RESUMEN

The state of Minas Gerais is one of Brazil's largest animal protein producers, and its slaughterhouses generate highly polluting wastewater, which needs to be treated for discharge or reuse. As a novelty, this review article focused on assessing the characteristics and methods to treat wastewater from slaughterhouses in the state of Minas Gerais, and verifying its compliance with environmental regulatory agencies. The aim was to present data that helps to better manage this residue in other Brazilian states and countries. By analyzing the literature data, it was found that raw slaughterhouse wastewater (SWW) showed a high concentration of organic matter. For most SWW, the BOD5/COD ratio was above 0.4, which implies that it can be treated biologically. Generally, treated wastewater was in accordance with legal discharge standards, considering COD and BOD5 removals above 70% and 75%, respectively. It was found that wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) consisted of some type of pretreatment (screens, grease traps) to remove coarse solids and fatty material, eventually followed by a flotation step and finally by biological processes, mostly anaerobic and/or aerated (or facultative) ponds. However, the absence of an aerobic process at the end of the treatment in some WWTPs, in addition to a system allowing better removal of biological flocs, might be the reason for ammoniacal nitrogen and suspended solids values being above the allowed maximum in treated wastewater, respectively. Besides the discharge into water bodies, it was verified that fertigation using treated SWW is very common in the state of Minas Gerais.

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RESUMEN

Diverse reducing mediators have often been used to increase the degradation of emerging pollutants (EPs) and dyes through the Fenton reaction (Fe2+ + H2O2 → Fe3+ + HO● + HO-). Adding reductants can minimize the accumulation of Fe3+ in a solution, leading to accelerated Fe2+ regeneration and the enhanced generation of reactive oxygen species, such as the HO● radical. The present study consisted in reviewing the effects of gallic acid (GA), a plant-extracted reductant, on the Fenton-based oxidation of several EPs and dyes. It was verified that the pro-oxidant effect of GA was not only reported for soluble iron salts as a catalyst (homogeneous Fenton), but also iron-containing solid materials (heterogeneous Fenton). The most common molar proportion verified in the studies was catalyst:oxidant:GA equal to 1:10-20:1. This shows that the required amount of both catalyst and GA is quite low in comparison with the oxidant, which is generally H2O2. Interestingly, GA has proven to be an effective mediator at pH values well above the ideal range of 2.5-3.0 for Fenton processes. This allows treatments to be carried out at the natural pH of the wastewater. The use of plant extracts or wood barks containing GA and other reductants is suggested to make GA-mediated Fenton processes easier to apply for treating real wastewater.

RESUMEN

The present work consisted in evaluating the effect of a natural plant reducer, gallic acid (GA), on the discolouration/oxidation of two azo dyes by Fenton processes (Fe3+/H2O2 and Fe2+/H2O2). A kinetic study was performed to better interpret the discolouration data at different temperatures. The 1st-order kinetic model presented the best fit for the experimental data of methyl orange discolouration, while the 2nd-order was better for chromotrope 2R. Due to the addition of GA and the temperature rise, there were increases in discolouration and in the reaction rate constant values. As a highlight, it was possible to verify the reduction of the apparent activation energy (Ea) due to the presence of GA. For example, Ea for discolouring methyl orange corresponded to 81.5 and 53.6 kJ.mol-1 by Fe2+/H2O2 and Fe2+/H2O2/GA, respectively. Thus, it can be inferred that the GA reduces the energy barrier to increase the oxidation of dyes by Fenton processes.

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