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OBJECTIVE: To compare the diagnostic interval for patients with colorectal cancer before and after the introduction of cancer patient pathways in northern Sweden. DESIGN: A retrospective study comparing two cohorts (2012 and 2018) of patients diagnosed with colorectal cancer before and after the introduction of cancer patient pathways in 2016. SETTING: Three counties in northern Sweden with large sparsely populated areas and some cities (637143 residents ∼5.1 residents/km2). SUBJECTS: Patients were included from the Swedish Cancer Register. Electronic health records reviews were performed and linked to socioeconomic data from Statistics Sweden. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Differences in the diagnostic intervals, the patient intervals and the characteristics associated with the longest diagnostic intervals and investigations starting at the emergency department. RESULTS: The two cohorts included 411 patients in 2012 and 445 patients in 2018. The median diagnostic interval was reduced from 47 days (IQI 18-99) to 29 days (IQI 9-74) (p < 0.001) after the introduction of cancer patient pathways in general. Though for the cases of cancer in the right-side (ascended) colon, the reduction of the diagnostic interval was not observed and it remained associated with investigations starting at the emergency department. CONCLUSION: Our results indicate that cancer patient pathways contributed to an improvement in the diagnostic interval for patients with colorectal cancer in general, yet not for patients with cancer in the right-side colon. IMPLICATION: In general, cancer patient pathways seem to reduce the diagnostic interval for colorectal cancer but it is not a sufficient solution for all colorectal cancer localisations.

Diagnostic interval for colorectal cancer reduced in general, particularly for patients seeking primary healthcare, after the introduction of cancer patient pathways.Patients with cancer in right-side colon still have long diagnostic intervals and mainly start their investigation through the emergency department.

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BACKGROUND: Studies assaying morbidity related to sinonasal inverted papilloma (SNIP) and its treatment are lacking. We evaluated how operative treatment of SNIP affects patients' health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and symptoms. METHODS: We prospectively recruited consecutive patients (n=52) operated for SNIP at Helsinki University Hospital, between years 2016 and 2019. In total, 42 patients filled in the 15D, a generic HRQoL instrument and a symptom questionnaire preoperatively and at 1 year and at 2 years postoperatively. The 15D HRQoL scores were compared to those of age- and sex-standardized general population. RESULTS: Patients' mean baseline score for discomfort and symptoms (one of the 15D dimensions) was significantly better compared to general population, but this difference faded postoperatively. Frequency of epistaxis, nasal obstruction, lowered sense of smell, headache, tinnitus and epiphora decreased significantly during follow-up whereas frequency of numbness of the face or mouth increased. Difference in the mean 15D score of the patients compared with general population was insignificant at baseline and at 1 year and at 2 years postoperatively. CONCLUSIONS: Measured by a generic HRQoL questionnaire, the mean score for discomfort and symptoms deteriorated after operative treatment of SNIP. Despite a relief of many symptoms, care should be taken when operating a benign tumour, as surgery may cause morbidity.

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In 2010-2011, a waterborne outbreak of the parasite, Cryptosporidium hominis, affected approximately 27,000 inhabitants in the city of Östersund, Sweden. Previous research suggested that post-infectious symptoms, such as gastrointestinal symptoms and joint pain, could persist for up to 2 years after the initial infection. In this study, we investigated whether the parasite caused post-infectious sequelae for up to 5 years after the outbreak. Prospective cohort study. A randomly selected cohort of individuals residing in Östersund at the time of the outbreak was sent a postal questionnaire in 2011. Responders were sent a follow-up questionnaire in 2016 and completed items on whether they experienced a list of symptoms. We examined whether outbreak cases were more likely than non-cases to report post-infectious symptoms 5 years later. We analysed data using logistic regression and calculated odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals. The analysis included 626 individuals. Among the 262 individuals infected during the outbreak, 56.5% reported symptoms at follow-up. Compared to non-cases, outbreak cases were more likely to report watery diarrhoea, diarrhoea, swollen joints, abdominal pain, bloating, joint discomfort, acid indigestion, alternating bowel habits, joint pain, ocular pain, nausea, and fatigue at the follow-up, after adjusting for age and sex. Our findings suggested that cryptosporidiosis was mainly associated with gastrointestinal- and joint-related post-infectious symptoms for up to 5 years after the infection.

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BACKGROUND: Developing tools to identify chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) patients requiring surgical treatment would help clinicians treat patients more effectively. The aim of this retrospective cross-sectional study was to identify cut-off values ​​for eosinophil percentage, nasal polyps (NP), and Lund-Mackay (LM) scores that may predict the need for surgical treatment in Finnish CRSwNP patients. METHODS: Data of CRSwNP patients (N = 378) undergoing consultation for ESS in 2001-19 were used. Data was collected from patient records and Lund-Mackay scores were determined from sinus computed tomography scans. The percentage of eosinophils was microscopically evaluated from the polyp samples available (n = 81). Associations were analyzed by Mann Whitney U test, and cut-off values by the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC). RESULTS: ESS was performed to 293 (77.5%) of patients. Polyp eosinophilia was associated significantly with ESS (p = 0.001), whereas peripheral blood eosinophil count, LM- score and endoscopic NP- score were not (p > 0.05). AUROC values (95% CI) for detecting those needing ESS were for polyp eosinophilia 0.71 (0.60-0.83), p = 0.001, for LM score 0.59 (0.50-0.67), p = 0.054; for NP score 0.56 (0.48-0.64), p = 0.17, and for blood eosinophil count 0.68 (0.46-0.90), p = 0.08. With the threshold value of polyp eosinophilia (>25%), the sensitivity and specificity were optimal for detecting the group needing ESS from the group not undergoing ESS. The cut-off value of blood eosinophil count (>0.26 × 109/L) had relatively good, yet statistically insignificant (underpowered), predictive potential. Moderate cut-off values were found for endoscopic LM score (≥14/24) and NP score (≥4/8). CONCLUSIONS: Polyp eosinophilia (>25%) predicted ESS among Finnish hospital-level CRSwNP patients. A future challenge would be to find less invasive and cost-effective clinical factors predicting uncontrolled CRSwNP.

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AIMS: This study tested the hypothesis that high doses of anti-inflammatory drugs would attenuate the adaptive response to resistance training compared with low doses. METHODS: Healthy men and women (aged 18-35 years) were randomly assigned to daily consumption of ibuprofen (IBU; 1200 mg; n = 15) or acetylsalicylic acid (ASA; 75 mg; n = 16) for 8 weeks. During this period, subjects completed supervised knee-extensor resistance training where one leg was subjected to training with maximal volitional effort in each repetition using a flywheel ergometer (FW), while the other leg performed conventional (work-matched across groups) weight-stack training (WS). Before and after training, muscle volume (MRI) and strength were assessed, and muscle biopsies were analysed for gene and protein expression of muscle growth regulators. RESULTS: The increase in m. quadriceps volume was similar between FW and WS, yet was (averaged across legs) greater in ASA (7.5%) compared with IBU (3.7%, group difference 34 cm3 ; P = 0.029). In the WS leg, muscle strength improved similarly (11-20%) across groups. In the FW leg, increases (10-23%) in muscle strength were evident in both groups yet they were generally greater (interaction effects P < 0.05) for ASA compared with IBU. While our molecular analysis revealed several training effects, the only group interaction (P < 0.0001) arose from a downregulated mRNA expression of IL-6 in IBU. CONCLUSION: Maximal over-the-counter doses of ibuprofen attenuate strength and muscle hypertrophic adaptations to 8 weeks of resistance training in young adults. Thus, young individuals using resistance training to maximize muscle growth or strength should avoid excessive intake of anti-inflammatory drugs.

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For chemically enhanced primary treatment (CEPT) with microsieving, a feedback proportional integral controller combined with a feedforward compensator was used in large pilot scale to control effluent water turbidity to desired set points. The effluent water turbidity from the microsieve was maintained at various set points in the range 12-80 NTU basically independent for a number of studied variations in influent flow rate and influent wastewater compositions. Effluent turbidity was highly correlated with effluent chemical oxygen demand (COD). Thus, for CEPT based on microsieving, controlling the removal of COD was possible. Thereby incoming carbon can be optimally distributed between biological nitrogen removal and anaerobic digestion for biogas production. The presented method is based on common automation and control strategies; therefore fine tuning and optimization for specific requirements are simplified compared to model-based dosing control.

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OBJECTIVES: The interactions between nutritional supplementation and physical activity on changes in physical function among older adults remain unclear. The primary objective of this study was to examine the impact of nutritional supplementation plus structured physical activity on 400M walk capacity in mobility-limited older adults across two sites (Boston, USA and Stockholm, Sweden). DESIGN: All subjects participated in a physical activity program (3x/week for 24 weeks), involving walking, strength, balance, and flexibility exercises. Subjects were randomized to a daily nutritional supplement (150kcal, 20g whey protein, 800 IU vitamin D) or placebo (30kcal, non-nutritive). SETTING: Participants were recruited from urban communities at 2 field centers in Boston MA USA and Stockholm SWE. PARTICIPANTS: Mobility-limited (Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB) ≤9) and vitamin D insufficient (serum 25(OH) D 9 - 24 ng/ml) older adults were recruited for this study. MEASUREMENTS: Primary outcome was gait speed assessed by the 400M walk. RESULTS: 149 subjects were randomized into the study (mean age=77.5±5.4; female=46.3%; mean SPPB= 7.9±1.2; mean 25(OH)D=18.7±6.4 ng/ml). Adherence across supplement and placebo groups was similar (86% and 88%, respectively), and was also similar across groups for the physical activity intervention (75% and 72%, respectively). Both groups demonstrated an improvement in gait speed with no significant difference between those who received the nutritional supplement compared to the placebo (0.071 and 0.108 m/s, respectively (p=0.06)). Similar effects in physical function were observed using the SPPB. Serum 25(OH)D increased in supplemented group compared to placebo 7.4 ng/ml versus 1.3 ng/ml respectively. CONCLUSION: Results suggest improved gait speed following physical activity program with no further improvement with added nutritional supplementation.

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AIM: The aim of this study was to evaluate the cross-cultural validity of the German version of the Pediatric Evaluation of Disability Inventory (PEDI-G) when used in Austria, Germany and Switzerland. METHOD: A total of 118 girls and 144 boys participated in this study; 198 of the children (75.6%) had a developmental disability and 64 (24.4%) were without a known disability. The mean age was four years (range 11 months to 10 years and six months, SD 1.91). Item goodness of fit, differential item functioning (DIF) and differential test functioning (DTF) were evaluated by use of a Rasch model. RESULTS: Twenty-four (11.6%) out of 206 items of the Functional Skills Scale and one (5%) out of 20 items of the Caregiver Assistance Scale demonstrated misfit according to the Rasch model. Thirty-four (16.5%) out of 206 items of the Functional Skills Scale and no item from the Caregiver Assistance Scale demonstrated DIF. Almost half (46%) of the items demonstrating misfit also demonstrated DIF, indicating an association between them. The DIF by country only demonstrated a minimal impact on the person measures of the PEDI-G. INTERPRETATION: Even though some items did not meet the statistical and clinical criteria set, the PEDI-G can be used, on a preliminary basis as a valid tool to measure activities of daily living of children with and without a disability in these countries. Further larger studies are needed to evaluate more psychometric item properties of the PEDI-G in relation to context.

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STUDY DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. OBJECTIVES: To describe participation in activities and explore the relationship with secondary complications among persons aging with a traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI). SETTING: A regional SCI outpatient center in Sweden. METHODS: Data were collected through a phone survey, which included 10 activities from the instrument PARTS/M-v3 (PARTicipation Survey/Mobility version-3) together with data from the participants' medical records. Cross-tabulation and χ2 were used for data analysis. RESULTS: In this study, 121 persons matched the inclusion criteria and the final study sample comprised 73 participants (60% response rate): 55 men and 18 women. Mean age was 63.7±9.4 years, and mean time since injury was 36.3±9.2 years. Regardless of duration of SCI, all 73 participated in dressing, bathing and leisure activities. Women reported better health than men. Particularly for those who lived 36-55 years after injury; increasing pain, fatigue, spasticity and decreased muscle strength were negatively affecting participation in activities, especially exercise and active recreation. Additionally, a need to save strength/energy was also a reason for not participating in the activities. Perceived future support and concerns in relation to personal assistance, assistive devices and rehabilitation was also reported. CONCLUSION: Increasing secondary health complications and a need to save strength/energy influenced participation in activities. Laws and/or governmental policies regarding personal assistance and assistive devices did not always support participation in activities. Interventions should aim to create a balance among activities in everyday life.

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AIMS: Most Swedish studies show stable diabetes prevalence despite increasing obesity, but glucose levels may shift upwards below the diagnostic threshold for diabetes. Our aim was to explore trends in glucose distribution in northern Sweden; whether these trends were uniformly distributed throughout the spectrum of glucose concentrations; and to relate trends to traditional risk factors and the obesity-related adipokine leptin. METHODS: The project consisted of four cross-sectional surveys between 1990 and 2009, with 7069 participants aged 25-64 years. The overall participation rate was 74.4%. Trend analyses of glucose concentrations along the entire distribution and linear regression in relation to survey years and risk markers were used. RESULTS: Fasting and post-load glucose increased in women (both P < 0.001) and post-load glucose in men (P = 0.004). The increase was seen in most deciles of glucose concentrations. The prevalence of impaired glucose tolerance doubled in women to 14.5% and tripled in men to 10.1% (both P = 0.004). The prevalence of impaired fasting glucose rose in women from 4.5 to 7.7% (P < 0.001). The prevalence of diabetes was unchanged-6.4% in 2009. In men, leptin, together with traditional risk factors, explained 7.8 and 10.8% of the variance in fasting (P = 0.008) and post-load (P < 0.001) glucose, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Increasing fasting and post-load glucose concentrations were seen in most deciles of the glucose distribution, indicating a shift in the entire population. Leptin was significantly associated with fasting and post-load glucose in men.

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BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Leptin predicts cardiovascular diseases and type 2 diabetes, diseases to which Asian Indians are highly susceptible. As a risk marker, leptin's intra-individual and seasonal stability is unstudied and only small studies have compared leptin levels in Asian Indians with other populations. The aim of this study was to explore ethnicity related differences in leptin levels and its intra-individual and seasonal stability. METHODS: Leptin and anthropometric data from the northern Sweden MONICA (3513 Europids) and the Mauritius Non-communicable Disease (2480 Asian Indians and Creoles) studies were used. In both studies men and women, 25- to 74-year old, participated in both an initial population survey and a follow-up after 5-13 years. For the analysis of seasonal leptin variation, a subset of 1780 participants, 30- to 60-year old, in the Västerbotten Intervention Project was used. RESULTS: Asian Indian men and women had higher levels of leptin, leptin per body mass index (BMI) unit (leptin/BMI) or per cm in waist circumference (WC; leptin/waist) than Creoles and Europids when adjusted for BMI (all P<0.0005) or WC (all P<0.005). In men, Creoles had higher leptin, leptin/BMI and leptin/waist than Europids when adjusted for BMI or WC (all P<0.0005). In women, Creoles had higher leptin/BMI and leptin/waist than Europids only when adjusted for WC (P<0.0005). Asian Indian ethnicity in both sexes, and Creole ethnicity in men, was independently associated with high leptin levels. The intra-class correlation for leptin was similar (0.6-0.7), independently of sex, ethnicity or follow-up time. No seasonal variation in leptin levels was seen. CONCLUSION: Asian Indians have higher levels of leptin, leptin/BMI and leptin/waist than Creoles and Europids. Leptin has a high intra-individual stability and seasonal leptin variation does not appear to explain the ethnic differences observed here.

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In Finland, the incidence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains has increased ten fold within the last decade. In order to follow the changing epidemiology of MRSA, accurate typing of S. aureus strains is important. The purpose of this study was to reanalyse 44 previously recognised Finnish epidemic MRSA strains (EMRSA) by several molecular typing methods and to revise their nomenclature. The 44 EMRSA strains were grouped into 26 pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) clusters, 20 multi locus sequence typing (MLST) sequence types (ST) belonging to 12 clonal complexes (CC) of which CC8 was the most prevalent, and 27 spa types belonging to four clonal complexes. The staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) type IV was predominant, and 48% of the strains were nonmultiresistant to antibiotics. The discriminatory power of PFGE clusters, MLST, and spa typing was high. The overall concordance values of typing methods differed when assessed by two different methods. Adjusted Rand coefficient provided fairly low correlations for all comparisons. However, spa type was able to efficiently predict types and clonal complexes of most of the other methods with high probability (> or =80%).

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Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains from Finland covering years 1997-1999 were studied for the presence of Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL) gene loci, and the clinically well-defined community-acquired MRSA (CA-MRSA) strains (n = 108) also for staphylococcal chromosomal cassette mec (SCCmec) and multilocus sequence types (MLST). Only a minority (12%) of the CA-MRSA strains contained the PVL gene loci and possessed genotypes formerly described as typical to CA-MRSA strains. The majority of these strains were heterogenous by MLST and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) analysis but, however, harboured the SCCmec cassette type IV. In conclusion, it seems doubtful to consider only molecular characteristics such as the presence of PVL genes as definite markers for CA-MRSA strains.

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The simultaneous effects of body composition, cardiorespiratory fitness, physical activity, and muscle fiber characteristics on lipid oxidation at basal state and during exercise were studied in a population-based group (n = 70) of middle-aged men. Body composition, oxygen uptake, and lipid oxidation were determined in a volitional maximal exercise test, physical activity with a questionnaire, muscle fiber characteristics with muscle biopsy, and resting metabolic rate and lipid oxidation at basal state with indirect calorimetry. In regression analysis, type I muscle fibers contributed significantly to lipid oxidation at basal state (r = 0.30, r2 = 0.07, P<0.05) and during low-intensity exercise (r = 0.35, r2 = 0.10, P<0.05). ANOVA revealed 7.7% (P = 0.268) lower lipid oxidation at basal state, 14% (P<0.05) lower lipid oxidation in low-intensity exercise, and 10.5% (P = 0.088) lower lipid oxidation in moderate-intensity exercise in muscle fiber tertile I (type I muscle fiber count 28.8%) compared with muscle fiber tertile III (type I muscle fiber count 71.4%). In conclusion, the muscle fiber distribution contributed significantly to lipid oxidation during low-intensity exercise in moderately active middle-aged men.

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. Septoplasties can be performed under local anaesthesia. However, careful prevention and treatment of pain during the operation is essential. . Septoplasties are suitable operations for short-stay surgery. .Two-years post-operative, septoplasty relieved the symptoms well or excellently in 55% and moderately in 27% of the cases. . Specialists prescribe more prophylactic antibiotics than residents (47%versus 29%P = 0.02). .Post-operative antibiotics do not appear to prevent the development of post-operative infections.

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OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this explorative study was to uncover and interpret the experiences, values, and meaning of being in daily occupations of older adults with functional impairments. METHOD: Interviews were conducted with 21 older adults with disabilities who were between 70 and 92 years of age. The interviews occurred in their home environments; 18 of the 21 participants lived alone. The interviews were analyzed using a constant comparative approach. FINDINGS: Occupational themes related to participation against the odds, retreat from occupation, the need for an invitation from others, and personal meanings related to capacities for occupation were uncovered. CONCLUSIONS: The findings suggest that the loss of positive belief in enjoyable occupations can be a sign of reduced hope in late life. For occupational therapists, whether an older adult has made a conscious choice to withdraw from occupational life or has too few occupational choices is important to distinguish.

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BACKGROUND: Cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) plays a major role in lipoprotein metabolism. We have screened the CETP gene for mutations and polymorphisms regulating high density lipoproteins cholesterol (HDL-C) levels and the development of atherosclerosis, and found some polymorphisms (I405V and R451Q) to have minor effects. DESIGN: The purpose of this study was to investigate the combined effect of the several polymorphisms of the CETP gene so far found on HDL-C levels and carotid intima-media thickness (IMT), and, in addition, to study whether the recently found functional polymorphism in the promoter region of the CETP gene (C to A, - 629 relative to the first transcribed nucleotide) explains the previous associations due to linkage disequilibrium. The genotypes were determined in a population sample of 481 men and women. RESULTS: There were no significant differences in plasma CETP activity or carotid IMT between the genotypes of the promoter polymorphism. The women with the CC genotype of the promoter polymorphism had the lowest HDL-C levels (P < 0.001), but no such difference was seen in men. Detected polymorphisms of the CETP gene explained about 8% of the variation in HDL-C in women and about 7 and 10% of the variation in carotid IMT in women and men, respectively. The associations of the promoter, I405V and R451Q-A373P polymorphisms with HDL-C and carotid IMT seemed to be independent of each other. The associations with IMT were independent of total HDL-C levels, suggesting that HDL subfractions may have more effect on IMT. CONCLUSION: The CETP gene locus was found to be polymorphic and its polymorphisms explained a reasonable proportion of the variation in the degree of carotid atherosclerosis.

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This paper explores and describes occupational therapy practice patterns during two periods for 89 elderly persons living at home. Occupational therapists working in one social welfare district in Stockholm, Sweden documented and reported every occupational therapy intervention provided. The results revealed that the elderly persons who received occupational therapy services during an extended period had an age span of 30 years, with a mean age over 80 years. They had several medical problems and were living in different types of settings. Occupational therapists provided a wide range of interventions, most frequently categorised as treatment, especially related to leisure activities. Irrespective of level of care, the median of interventions per person increased or was the same over time, and 72% of the elderly persons remained at the same level of care. Enabling occupation for elderly disabled person living in their home involves constantly adjusting to the current situation since the clients' capacities, goals and environment change over time. Therefore, occupational therapists need to have a client-centred approach working in home health community services.

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There is a general tendency towards atherosclerosis and arterial dilatation in older age, and high blood pressure also tends to increase arterial diameters. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of hypertension and other cardiovascular risk factors on aortic, common iliac and common femoral artery diameters. The diameters of the abdominal aorta and the iliac and femoral arteries and the extent of echogenic plaques in the aorta and the iliac arteries down to groin level were evaluated with ultrasound in 1007 middle-aged (40-60 years) men (505) and women (502), 496 with arterial hypertension and 511 controls. Twenty-eight subjects were excluded because of poor visualization. Men had significantly larger diameters of the abdominal aorta (mean 21.3+/-2.8 vs. 17.8+/-1.3 mm) and the common iliac (13.4+/-2.0 vs. 12.2+/-1.2) and common femoral arteries (11.0+/-1.4 vs. 9.7+/-0.9) than women (P for all <0.001), but arterial diameter was also related to the subject's size. Atherosclerotic plaques, age and height were associated with the diameter of the abdominal aorta in men, while high body mass index (BMI) had less significance. The diameter of the aorta was larger in hypertensive men aged 56-60 than in controls of the same age. In women, height, BMI and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) were associated with the diameter of the aorta, while systolic blood pressure (SBP) had less and age no effect. Age, plaques, height, BMI, DBP and SBP were associated with the diameters of the common iliac arteries in both genders, while smoking had an inverse correlation. The results on lipid values were inconsistent and an abnormal glucose tolerance test proved nonsignificant. In conclusion, arterial size measured as a diameter related to the subject's size was larger in men. Age, arterial plaques and blood pressure increased arterial diameter significantly. However, the hypertensive disease itself had only a minimal effect. The changes were smaller in women than in men.

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OBJECTIVE: To analyse the associations between serum gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase activity (GTP) and the components of the metabolic syndrome. DESIGN: Cross-sectional, observational study of hypertensive patients and controls. SETTING: The participating subjects visited the research laboratory of the Department of Internal Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland. SUBJECTS: A total of 1045 Caucasians, 40-59 years of age, consisting of 261 drug-treated hypertensive men, 258 drug-treated hypertensive women and 526 age- and sex-matched controls. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The associations between GTP and the cardiovascular risk factors were analysed through multiple regression and logistic methods and by GTP tertiles. The independent effect of GTP on different insulin measures, calculated from the values of 2 h of oral glucose tolerance test, was estimated after concurrent adjustment for age, obesity and alcohol consumption. RESULTS: GTP correlated highly significantly with the components of the metabolic syndrome. The correlation coefficient were 0.33 between GTP and body mass index, 0. 25 between GTP and systolic blood pressure in control men (P = 0. 0001), 0.39 between GTP and triglycerides, and 0.32 between GTP and fasting insulin in hypertensive women (P = 0.0001). The association between GTP and blood pressure remained significant only at upright measurements in controls. All insulin measures had a significant positive association with increasing GTP tertiles in all the study groups (e.g. fasting insulin 8.1 mU L-1 in the lowest and 11.0 mU L-1in the highest tertile in control women, P = 0.0001), with the exception of fasting insulin in control men. In a pooled logistic analysis after adjustment for age, body mass index, alcohol consumption and gender, the independent predictors of the metabolic syndrome were body mass index, uric acid, total cholesterol and GTP (for log-transformed GTP odds ratio 4.0, 95% CI: 2.80-5.69). CONCLUSIONS: There are significant associations between GTP and the components of the metabolic syndrome. Elevated levels of GTP may not always indicate increased alcohol consumption, but may also suggest the existence of the metabolic syndrome with its subsequent deleterious consequences.

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