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Despite widespread deployment and investigation of ultrafiltration (UF) for secondary effluent purification, the challenge of membrane fouling due to effluent organic matter (EfOM) remains formidable. This study introduced a novel pretreatment method utilizing Co nanoparticles-encapsulated carbon nanotubes activated peroxymonosulfate (Co@CNT/PMS) to degrade EfOM and mitigate membrane fouling. Characterization of Co@CNT revealed the efficient encapsulation of Co nanoparticles within nanotubes, which notably enhanced the catalytic degradation of bisphenol A and typical organics. The tube-encapsulated structure increased the concentration of reactive species within the confined nanoscopic space, thereby improving the probability of collisions with pollutants and promoting their degradation. The Co@CNT/PMS pretreatment led to substantial reductions in aromatic compounds, fluorescent components, and both high and middle molecular weight substances. These changes proved crucial in diminishing the fouling potential in subsequent UF processes, where reversible and irreversible fouling resistances decreased by 97.1 % and 72.8 %, respectively. The transition volume from pore blocking to cake filtration markedly increased, prolonging the formation of a dense fouling layer. Surface properties analysis indicated a significant reduction of pollutants on membrane surfaces after the Co@CNT/PMS pretreatment. This study underscored the efficacy of confinement-based advanced oxidization pretreatment in enhancing UF performance, presenting a viable resolution to membrane fouling.

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Vancomycin has a narrow therapeutic window and a high inter-individual pharmacokinetic variability, especially in neonates with fast maturational and pathophysiological changes, that needs individualized dosing. Physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model and population pharmacokinetic (PopPK) model are both useful tools in model-informed precision dosing, while the former is under research in application of vancomycin in neonates. This study aimed to develop a PBPK model of vancomycin in adult and pediatric population, and compared it with published PopPK model (priori or Bayesian method) in predicting vancomycin concentration in 230 neonatal patients (postmenstrual age, PMA, 25-45 weeks). The developed PBPK model showed a good fit between predictions and observations. PBPK model and PopPK model are complementary in different clinical scenarios of vancomycin application. The physiological-change description of PBPK model showed a superior advantage in initial dosing optimization. As for subsequent dose optimization, PopPK Bayesian forecasting performed better than the PBPK estimation in neonates. However, initial precision dosing tools for early neonates (with PMA < 36 weeks) still need further exploitation.

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The traditional stir-fry process before pressing is crucial to manufacture Hainan camellia oil. To assess the effects of the stir-fry process on Hainan camellia oil, six samples across different stir-fry stages were analyzed. The stir-fry process modified odors, volatile metabolite profiles, and human health-promoting functions of Hainan camellia oil. Totally, 350 volatile metabolites were detected, and heterocyclic compounds were revealed as the main contributors of strong aroma. Potential indicators for monitoring the stir-fry degree were established. Eight key aroma volatile metabolites were identified, including three new ones (1-octen-3-one, 2,3-butanedione, and vanillin). Lipids degradation and the Millard reaction are probably the main pathways for aroma generation. Over-stir-fry treatment diminished the contents of some important volatile metabolites but increased the risk of arising burnt odor. Our work offered insights into the effects of the stir-fry process and over-stir-fry treatment on Hainan camellia oil, which is meaningful for improving the hot-pressing technique.

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It is a great challenge for effective treatment of shale gas produced water (SGPW), a typical industrial wastewater with complex composition. Single forward osmosis (FO) or membrane distillation (MD) process has been widely used for desalination of SGPW, with membrane fouling not well addressed. Fertilizer draw solution (DS) with high osmotic pressure is less likely to cause FO fouling and can be used for irrigation. An integrated process using fertilizer-driven FO (FDFO) and MD process was proposed for the first time for SGPW treatment, and characteristics of fertilizer DS and powdered activated carbon (PAC) enhancement were assessed. The DS using KCl and (NH4)2SO4 had high MD fluxes (36.8-38.8 L/(m2·h)) and low permeate conductivity (below 50 µS/cm), increasing the contact angle of the MD membrane by 113 % than that without FO, while the DS using MgCl2 and NH4H2PO4 produced a lower reverse salt flux (0.9-3.2 g/(m2·h)). When diluted DS was treated using PAC, the MD permeate conductivity was further reduced to 35 µS/cm without ammonia, and the membrane hydrophobicity was maintained to 71-83 % of the original. The mechanism of the FDFO-MD integrated process for mitigating MD fouling and improving permeate quality was analyzed, providing guidance for efficient SGPW treatment.

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A membrane-aerated conductive biofilm reactor (MA-CBR) was constructed for carbon-limited wastewater treatment and to reduce the stress of the electric field on nitrous oxide reductase (NosZ). Counter-diffusion with an embedded aerobic layer declined the effect of current on NosZ (K00376) for N2O reduction. Other coding genes for denitrification in cathodic membrane aerated biofilms, including K02568, K00368, K15864, K02305, and K04561, were also positively affected by the electric field and significantly accumulate in Thauera. NH4+-N oxidation can occur at the anode and cathode (membrane aeration biofilm). This cathodic synergistic NH4+-N oxidation provided more electrons to be directly utilized by the denitrifying bacteria at the cathode. Without additional organic matter, compared to the MABR, the total nitrogen removal efficiency of MA-CBR increased by 3.50 mg/L, 12.52 mg/L, and 17.82 mg/L at voltages of 0.25 V, 0.50 V, and 0.75 V, respectively.

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A self-corrosion microelectrolysis (SME)-enhanced membrane-aerated biofilm reactor (eMABR) was developed for the removal of pollutants and reduction of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). Fe2+ and Fe3+ formed iron oxides on the biofilm, which enhanced the adsorption and redox process. SME can induce microorganisms to secrete more extracellular proteins and up-regulate the expression of ammonia monooxygenase (AMO) (0.92 log2). AMO exposed extra binding sites (ASP-69) for antibiotics, weakening the competition between NH4+-N and sulfamethoxazole (SMX). The NH4+-N removal efficiency in the S-eMABR (adding SMX and IC) increased by 44.87 % compared to the S-MABR (adding SMX). SME increased the removal performance of SMX by approximately 1.45 times, down-regulated the expressions of sul1 (-1.69 log2) and sul2 (-1.30 log2) genes, and controlled their transfer within the genus. This study provides a novel strategy for synergistic reduction of antibiotics and ARGs, and elucidates the corresponding mechanism based on metatranscriptomic and molecular docking analyses.

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Ultrafiltration (UF) is widely employed for harmful algae rejection, whereas severe membrane fouling hampers its long-term operation. Herein, calcium peroxide (CaO2) and ferrate (Fe(VI)) were innovatively coupled for low-damage removal of algal contaminants and fouling control in the UF process. As a result, the terminal J/J0 increased from 0.13 to 0.66, with Rr and Rir respectively decreased by 96.74 % and 48.47 %. The cake layer filtration was significantly postponed, and pore blocking was reduced. The ζ-potential of algal foulants was weakened from -34.4 mV to -18.7 mV, and algal cells of 86.15 % were removed with flocs of 300 µm generated. The cell integrity was better remained in comparison to the Fe(VI) treatment, and Fe(IV)/Fe(V) was verified to be the dominant reactive species. The membrane fouling alleviation mechanisms could be attributed to the reduction of the fouling loads and the changes in the interfacial free energies. A membrane fouling prediction model was built based on a long short-term memory deep learning network, which predicted that the filtration volume at J/J0= 0.2 increased from 288 to 1400 mL. The results provide a new routine for controlling algal membrane fouling from the perspective of promoting the generation of Fe(IV)/Fe(V) intermediates.

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Low pressure membrane takes a great role in hydraulic fracturing wastewater (HFW), while membrane fouling is a critical issue for the stable operation of microfiltration (MF). This study focused on fouling mitigation by sodium percarbonate (SPC) oxidation, activated by ultraviolet (UV) and ferrous ion (Fe(II)). The higher the concentration of oxidizer, the better the anti-fouling performance of MF membrane. Unlike severe MF fouling without oxidation (17.26 L/(m2·h)), UV/SPC and Fe(II)/SPC under optimized dosage improved the final flux to 740 and 1553 L/(m2·h), respectively, and the latter generated Fe(III) which acted as a coagulant. Fe(II)/SPC oxidation enabled a shift in fouling mechanism from complete blocking to cake filtration, while UV/SPC oxidation changed it to standard blockage. UV/SPC oxidation was stronger than Fe(II)/SPC oxidation in removing UV254 and fluorescent organics for higher oxidizing capacity, but the opposite was noted for DOC removal. The deposited foulants on membrane surface after oxidation decreased by at least 88% compared to untreated HFW. Correlation analysis showed that UV254, DOC and organic fraction were key parameters responsible for membrane fouling (correlation coefficient＞0.80), oxidizing capacity and turbidity after oxidation were also important parameters. These results provide new insights for fouling control during the HFW treatment.

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In this study, electron transport pathways were activated and diversified by coupling counter-diffusion biofilms with micro-electrolysis for Alizarin yellow R (AYR) denitrogenation. Due to the binding of AYR to two residues of EC 4.1.3.36 with higher binding energy, the expression of EC 4.1.3.36 was down-regulated, causing the EC 3.1.2.28 and EC 2.5.1.74 for menaquinone synthesis (redox mediator) undetectable in Membrane aerated biofilm reactors (MABR). Spontaneous electron generation in the micro electrolysis-coupled MABR (ME-MABR) significantly activated two enzymes. Activated menaquinone up-regulated decolourisation related genes expression in ME-MABR, including azoR (2.12 log2), NQO1 (2.97 log2), wrbA (0.45 log2), and ndh (0.47 log2). The diversified electron flow pathways also promoted the nitrogen metabolism coding genes up-regulation, accelerating further inorganic nitrogen denitrogenation after AYR mineralisation. Compared to MABR, the decolourisation, mineralisation, and denitrogenation in ME-MABR increased by 25.80 %, 16.53 %, and 13.32 %, respectively. This study provides new insights into micro-electrolysis enhanced removal of AYR.

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Substantial volumes of hazardous shale gas produced water (SGPW) generated in unconventional natural gas exploration. Membrane distillation (MD) is a promising approach for SGPW desalination, while membrane fouling, wetting, and permeate deterioration restrict MD application. The integration of gravity-driven membrane (GDM) with MD process was proposed to improve MD performance, and different pretreatment methods (i.e., oxidation, coagulation, and granular filtration) were systematically investigated. Results showed that pretreatment released GDM fouling and improved permeate quality by enrich certain microbes' community (e.g., Proteobacteria and Nitrosomonadaceae), greatly ensured the efficient desalination of MD. Pretreatment greatly influences GDM fouling layer morphology, leading to different flux performance. Thick/rough/hydrophilic fouling layer formed after coagulation, and thin/loose fouling layer formed after silica sand filtration improved GDM flux by 2.92 and 1.9 times, respectively. Moreover, the beneficial utilization of adsorption-biodegradation effects significantly enhanced GDM permeate quality. 100 % of ammonia and 53.99 % of UV254 were efficiently removed after zeolite filtration-GDM and granular activated carbon filtration-GDM, respectively. Compared to the surged conductivity (41.29 µS/cm) and severe flux decline (>82 %) under water recovery rate of 75 % observed in single MD for SGPW treatment, GDM economically controlled permeate conductivity (1.39-19.9 µS/cm) and MD fouling (flux decline=8.3 %-27.5 %). Exploring the mechanisms, the GDM-MD process has similarity with Janus MD membrane in SGPW treatment, significantly reduced MD fouling and wetting.

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Ultrafiltration (UF) is a highly efficient technique for algal-rich water purification, but it is heavily contaminated due to the complex water characteristics. To solve this problem, potassium permanganate (KMnO4) oxidation enhanced with sodium sulfite (Na2SO3) was proposed as a pretreatment means. The results showed that the end-normalized flux was elevated from 0.10 to 0.91, and the reversible fouling resistance was reduced by 99.95%. The membrane fouling mechanism also changed obviously, without the generation of cake filtration. Regarding the properties of algal-rich water, the zeta potential was decreased from -29.50 to -5.87 mV after KMnO4/Na2SO3 pretreatment, suggesting that the electrostatic repulsion was significantly reduced. Meanwhile, the fluorescent components in algal-rich water were significantly eliminated, and the removal of dissolved organic carbon was increased to 67.46%. In the KMnO4/Na2SO3 process, reactive manganese species (i.e., Mn(V), Mn(III) and MnO2) and reactive oxygen species (i.e., SO4•- and •OH) played major roles in purifying algal-rich water. Specifically, SO4•-, •OH, Mn(V) and Mn(III) could effectively oxidize algal pollutants. Simultaneously, the in-situ adsorption and coagulation of MnO2 could accelerate the formation of flocs by decreasing the electrostatic repulsion between cells, and protect the algal cells from being excessive oxidized. Overall, the KMnO4/Na2SO3 process showed significant potential for membrane fouling alleviation in purifying algal-rich water.

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Glioma is characterized by strong immunosuppression and excessive angiogenesis. Based on existing reports, it can be speculated that the resistance to anti-angiogenic drug vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA) antibody correlates to the induction of novel immune checkpoint indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1), while IDO1 has also been suggested to be related to tumor angiogenesis. Herein, we aim to clarify the potential role of IDO1 in glioma angiogenesis and the mechanism behind it. Bioinformatic analyses showed that the expressions of IDO1 and angiogenesis markers VEGFA and CD34 were positively correlated and increased with pathological grade in glioma. IDO1-overexpression-derived-tryptophan depletion activated the general control nonderepressible 2 (GCN2) pathway and upregulated VEGFA in glioma cells. The tube formation ability of angiogenesis model cells could be inhibited by IDO1 inhibitors and influenced by the activity and expression of IDO1 in condition medium. A significant increase in serum VEGFA concentration and tumor CD34 expression was observed in IDO1-overexpressing GL261 subcutaneous glioma-bearing mice. IDO1 inhibitor RY103 showed positive anti-tumor efficacy, including the anti-angiogenesis effect and upregulation of natural killer cells in GL261 glioma-bearing mice. As expected, the combination of RY103 and anti-angiogenesis agent sunitinib was proved to be a better therapeutic strategy than either monotherapy.

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Ultrafiltration (UF) is increasingly used in the pretreatment of shale gas produced water (SGPW), whereas severe membrane fouling hampers its actual operation. In this work, ferrate(VI)-based oxidation was proposed for membrane fouling alleviation in SGPW pretreatment, and the activation strategies of calcium peroxide (CaO2) and ultraviolet (UV) were selected for comparison. The findings indicated that UV/Fe(VI) was more effective in removing fluorescent components, and the concentration of dissolved organic carbon was reduced by 24.1 %. With pretreatments of CaO2/Fe(VI) and UV/Fe(VI), the terminal specific membrane flux was elevated from 0.196 to 0.385 and 0.512, and the total fouling resistance diminished by 52.7 % and 76.2 %, respectively. Interfacial free energy analysis indicated that the repulsive interactions between pollutants and membrane were notably enhanced by Fe(VI)-based oxidation, thereby delaying the deposition of cake layers on the membrane surface. Quenching and probe experiments revealed that high-valent iron intermediates (Fe(IV)/Fe(V)) played significant roles in both CaO2/Fe(VI) and UV/Fe(VI) processes. Besides, hydroxyl radicals (•OH) were also important reactive species in the UV/Fe(VI) treatment, and the synergistic effect of Fe(IV)/Fe(V) and •OH showed a positive influence on SGPW fouling mitigation. In general, these findings establish a theoretical underpinning for the application of Fe(VI)-based oxidation for UF membrane fouling mitigation in SGPW pretreatment.

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Membrane distillation (MD) offers promise for recycling shale gas produced water (SGPW), while membrane fouling is still a major obstacle in standalone MD. Herein, sodium percarbonate (SPC) oxidation was proposed as MD pretreatment, and the performance of the single MD, SPC-MD hybrid process and Fe(II)/SPC-MD hybrid process for SGPW treatment were systematically evaluated. Results showed that compared to raw SGPW, the application of SPC and Fe(II)/SPC led to the decrease of the fluorescent organics by 28.54 % and 54.52 %, respectively. The hydrophobic fraction decreased from 52.75 % in raw SGPW to 37.70 % and 27.20 % for SPC and Fe(II)/SPC, respectively, and the MD normalized flux increased from 0.19 in treating raw SGPW to 0.65 and 0.81, respectively. The superiority of SPC oxidation in reducing the deposited membrane foulants and restoring membrane properties was further confirmed through scanning electron microscopy observation, attenuated total reflection fourier transform infrared, water contact angle and surface tension analyses of fouled membranes. Correlation analysis revealed that hydrophobic/hydrophilic matters and fluorescent organics in SGPW took a crucial role in MD fouling. The mechanism of MD fouling mitigation by Fe(II)/SPC oxidation was attributed to the decrease in concentrations and hydrophobicity of organic by synergistic oxidation, coagulation and adsorption.

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Camellia polyodonta flowers are rich sources of phenolics and less attention has been paid to their potential biological activity. This study aims to explore the crude extracts and resulting purified fractions (CPFP-I, II, III, and IV) through compositional analysis and antioxidant and hypolipidemic activities in vitro and in vivo. Among four fractions, CPFP-II contained the highest total phenolic content and flavonoid content, while CPFP-III exhibited the greatest total proanthocyanidin content. Among the 14 phenolic compounds, CPFP-II displayed the highest content of procyanidin B2, B4, and C1, whereas CPFP-III contained the highest amount of 1,2,3,6-tetragalloylglucose. The DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP assessments demonstrated a consistent trend: CPFP-II > CPFP-III > CPFP-I > CPFP-IV. In vivo experiments showed that that all four fractions significantly reduced lipid levels in hyperlipidemic C. elegans (p < 0.05), with CPFP-II exhibiting the most potent effect. Furthermore, CPFP-II effectively bound to bile acids and inhibited the enzymatic activity of pancreatic lipase in vitro. Consequently, CPFP-II should be prioritized as a promising fraction for further exploration and should provide substantial support for the feasibility of the C. polyodonta flower as a natural alternative.

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Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1), the key enzyme in the catabolism of the essential amino acid tryptophan (Trp) through kynurenine pathway, induces immune tolerance and is considered as a critical immune checkpoint, but its impacts as a metabolism enzyme on glucose and lipid metabolism are overlooked. We aim to clarify the potential role of IDO1 in aerobic glycolysis in pancreatic cancer (PC). Analysis of database revealed the positive correlation in PC between the expressions of IDO1 and genes encoding important glycolytic enzyme hexokinase 2 (HK2), pyruvate kinase (PK), lactate dehydrogenase A (LDHA) and glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1). It was found that IDO1 could modulate glycolysis and glucose uptake in PC cells, Trp deficiency caused by IDO1 overexpression enhanced glucose uptake by stimulating GLUT1 translocation to the plasma membrane of PC cells. Besides, Trp deficiency caused by IDO1 overexpression suppressed the apoptosis of PC cells via promoting glycolysis, which reveals the presence of IDO1-glycolysis-apoptosis axis in PC. IDO1 inhibitors could inhibit glycolysis, promote apoptosis, and exhibit robust therapeutic efficacy when combined with GLUT1 inhibitor in PC mice. Our study reveals the function of IDO1 in the glucose metabolism of PC and provides new insights into the therapeutic strategy for PC.

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A membrane-aerated biofilm-coupled Fe/C supported sludge system (MABR-Fe/C) was constructed to achieve in situ electron production for NO3--N reduction enhancement in different Fe/C loadings (10 g and 200 g). The anoxic environment formed in the MABR-Fe/C promoted a continual Fe2+release of Fe/C in 120 d operation (average Fe2+concentrations is 1.18 and 2.95 mg/L in MABR-Fe/C10 and MABR-Fe/C200, respectively). Metagenomics results suggested that the electrons generated from ongoing Fe2+ oxidation were transferred via the Quinone pool to EC 1.7.5.1 rather than EC 1.9.6.1 to complete the process of NO3--N reduction to NO2--N in Acidovorax, Ottowia, and Polaromonas. In the absence of organic matter, the NO3--N removal in MABR-Fe/C10 and MABR-Fe/C200 increased by 11.99 and 12.52 mg/L, respectively, compared to that in MABR. In the further NO2--N reduction, even if the minimum binding free energy (MBFE) was low, NO2--N in Acidovorax and Dechloromonas preferentially bind the Gln-residues for dissimilatory nitrate reduction (DNR) in the presence of Fe/C. Increasing Fe/C loading (MABR-Fe/C200) caused the formation of different residue binding sites, further enhancing the already dominant DNR. When DNR in MABR-Fe/C200 intensified, the TN in the effluent increased by 3.75 mg/L although the effluent NO3--N concentration was lower than that in MABR-Fe/C10. This study demonstrated a new MABR-Fe/C system for in situ electron generation to enhance biological nitrogen removal and analyzed the NO3--N reduction pathway and metabolic mechanism, thus providing new ideas for nitrogen removal in electron-deficient wastewater.

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Widespread outbreaks of threatening infections caused by unknown pathogens and water transmission have spawned the development of adsorption methods for pathogen elimination. We proposed a biochar functionalization strategy involving ε-polylysine (PLL), a bio-macromolecular poly(amino acid)s with variable folding conformations, as a "pathogen gripper" on biochar. PLL was successfully bridged onto biochar via polydopamine (PDA) crosslinking. The extension of electropositive side chains within PLL enables the capture of both nanoscale viruses and micrometer-scale bacteria in water, achieving excellent removal performances. This functionalized biochar was tentatively incorporated into ultrafiltration (UF) system, to achieve effective and controllable adsorption and retention of pathogens, and to realize the transfer of pathogens from membrane surface/pore to biochar surface as well as flushing water. The biochar-amended UF systems presents complete retention (∼7 LRV) and hydraulic elution of pathogens into membrane flushing water. Improvements in removal of organics and anti-fouling capability were observed, indicating the broken trade-off in UF pathogen removal dependent on irreversible fouling. Chemical characterizations revealed adsorption mechanisms encompassing electrostatic/hydrophobic interactions, pore filling, electron transfer, chemical bonding and secondary structure transitions. Microscopic and mechanical analyses validated the mechanisms for rapid adsorption and pathogen lysis. Low-concentration alkaline solution for used biochar regeneration, facilitated the deprotonation and transformation of PLL side chain to folded structures (α-helix/ß-sheet). Biochar regeneration process also promoted the effective detachment/inactivation of pathogens and protection of functional groups on biochar, corroborated by physicochemical inspection and molecular dynamics simulation. The foldability of poly(amino acid)s acting like dynamic arms, significantly contributed to pathogen capture/desorption/inactivation and biochar regeneration. This study also inspires future investigation for performances of UF systems amended by poly(amino acid)s-functionalized biochar under diverse pressure, temperature, reactive oxygen species of feeds and chemical cleaning solutions, with far-reaching implications for public health, environmental applications of biochar, and UF process improvement.

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Artificial superhydrophobic surfaces that do not absorb water, like the lotus leaf, show tremendous promise in numerous applications. However, superhydrophobic surfaces are rarely used because of their low stability and endurance. A stable organic superhydrophobic surface (SHS) composed of novel morphology Ag-nanoparticles (NPs) has been fabricated on a copper alloy via etching, immersion, spraying, and annealing treatment, along with a static water contact angle (WCA) of 158 ± 1° and sliding angle (SA) less than 2°. The surface texture, composition, and morphology of the substrate surfaces were explored by using X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy, and DFT-based Ag atom distribution. The anti-corrosion study of non-coated and Ag-NP-coated copper alloy was undertaken using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Ag-NPs +SA@SHS enhanced the corrosion resistance as compared with bare Cu alloy. The water droplet rolled down the coated Cu alloy, removed the chalk powder from the surface, and indicated an excellent self-cleaning function. Photodegradation of Congo red (CR) and methylene blue (MB) dye samples was assessed by measuring the absorbance through UV-Visible spectrophotometry, where the Ag-NPs coated on the copper alloy were used as a catalyst. The performance of the SHS@Ag-NPs in the aqueous solution was 99.31% and 98.12% for industrial pollutants (CR and MB), with degradation rates of 5.81 × 10-2 s-1 and 5.89 × 10-2 s-1, respectively. These findings demonstrated a simple, rapid, and low-energy fabrication technique for SHS@Ag-NPs. This research reveals a valuable approach for the fabrication of SHS@Ag-NPs on various substrates to extend the superhydrophobic surfaces with ultra-fast self-healing properties, for outdoor applications such as anti-corrosion, for an innovative approach for the remediation of polluted water treatment, and for industrial applications.

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Antibiotic residues in mariculture wastewater seriously affect the aquatic environment. Antibiotic Resistance Genes (ARGs) produced under antibiotic stress flow through the environment and eventually enter the human body, seriously affecting human health. Microalgal-bacterial symbiotic system (MBSS) can remove antibiotics from mariculture and reduce the flow of ARGs into the environment. This review encapsulates the present scenario of mariculture wastewater, the removal mechanism of MBSS for antibiotics, and the biomolecular information under metagenomic assay. When confronted with antibiotics, there was a notable augmentation in the extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) content within MBSS, along with a concurrent elevation in the proportion of protein (PN) constituents within the EPS, which limits the entry of antibiotics into the cellular interior. Quorum sensing stimulates the microorganisms to produce biological responses (DNA synthesis - for adhesion) through signaling. Oxidative stress promotes gene expression (coupling, conjugation) to enhance horizontal gene transfer (HGT) in MBSS. The microbial community under metagenomic detection is dominated by aerobic bacteria in the bacterial-microalgal system. Compared to aerobic bacteria, anaerobic bacteria had the significant advantage of decreasing the distribution of ARGs. Overall, MBSS exhibits remarkable efficacy in mitigating the challenges posed by antibiotics and resistant genes from mariculture wastewater.

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