RESUMEN
Four species of the Anopheles maculipennis complex have previously been recorded in Sweden. A recent addition to the complex is Anopheles daciae, which is considered to be closely related to, but distinct from Anopheles messeae. The original designation of An. daciae was based on five genetic differences (161, 165, 167, 362 and 382) in the second internal transcribed spacer (ITS) 2 of the ribosomal RNA. Further studies have shown that only two nucleotide differences (362 and 382) robustly separate the species. Thirty-three An. maculipennis complex mosquitoes were collected in the province of Uppland, Sweden. All were An. daciae but showed double peaks for three variable positions (161, 165 and 167). When cloned, the intra-individual nucleotide variation was almost exclusively fixed with either TTC or AAT, originally diagnostic for An. messae and An. daciae, respectively. To further investigate the intra-individual variation, nine An. daciae and 11 An. messeae were collected in southern Sweden and their ITS2 fragments were amplified and sequenced using Illumina MiSeq sequencing (Illumina, Inc., San Diego, CA, USA). For the diagnostic nucleotide 382 no intra-individual variation could be detected. However, although each An. daciae specimen carried several ITS2 sequence variants for the four other nucleotides, there was no intra-individual variation in the An. messeae specimens.
Asunto(s)
Anopheles/genética , ADN Espaciador Ribosómico/genética , Mosquitos Vectores/genética , Polimorfismo de Nucleótido Simple , Animales , Femenino , Malaria/transmisión , Especificidad de la Especie , Suecia , Simpatría/genéticaRESUMEN
The floodwater mosquito Aedes (Aedimorphus) vexans (Meigen, 1830) (Diptera: Culicidae) is common in several areas of Sweden and is predicted to become more abundant in the wake of expected changes in precipitation and temperature caused by climate change. As well as being a nuisance, Ae. vexans can act as a vector of over 30 viruses. In the event of an outbreak of disease caused by a vector-borne virus, knowledge of the distribution, population structure and intermixing of populations from different locations will help direct resources to target locations to prevent spread of the pathogen. The present study analysed individual Ae. vexans from eight locations throughout Sweden. Based on the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I (COI) marker, a subset of the analysed mosquitoes cluster apart from the other samples. Similarly, two nuclear loci were sequenced and the same phylogenetic structure observed. These results indicate that this group represents a reproductively isolated population among Ae. vexans. Comparisons with COI sequences held in the Barcode of Life Database (BoLD) for Ae. vexans from around the world show that specimens collected in Belgium and Estonia group together with the Swedish group, suggesting that this genotype is present throughout northern Europe. These results suggest there is a cryptic taxonomic unit related to Ae. vexans in northern Europe.
Asunto(s)
Aedes/genética , Variación Genética , Aedes/clasificación , Aedes/citología , Animales , Secuencia de Bases , Núcleo Celular/genética , ADN Mitocondrial/genética , Femenino , Filogenia , SueciaRESUMEN
Recognizing cultural diversity among local breed farmers is crucial for the successful development and implementation of farm animal genetic resources FAnGr conservation policies and programmes. In this study based on survey data collected in the EUropean REgional CAttle breeds project from six European countries, a typology of local breed farmers was designed and profiles for each of the farmer types were developed to assist these policy needs. Three main farmer types were constructed: production-oriented, product and service-oriented and hobby-oriented farmers. In addition, seven subtypes were characterized under the main types: sustainable producers, opportunists, multi-users, brand makers, traditionalists, pragmatists and newcomers. These types have many similarities to the 'productivist', 'multifunctional' and 'post-productivist' farmer types. The typology not only reveals the high level of diversity among local cattle breed farmers in Europe, which presents an opportunity for the in situ conservation of animal genetic resources, but also a challenge for policy to meet the differing requirements of the farmer types.
Asunto(s)
Agricultura/métodos , Cruzamiento/métodos , Bovinos/genética , Agricultura/economía , Animales , Cruzamiento/economía , Conservación de los Recursos Naturales , Europa (Continente) , Población Rural/estadística & datos numéricosRESUMEN
Recent work has shown that a significant portion of the total loss of phosphorus (P) from agricultural soils may occur via subsurface drainflow. The aim of this study was to compare the concentrations of different P forms in surface and subsurface runoff, and to assess the potential algal availability of particulate phosphorus (PP) in runoff waters. The material consisted of 91 water-sample pairs (surface runoff vs. subsurface drainage waters) from two artificially drained clayey soils (a Typic Cryaquept and an Aeric Cryaquept) and was analyzed for total suspended solids (TSS), total phosphorus (TP), dissolved molybdate-reactive phosphorus (DRP), and anion exchange resin-extractable phosphorus (AER-P). On the basis of these determinations, we calculated the concentrations of PP, desorbable particulate phosphorus (PPi), and particulate unavailable (nondesorbable) phosphorus (PUP). Some water samples and the soils were also analyzed for 137Cs activity and particle-size distribution. The major P fraction in the waters studied was PP and, on average, only 7% of it was desorbable by AER. However, a mean of 47% of potentially bioavailable P (AER-P) consisted of PPi. The suspended soil material carried by drainflow contained as much PPi (47-79 mg kg-1) as did the surface runoff sediment (45-82 mg kg-1). The runoff sediments were enriched in clay-sized particles and 137Cs by a factor of about two relative to the surface soils. Our results show that desorbable PP derived from topsoil may be as important a contributor to potentially algal-available P as DRP in both surface and subsurface runoff from clayey soils.
Asunto(s)
Agricultura , Fósforo/análisis , Contaminantes del Suelo/análisis , Disponibilidad Biológica , Radioisótopos de Cesio , Sedimentos Geológicos/química , Tamaño de la Partícula , Movimientos del AguaRESUMEN
In a retrospective study, clinical and laboratory findings in 454 patients subjected to laparotomy for suspected acute appendicitis were evaluated. A normal appendix was found in 25% of the total series and was twice as common in female as in male patients. Perforated appendicitis was present in 8% of the series, most commonly in the youngest (less than 5 years) and the oldest (greater than 40 years) age groups. The incidence of severe appendicitis increased with the duration of the preoperative abdominal symptoms. Of the patients with a 'laboratory profile' including fever and leukocytosis, 44% had gangrenous or perferated appendicitis. Of those who additionally had elevated ESR (greater than 20 mm), 62% showed a gangernous or perforated appendicitis. The overall incidence of wound infection was 13.9%. Wound infection was closely related to the state of the appendix. The results thus indicated that patient's age, duration of abdominal symptoms and the 'laboratory profile' are important parameters for assessment of clinically suspected acute appendicitis.