RESUMEN
During development, neural stem cells in the cerebral cortex, also known as radial glial cells (RGCs), generate excitatory neurons, followed by production of cortical macroglia and inhibitory neurons that migrate to the olfactory bulb (OB). Understanding the mechanisms for this lineage switch is fundamental for unraveling how proper numbers of diverse neuronal and glial cell types are controlled. We and others recently showed that Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) signaling promotes the cortical RGC lineage switch to generate cortical oligodendrocytes and OB interneurons. During this process, cortical RGCs generate intermediate progenitor cells that express critical gliogenesis genes Ascl1, Egfr, and Olig2. The increased Ascl1 expression and appearance of Egfr+ and Olig2+ cortical progenitors are concurrent with the switch from excitatory neurogenesis to gliogenesis and OB interneuron neurogenesis in the cortex. While Shh signaling promotes Olig2 expression in the developing spinal cord, the exact mechanism for this transcriptional regulation is not known. Furthermore, the transcriptional regulation of Olig2 and Egfr has not been explored. Here, we show that in cortical progenitor cells, multiple regulatory programs, including Pax6 and Gli3, prevent precocious expression of Olig2, a gene essential for production of cortical oligodendrocytes and astrocytes. We identify multiple enhancers that control Olig2 expression in cortical progenitors and show that the mechanisms for regulating Olig2 expression are conserved between the mouse and human. Our study reveals evolutionarily conserved regulatory logic controlling the lineage switch of cortical neural stem cells.
Asunto(s)
Factores de Transcripción con Motivo Hélice-Asa-Hélice Básico , Corteza Cerebral , Receptores ErbB , Proteínas Hedgehog , Proteínas del Tejido Nervioso , Células-Madre Neurales , Neurogénesis , Factor de Transcripción 2 de los Oligodendrocitos , Factor de Transcripción PAX6 , Animales , Neurogénesis/fisiología , Corteza Cerebral/metabolismo , Corteza Cerebral/citología , Factores de Transcripción con Motivo Hélice-Asa-Hélice Básico/metabolismo , Factores de Transcripción con Motivo Hélice-Asa-Hélice Básico/genética , Receptores ErbB/metabolismo , Receptores ErbB/genética , Ratones , Factor de Transcripción 2 de los Oligodendrocitos/metabolismo , Factor de Transcripción 2 de los Oligodendrocitos/genética , Proteínas del Tejido Nervioso/metabolismo , Proteínas del Tejido Nervioso/genética , Proteínas Hedgehog/metabolismo , Proteínas Hedgehog/genética , Factor de Transcripción PAX6/metabolismo , Factor de Transcripción PAX6/genética , Células-Madre Neurales/metabolismo , Células-Madre Neurales/citología , Proteínas de Homeodominio/metabolismo , Proteínas de Homeodominio/genética , Proteína Gli3 con Dedos de Zinc/metabolismo , Proteína Gli3 con Dedos de Zinc/genética , Proteínas del Ojo/metabolismo , Proteínas del Ojo/genética , Proteínas Represoras/metabolismo , Proteínas Represoras/genética , Factores de Transcripción Paired Box/metabolismo , Factores de Transcripción Paired Box/genética , Neuroglía/metabolismo , Neuroglía/citología , Regulación del Desarrollo de la Expresión Génica , Transducción de Señal , Bulbo Olfatorio/metabolismo , Bulbo Olfatorio/citología , Linaje de la Célula , HumanosRESUMEN
Neural stem cells (NSCs) in the prenatal neocortex progressively generate different subtypes of glutamatergic projection neurons. Following that, NSCs have a major switch in their progenitor properties and produce γ-aminobutyric acid (GABAergic) interneurons for the olfactory bulb (OB), cortical oligodendrocytes, and astrocytes. Herein, we provide evidence for the molecular mechanism that underlies this switch in the state of neocortical NSCs. We show that, at around E16.5, mouse neocortical NSCs start to generate GSX2-expressing (GSX2+) intermediate progenitor cells (IPCs). In vivo lineage-tracing study revealed that GSX2+ IPC population gives rise not only to OB interneurons but also to cortical oligodendrocytes and astrocytes, suggesting that they are a tri-potential population. We demonstrated that Sonic hedgehog signaling is both necessary and sufficient for the generation of GSX2+ IPCs by reducing GLI3R protein levels. Using single-cell RNA sequencing, we identify the transcriptional profile of GSX2+ IPCs and the process of the lineage switch of cortical NSCs.