p. to CIA rats every other day from the 14th day (secondary immunization) to the 35th day after primary immunization. Clinical assessments were performed by two independent, blinded examiners every other day. Pathological and radiological observations were taken on the 35th day after the primary immunization. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta), interleukin-6 (IL-6), regulated upon activation, normal T-cell expressed and secreted (RANTES), inducible NO syntheses (iNOS), matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) and MMP-9 mRNA expression of synovium tissues of CIA rats was estimated by quantitative RT-PCR. The frequency of spleen Th1 and Th2 cells were assessed by fluorescence activated cell sorter (FACS) assay. RESULTS: Clinical manifestation of rats with CIA were significantly abrogated or ameliorated by treatment with beta-END. Beta-END treatment in vivo could down-regulate mRNA expression of several pro-inflammatory cytokines, chemokines and MMPs in CIA synovial, and polarize Th1/Th2 balance to Th2. CONCLUSION: Beta-END alleviates CIA through both depressing Th1 responses and down-regulating proinflammatory and other rheumatic factors, suggesting beta-END is a promising anti-inflammatory and anti-rheumatic agent in treating CIA.
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Artritis Experimental/inmunología , Artritis Experimental/prevención & control , Artritis Reumatoide/inmunología , Artritis Reumatoide/prevención & control , Citocinas/metabolismo , betaendorfina/inmunología , Análisis de Varianza , Animales , Artritis Experimental/inducido químicamente , Artritis Experimental/enzimología , Artritis Reumatoide/enzimología , Quimiocina CCL5/genética , Quimiocina CCL5/metabolismo , Colágeno , Citocinas/genética , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Regulación hacia Abajo , Femenino , Interleucina-1/genética , Interleucina-1/metabolismo , Interleucina-6/genética , Interleucina-6/metabolismo , Recuento de Linfocitos , Metaloproteinasa 2 de la Matriz/genética , Metaloproteinasa 2 de la Matriz/metabolismo , Metaloproteinasa 9 de la Matriz/genética , Metaloproteinasa 9 de la Matriz/metabolismo , Neuroinmunomodulación/inmunología , Óxido Nítrico Sintasa de Tipo II/genética , Óxido Nítrico Sintasa de Tipo II/metabolismo , ARN Mensajero/análisis , Ratas , Ratas Wistar , Índice de Severidad de la Enfermedad , Método Simple Ciego , Bazo/citología , Bazo/inmunología , Células TH1/citología , Células Th2/citología , Factor de Necrosis Tumoral alfa/genética , Factor de Necrosis Tumoral alfa/metabolismoRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To explore the role of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) in lupus nephritis (LN). METHODS: Sera MCP-1 levels were measured by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay in 112 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), 30 patients with rheumatoid arthritis, 11 non-SLE patients with renal impairment, and 40 healthy volunteers. MCP-1 mRNA expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) was also investigated with reverse trancription-polymerase chain reaction semi-quantitative method. RESULTS: The expression of MCP-1 was significantly higher in active LN groups than in all other groups (P < 0.001), and there was a close correlation between MCP-1 expression and the overall SLE disease activity index score (r=0.6245, P < 0.001) and the SLE disease activity index renal score (r=0.6808, P < 0.001). Low expression of MCP-1 was observed in diseased controls and healthy controls. The sera levels of MCP-1 were significantly higher in patients with active diseases than in patients with inactive SLE and controls, but no significant difference were found between the active LN groups and non-renal involvement group (P >0.05). CONCLUSION: The expression of PBMCs MCP-1 mRNA is upregulated in active SLE. Meanwhile, its expression levels are correlated with the activity of LN.
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Quimiocina CCL2/biosíntesis , Lupus Eritematoso Sistémico/metabolismo , Nefritis Lúpica/metabolismo , Adolescente , Adulto , Anciano , Artritis Reumatoide/metabolismo , Quimiocina CCL2/genética , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , ARN Mensajero/biosíntesis , ARN Mensajero/genéticaRESUMEN
The objectives of this work were to observe the multiple immuno-regulating effects of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) on synovial cells of collagen induced arthritis (CIA) rats and to determine whether the transcriptional factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) signal pathway was involved. CIA was induced using female Wistar rats by native bovine type II collagen (C II) emulsified with complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA). Synovial cells from the knees of the CIA rats were cultivated, and the effects of VIP and VIP receptor inhibitor ([D-P-Cl-Phe(6),Leu(17)]-VIP, I) on proliferation and apoptosis of the synovial cells were assayed by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carcoxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium (MTS), flow cytometry, and DNA integrity. The effects of VIP and [D-P-Cl-Phe(6), Leu(17)]-VIP on mRNA expression of several cytokines in the synovial cells including tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta), interleukin-6 (IL-6), regulated upon activation, normal T-cell expressed and secreted (RANTES), inducible NO synthase (iNOS), matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) and MMP-9 were estimated by quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Effects of VIP and [D-P-Cl-Phe(6), Leu(17)]-VIP on NF-kappaB activity were analyzed using luciferase gene reporter assays. Effects of VIP and [D-P-Cl-Phe(6),Leu(17)]-VIP on p65NF-kappaB expression of the synovial cells were examined by Western blot. Seventy-five percent of the induced rats developed CIA. VIP has multiple effects on synovial cells of CIA rats including decreasing proliferation, inducing apoptosis, and down-regulating mRNA expression of several inflammatory factors. VIP was found to play immuno-regulating roles through the down-regulation of the activity and expression of NF-kappaB, whereas VIP receptor blockade was found to counteract all the effects. In conclusion, VIP was found to ameliorate synovial cell functions of CIA rats through binding with receptors and further down-regulating NF-kappaB signal pathway, suggesting VIP is a potential anti-inflammatory and anti-rheumatic agent of CIA by blocking NF-kappaB.
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Artritis Experimental/metabolismo , Membrana Sinovial/efectos de los fármacos , Péptido Intestinal Vasoactivo/farmacología , Animales , Apoptosis , Artritis Experimental/inducido químicamente , Artritis Experimental/diagnóstico por imagen , División Celular , Células Cultivadas , Citocinas/biosíntesis , Citocinas/genética , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Regulación hacia Abajo , Femenino , FN-kappa B/biosíntesis , FN-kappa B/genética , FN-kappa B/metabolismo , Radiografía , Ratas , Ratas Wistar , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa de Transcriptasa Inversa , Membrana Sinovial/metabolismoRESUMEN
OBJECTIVES: To observe the multiple immunoregulating effects of beta-endorphin (beta-END) on synovium cells of collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) in rats and to determine whether the regulation involves the transcriptional factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) signal pathway. METHODS: CIA was induced in female Wistar rats by immunization with native bovine type-II collagen emulsified with complete Freund's adjuvant. Synovial cells in the knees of the CIA rats were cultivated, and the effects of beta-END, beta-END receptor inhibitor (naloxone, Nal) in proliferation and apoptosis of the synovial cells were assayed by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium, flow cytometry, and DNA integrity, respectively. The effects of beta-END and Nal on mRNA expression of several cytokines in the synovial cells, including tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta), IL-6, regulated upon activation normal T-cell expressed and secreted (RANTES), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) and MMP-9 were estimated by quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Effects of beta-END and Nal on NF-kappaB activity were analyzed using luciferase gene reporter assays. The effects of beta-END and Nal on p65NF-kappaB expression of the synovial cells were examined using Western blot. RESULTS: 75% of the rats were demonstrated to have established the CIA model successfully. beta-END was shown to exert multiple effects on synovial cells of CIA rats including decreased proliferation, induced apoptosis, and downregulation of TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, IL-6, RANTES, iNOS, MMP-2 and MMP-9 mRNA expression. beta-END seemed to play an immunoregulating role by downregulating the activity and expression of NF-kappaB. It was found that the beta-END receptor blockage could counteract all the effects. CONCLUSIONS: beta-END ameliorates synovial cell functions of CIA rats through binding with receptors and downregulating the NF-kappaB signal pathway. This suggests that beta-END, by blocking the activity and expression of NF-kappaB, is a potential anti-inflammatory and anti-rheumatic agent against CIA.
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Artritis Experimental/patología , Artritis/metabolismo , Regulación hacia Abajo/efectos de los fármacos , FN-kappa B/metabolismo , Transducción de Señal/efectos de los fármacos , Membrana Sinovial/efectos de los fármacos , betaendorfina/farmacología , Análisis de Varianza , Animales , Apoptosis , Artritis/inducido químicamente , Artritis/patología , Proliferación Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Células Cultivadas , Quimiocina CCL5/genética , Quimiocina CCL5/metabolismo , Colágeno Tipo III , Citocinas/genética , Citocinas/metabolismo , Fragmentación del ADN/efectos de los fármacos , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Relación Dosis-Respuesta a Droga , Interacciones Farmacológicas , Femenino , Citometría de Flujo/métodos , Naloxona/farmacología , ARN Mensajero/biosíntesis , Ratas , Ratas Wistar , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa de Transcriptasa Inversa/métodos , Membrana Sinovial/citología , Tomografía Computarizada por Rayos X/métodos , Factor de Necrosis Tumoral alfa/genética , Factor de Necrosis Tumoral alfa/metabolismo , Factor de Necrosis Tumoral alfa/farmacologíaRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To explore the role of eotaxin in the pathogenesis of bronchial asthma and the clinical value in the diagnosis of asthma. METHODS: Serum eotaxin were measured by ELISA in 38 patients with asthma, 28 patients with non-asthma allergy, and 30 healthy controls. RESULTS: The levels of serum eotaxin in the asthma group were higher than those in the non-asthma allergic and control group (P<0.01). Furthermore, eotaxin levels in patients with acute asthma were significantly higher than those in patients with stable asthma (P<0.001). It was also found that the eotaxin levels of the acute asthma group were positively correlated to the amounts of eosinophils in peripheral blood (r=0.4196, P<0.001), and inversely correlated to the forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) (r=-0.3746, P<0.001). CONCLUSION: It suggests that eotaxin may play a crucial pathogenic role in the asthmatic process possibly by activating the allergic inflammatory cells and controlling the recruitment of eosinophils from blood to bronchial epithelium of the airway. The concentration of eotaxin is significantly associated with the attack of acute asthma and its severity. Eotaxin may be a potential therapeutic target in patients with asthma.
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Asma/diagnóstico , Quimiocinas CC/sangre , Adulto , Asma/fisiopatología , Recuento de Células , Quimiocina CCL11 , Quimiocinas CC/fisiología , Eosinofilia/patología , Femenino , Volumen Espiratorio Forzado , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana EdadRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To observe inhibiting effect of CGE (compound ginseng extract) on increased expression of IL-1beta and c-fos protein following cerebral ischemia-reperfusion. METHOD: The vascular dementia model was made by middle cerebral artery occlusion for 2 hours. Expression of IL-1beta and c-fos were determined by immunohistochemistry in the hippocampus regions in brain tissue at the 0.5 h-7 d after reperfusion. CGE was diluted by CMC and poured into the stomach by 0.7 mL x (100 g)(-1) with a high dosage (19.34 x 10(3) g x L(-1) row herbs), a middle dosage (9.67 x 10(3) g x L(-1)), a low dosage (4.83 x 10(3) g x L(-1)). There were an IL-1ra (rhIL-1ra 20 microg injected into the left cerebral ventricle), a sham operation (NaCl 20 microL injected into the left cerebral ventricle) and a model as control. RESULT: Compared with control group, three dose groups (low, middle and high) in CGE showed significant inhibiting effects on the expression of c-fos protein at 2, 3, 4, 12 hours and 3 day following cerebral ischaemic-reperfusion. The level of the inhibiting effects in small and middle groups were lower at all time points than that in IL-1ra group (P < 0.05 to P < 0.01). CGE inhibited the expression of hippocampus IL-1beta protein, taking effect from the 2 h after reperfusion. Both HD group (531 +/- 151.1) and MD group (589.3 +/- 78.6) showed more obvious effect which lasted until the 72 h compared with the model group (687.6 +/- 116.7) (P < 0.01 and 0.05). Large dose group (81.3 +/- 16.1) showed the same level of the inhibiting effect on expression of c-fos protein as IL-1ra group (67.2 +/- 25.7) from 4 hour on following cerebral ischaemic reperfusion (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION: CGE with function of Yiqi Bushen, Huoxue Huatan has effect of inhibiting up-regulated expression of IL-1beta and c-fos protein following cerebral ischemia-reperfusion. However, this effect of CGE starts relatively later than that of IL-1ra. The effect of CGE is associated with its dosage, i.e. a larger dosage has a better effect on expression of c-fos protein in post-stroke dementia.
Asunto(s)
Medicamentos Herbarios Chinos/farmacología , Hipocampo/metabolismo , Interleucina-1/metabolismo , Proteínas Proto-Oncogénicas c-fos/metabolismo , Daño por Reperfusión/metabolismo , Animales , Isquemia Encefálica/complicaciones , Cistanche/química , Relación Dosis-Respuesta a Droga , Combinación de Medicamentos , Medicamentos Herbarios Chinos/aislamiento & purificación , Masculino , Panax/química , Plantas Medicinales/química , Ratas , Ratas Sprague-Dawley , Daño por Reperfusión/etiologíaRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To study the influence of beta-endorphin (beta end) on the function of immune system of patients with cerebral hemorrhage at different stages. METHODS: Radioimmunal analysis was applied to detect the serum beta-endorphin concentration in the peripheral blood of 28 patients with cerebral hemorrhage, aged 65.5 +/- 13, 28 age-matched patients with cerebral thrombosis, and 28 sex and age-matched normal controls. Mononuclear cells from peripheral blood of these 3 kinds of subjects were cultured and then beta end 10(-8) g/L, beta end 10(-11) g/L, beta end 10(-14) g/L, or beta end 10(-11) g/L + naloxone 10(-5) g/L were added into the media respectively and the MNCs were cultured for more 24 hours (beta end 10(-8) g/L group, beta end 10(-11) g/L group, beta end 10(-14) g/L group, and beta end 10(-11) g/L + Nal group). Another MNCs were cultured without addition of beta end (beta end 0 g/L group). Then the MNCs were collected. RT-PCR was used to detect the expressions of interleukin (IL)-1beta, IL-2, IL-8 and iNOS mRNA in the MNCs. RESULTS: The serum beta-end level of the patients with cerebral hemorrhage at the acute stage was 129 +/- 82 ng/L, significantly lower than that of the normal controls (321 +/- 62 ng/L, P<0.01) and that of the patients with cerebral thrombosis (264 +/- 163 ng/L, P<0.05), but not significantly different from that of the patients with cerebral hemorrhage in the convalescent stage (160 +/- 72 ng/L, P>0.05). The expression of IL-1beta and the expression of IL-2 of the patients with cerebral hemorrhage at the acute stage were significantly lower than those of the patients with cerebral thrombosis and the controls (all P<0.01). The expression of IL-1beta of the patients with cerebral hemorrhage at the convalescent stage were higher than that in the acute stage, however, the difference was not significant (P>0.05). The expression of IL-2 of the patients with cerebral hemorrhage at the convalescent stage was higher than that at the acute stage (P<0.01). The expression of IL-8 and the expression of iNOS of the patients with cerebral hemorrhage at the acute stage were significantly higher than those of the patients of cerebral thrombosis and the controls (both P<0.01). The expression of IL-8 and the expression of iNOS of the patients with cerebral hemorrhage at the convalescent stage were significantly lower than those in the acute stage (both P<0.01). The expressions of IL-1beta, IL-2, IL-8, and iNOS mRNA in the peripheral blood MNCs in vitro in the beta end 10(-8) g/L group and beta end 10(-11) g/L group were significantly higher than those of the beta end 0 g/L group, beta end 10(-11) g/L group, and beta-end 10(-11) g/L + Nal 10(-5)g/L group. The expressions of IL-1beta, IL-2, IL-8, and iNOS mRNA in the peripheral blood MNCs in the beta-end 10(-11) g/L +Nal 10(-5) g/L group were higher than those of the beta end 0 g/L group, however, not significantly. CONCLUSIONS: The endogenous beta-endorphin level of cerebral hemorrhage patients is low. The immune system function is up-regulated at the acute stage and then down-regulated. Thereafter the immune system function is invariably low. Exogenous beta-endorphin enhances the IL-1 beta, IL-2, IL-8 and iNOS mRNA expression of peripheral blood MNCS. beta-endorphin receptor antagonist naloxone blocks the positive immunoregulation by beta-endorphin.