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Two new pseudoscorpion species, Stenohya dongtianensis sp. nov. and S. jiahensis sp. nov., from Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, are described and illustrated. An identification key is provided for all known representatives of the genus Stenohya from China.

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Five new species of the genus Tyrannochthonius Chamberlin, 1929 are described from caves in the provinces of Yunnan (T.huilongshanensis sp. nov., T.xinzhaiensis sp. nov., and T.yamuhensis sp. nov.), Guizhou (T.dongjiensis sp. nov.), and Sichuan (T.huaerensis sp. nov.). An identification key is provided for all known representatives of the genus Tyrannochthonius from China.

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Four new species of the genus Metachelifer Redikorzev, 1938 are described from caves in the provinces of Tak (M.takensis sp. nov. and M.thailandicus sp. nov.), Chiangmai (M.mahnerti sp. nov.), and Nakhon Ratchasima (M.cheni sp. nov.). An identification key is provided to all known world representatives of the genus Metachelifer.

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As a group of heterocyclic macrocycle organic natural compounds occurring universally in animal tissues and plants, porphyrins are composed of four modified pyrrole subunits. Porphyrin analogues/ derivatives possess multiple biochemical properties because of their unique structures and have been extensively investigated in cancer treatment. Studies have shown that porphyrins and their derivatives have the ability to locate tumor cells in a variety of human cancers, and these compounds not only exhibit potent therapeutic effects as photodynamic agents but also show promising properties in medicinal imaging, such as MRI, photoacoustic imaging, fluorescence imaging, and PET/SPECT imaging. This paper reviews the recent reports of porphyrin derivatives as therapeutic agents used in tumor therapies, such as sonodynamic therapy, photodynamic therapy and radiotherapy, as well as the imaging agents for multimodality tumor imaging. The limitations of porphyrin-based compounds in tumor treatments and future prospects are also summarized.

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A new pseudoscorpion, Lagynochthonius bailongtanensis sp. nov., is described and illustrated from specimens collected in a cave in Luoping County, Yunnan Province, China. This species is notable in being strongly troglomorphic. A new identification key is provided to all known Chinese representatives of the genus Lagynochthonius.

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Breast cancer is a leading cause of cancer-associated mortality in females worldwide and evidence suggests that human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection may be implicated in the progress of breast cancer. HCMV glycoprotein B (gB) is the most abundant envelope protein and serves an important role in host cell entry. The present study aimed to clarify the role of HCMV gB in breast cancer cells. A HCMV gB construct (UL55) was generated and stable vUL55 gene lentivirus-transfected MDA-MB-231 cells were established. Subsequently, the effect of HCMV gB on the apoptosis and proliferation of MDA-MB-231 cells was measured by flow cytometry and Cell Counting Kit-8 assay. Furthermore, whether HCMV gB may modulate MDA-MB-231 cell migration was examined using Transwell and cell scratch assays. In addition, alterations in HCMV gB-modulated protein levels of transforming growth factor-ß (TGF-ß) and Mothers against decapentaplegic homologs 2/3 (Smad2/3) were detected using western blot analysis. The results indicated that UL55 cDNA was stably transfected into MDA-MB-231 cells, and that HCMV gB protein was stably expressed. No significant differences in cell apoptosis and proliferation between transfected (231-GB-OE) and negative control (231-NC) cells were observed, while the rate of cell migration was significantly decreased in the 231-GB-OE cells compared with the 231-NC cells. Additionally, the expression level of TGF-ß and phosphorylation level of Smad2/3 were also decreased in 231-GB-OE cells compared with the 231-NC cells. Although certain previous studies indicated that HCMV infection was associated with breast carcinogenesis, the results of the present study indicate that the envelope protein HCMV gB exhibits no effect on cell apoptosis and proliferation, but inhibits breast cancer cell migration. This may be due to downregulated TGF-ß/Smad signaling. Taken together, these studies may assist in developing anti-TGF-ß agents that contribute to tumor suppression.

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Two 3d-4f hetero-metal pentanuclear complexes with the formula {[CrIII2LnIII3L10(OH)6(H2O)2]Et3NH} [Ln=Tb (1), Dy (2); HL=pivalic acid, Et3N=triethylamine] have been produced. The metal core of each cluster is made up of a trigonal bipyramid with three LnIII ions (plane) and two CrIII ions (above and below) held together by six µ3-OH bridges. Also reported with this series is the diamagnetic CrIII-YIII analogue (3). Fortunately, we successfully prepared AlIII-LnIII analogues with the formula {[AlIII2LnIII3L10(OH)6(H2O)2]Et3NH⋅H2O} [Ln=Tb (4), Dy (5)], containing diamagnetic AlIII ions, which can be used to evaluate the CrIII-LnIII magnetic nature through a diamagnetic substitution method. Subsequently, static (dc) magnetic susceptibility studies reveal dominant ferromagnetic interactions between CrIII and LnIII ions. Dynamic (ac) magnetic susceptibility studies show frequency-dependent out-of-phase (χ'') signals for [CrIII2TbIII3] (1), [CrIII2DyIII3] (2), and [AlIII2DyIII3] (5), which are derived from the single-ion behavior of LnIII ions and/or the CrIII-LnIII ferromagnetic interactions.

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Nineteen polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in PM2.5 emitted from five different cooking activities were characterized, and their influencing factors were determined. The total quantified particle-bounded PAH concentrations (ΣPAHs) in the airs from the cooking activities were 4.2-36.5-fold higher than those in corresponding backgrounds. The highest ΣPAHs were seen in cafeteria frying (783 ± 499 ng/m3), followed by meat roasting (420 ± 191 ng/m3), fish roasting (210 ± 105 ng/m3), snack-street boiling (202 ± 230 ng/m3), and cafeteria boiling (150 ± 65 ng/m3). The main influencing factors on the PAH emissions were cooking methods, fat contents in raw materials, and oil consumptions. Four- to six-ringed PAHs had the highest contributions to the ΣPAHs (avg. 87.5%). Diagnostic ratios of individual PAH were similar between the two charbroiling and other three conventional Chinese cooking methods, respectively, demonstrating the dominance of cooking methods in the PAH emissions. Remarkably high benzo(b)fluoranthene/benzo(k)fluoranthene (BbF/BkF) ratio (8.31) was seen in the snack-street boiling, attributed to the coal combustion as cooking fuel. Both fluoranthene/(fluoranthene + pyrene) [FLT/(FLT + PYR)] and benzo(a)anthracene/(benzo(a)anthracene + chrysene) [BaA/(BaA + CHR)] ratios were higher for the oil-based cooking than those from the water-based ones. In addition, two ratios of indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene/(indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene + benzo(g,h,i)perylene) [IPY/(IPY + BPE)] and benzo(a)pyrene/(benzo(a)pyrene + benzo(g,h,i)perylene) [BaP/(BaP + BPE)] were higher for two charbroiling than the three conventional Chinese cooking methods. The characterization work in this study is particularly important since cooking is a potential contributor of atmospheric PAHs in urban China. Carcinogenic potencies of PAHs were assessed by comparison with the air quality guideline and health risk estimation. The BaP and BaP equivalent were higher for the oil-based than the water-based cooking activities.

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Four 3d-4f heterometallic complexes with the formula, {[Ln2Co6(OH)4(L1)6(L2)8(CH3CN)2]·nCH2Cl2} (Ln = Dy (1), n = 0.5; Ho (2), n = 1; Gd (3), n = 1; Y (4), n = 1; HL1 = 6-chloro-2-pyridinol, HL2 = pivalic acid), were synthesized. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction analyses revealed that complexes 1-4 consisted of a [Ln2Co6] core, featuring a Ln-Ln edge-sharing double-trigonal-bipyramid configuration. The magnetic susceptibilities revealed ferromagnetic coupling within complexes 1 and 2, and complex 1 displayed slow relaxation of magnetization.

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Three new species of darkling beetles (Tenebrionidae) belonging to the subgenus Leipopleura of the genus Bioramix Bates, 1879, Bioramix (Leipopleura) baqenensis Li & Egorov, sp. n., Bioramix (Leipopleura) nyainrongensis Li & Egorov, sp. n., and Bioramix (Leipopleura) banbarensis Li & Egorov, sp. n. are described from the Tibet Autonomous Region in China. Additionally, a new identification key is provided to all known Chinese representatives of the subgenus Leipopleura.

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Two new species of darkling beetles (Tenebrionidae: Platyscelidini) belonging to the subgenus Cardiobioramix of the genus Bioramix are described. The first one, B. (C.) jinchuanensis sp. nov. known from the Chinese Province Sichuan Jinchuan, is characterized by the elongated parameres which are uniquely curved near the apex. The second one, B. (C.) maoxianensis sp. nov. described from Sichuan Maoxian and can be distinguished from the closely related B. (C.) szetschuana, B. (C.) kulzeri and B. (C.) subaenescens by the basally parallel parameres. A new identification key is provided to all known Chinese representatives of the subgenus Cardiobioramix.

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Rainwater chemistry was investigated at a semi-rural site in Ya'an, Sichuan basin with rain samples collected from May 2013 to July 2014. The rainwater pH values ranged from 3.25 to 6.86, with an annual volume-weighted mean (VWM) of 4.38, and the acid rain frequency was 74 %. Such severe acidification, 15 % of the total events showed a pH below 4.0, attributed to the deficiency of Ca(2+), significant anthropogenic pollution contribution, and rainy pattern to this area. The annual VWM of total ions concentration was 477.19 µeq/L. NH4 (+) was the most abundant ionic species, followed by SO4 (2-), NO3 (-), Ca(2+), Cl(-), Na(+), K(+), Mg(2+), and F(-) in a descending order. The total ionic concentrations presented a seasonal trend of lower values in autumn and summer but higher ones in winter and spring. Based on enrichment factor, correlation analysis and principle component analysis, three factors were identified: factor 1 (NH4 (+), SO4 (2-), NO3 (-), K(+), and Cl(-), 47.45 % of the total variance) related to anthropogenic sources (coal/fuel combustion, biomass burning and agriculture), factor 2 (Ca(2+), Mg(2+), Na(+), and Cl(-), 34.01 % of the total variance) associated with natural sources, and factor 3 (H(+), 11.78 % of the total variance) related to free acidity. Back trajectory analysis indicates that the rainwater chemistry in Ya'an was mainly affected by regional air masses from Sichuan basin. Long-range transported air masses from southwest with heavy anthropogenic pollution increased the total ion concentration and acidity of rainwater. Considering its special topography, anthropogenic emissions from regional and long-range transport (especially from southwest) must be controlled effectively to improve the acid rain condition of non-urban areas in Sichuan basin.

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OBJECTIVE: To investigate if immunological factors associated with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) affect the result of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) screening by electrochemiluminescence immunoassay (ECLIA) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). METHODS: 100 RA cases were enrolled from January 2012 to February 2013 into this study. HIV screening was conducted with ECLIA detecting both HIV-1 p24 antigen, HIV-1 and HIV-2 antibodies, with ELISA and colloidal gold method detecting HIV-1 and HIV-2 antibodies. The samples producing positive results were submitted to the Center for Disease Control for confirmation using Western blotting method. The antibody titers of rheumatoid factors (RF) including RF-IgG, RF-IgM, RF-IgA, and CCP-IgG were analyzed by ELISA. RESULTS: The HIV positive-rate determined by ECLIA was significantly higher than that by ELISA and colloidal gold method (P<0.01). The false-positive rate of HIV screening was associated with antibody titers of RF-IgG, RF-IgM, RF-IgA, and CCP-IgG in RA (P<0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Immunological factors, including RF and anti-CCP antibody, may influence the screening of HIV by ECLIA, producing false-positive result.

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OBJECTIVE: To study the objective diagnostic mechanisms on Chinese medical (CM) syndrome patterns of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and to research different titers of rheumatoid factor (RF)/citrullinated protein antibody (CCP) in CM syndrome patterns of RA. METHODS: Totally 230 early RA patients were assigned to five CM syndrome pattern groups, i.e., the dampness-heat blockage group (50 cases), the cold-dampness blockage group (50 cases), the Shen-qi deficiency-cold group (50 cases), the Gan-Shen yin deficiency group (40 cases), and the blood stasis blockage group (40 cases). Another 100 healthy subjects were recruited as the healthy control group. RF-IGM, RF-IGA, RF-IGG, and anti-CCP antibody were detected and compared. RESULTS: The titers of RF-IGM, RF-IGA, RF-IGG, and anti-CCP antibody were higher in all groups than in the healthy control groups (P < 0.01). As for the 5 groups, RF-IGM, RF-IGA,RF-IGG, and anti-CCP antibody were higher in the RA active stage than in the nonactive stage. They were higher in the dampness-heat blockage group in the RA active stage than in the Shen-qi deficiency-cold group, the Gan-shen yin deficiency group, and the blood stasis blockage group. CONCLUSION: Titers of RF-IGM, RF-IGA, RF-IGG, and anti-CCP antibody could be taken as judging indicators for differentiating objective lab indices of CM syndromes and assessing the active stage of RA.

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OBJECTIVE: To study the biodistribution and imaging of I/I-labeled KH901, a tumor-specific oncolytic recombinant adenovirus, in nude mice bearing human hepatocarcinoma. METHODS: KH901 was labeled with I/I according to the N-bromosuccinimide labeling method. The activity of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. After I-KH901 was injected into the tumor, the label was followed in different organs and tumor tissues in nude mice with hepatocellular carcinoma. I-KH901 was injected directly into the tumor of nude mice bearing hepatocellular carcinoma, and their concentrations were detected at different times on radionuclide images. RESULTS: The radiochemical purity of I/I-KH901 was over 95%. I-KH901 stimulated massive expression of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor in tumor cells. Twenty-four hours after the addition of I-KH901, the concentrations of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor were 183.27+/-6.90 and 20.44+/-0.77 pg/ml in tumor and normal cells, respectively. I-KH901 was mainly distributed in the tumor and had a longer retention time, which was 14.93%ID/g at 24 h. Radionuclide imaging showed that the radioactive retention of I-KH901 in the tumor was significant. The tumor was shown clearly in the whole-body scan at 2 h after injection. CONCLUSION: I or I-KH901 concentrates specifically at the tumor site, which makes it a novel drug (combination of oncolytic adenovirus and radionuclide therapies) for the treatment of cancer.

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OBJECTIVE: To test the effect of recombinant human tumor necrosis factor-alpha (rhTNF-alpha) labeled with 131I on tumor growth in the nude mice bearing human hepatoma. METHODS: The biological activity of 131I-rhTNF-alpha was tested through in vitro combination of the radioactive drug and SMMC-7721 cells. The BALB/c-nu/ nu mice model bearing human hepatoma were established by injecting single cell suspension of SMMC-7721 cells. When the tumor was 1 cm in diameter, the therapeutic experiment was carried out. Twenty-four nude mice bearing human hepatoma were divided into six groups according the area of tumor, weight and sex of the nude mice. After i. v administration of 131I-rhTNF-alpha, the body biodistribution of 131I-rhTNF-alpha was assessed during a short-term (30 min, 1 h, 6 h) and a long-term (12 h, 24 h, 48 h) period. The biological activity and tumor accumulation of 131I-rhTNF-alpha were investigated. In the end of the experiment, histopathologic examinations of tumor samples were undertaken. RESULTS: The combination of 131I-rhTNF-alpha with the human hepatoma SMMC-7721 cells existed dose dependence and saturability. The 131I-rhTNF-alpha had satisfactory immunoreactivity. The 131I-rhTNF-alpha accumulated in tumor tissues well and kept stable for several days. The tumor tissues accumulated the highest radioactivity at 6 h, and still maintained 67.5% of that radioactivity at 48 h. The 131I-rhTNF-alpha administrated either intravenously or intratumorally could inhibit tumor growth. The 131I-rhTNF-alpha had similar radioactivity as the positive control (P>0.05), but greater radioactivity than the control groups including 131I, rhTNF-alpha and the negative groups (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: The radioactive compound of 131I-rhTNF-alpha can inhibit and kill tumor cells, which demonstrates its potential for treating hepatocarcinoma.

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AIM: To explore and compare the radiochemical behavior and biological property of anti-sense oligonuc-leotide (ASON) labeled with technetium-99m using N-hydroxysuccinimidyl S-acetylmercaptoacetyltriglycline (NHS-MAG(3)) and hydrazinonictinamide derivative (HYNIC). METHODS: After HYNIC and NHS-MAG(3) were synthesized, ASON was labeled with technetium-99m using HYNIC and NHS-MAG(3) as a bifunctional chelator. The in vivo and in vitro stability, binding rates of labeled compounds to serum albumen, biodistribution of (99m)Tc-MAG(3)-ASON and (99m)Tc-HYNIC-ASON in BALB/C mouse and its HT29 tumor cellular uptake were compared. RESULTS: The labeling efficiency and stability of (99m)Tc-MAG(3)-ASON were significantly higher than those of (99m)Tc-HYNIC-ASON (P = 0.02, and P = 0.03, respectively). (99m)Tc-MAG(3)-ASON had a significantly lower rate of binding to serum albumen than (99m)Tc-HYNIC-ASON (P < 0.05). In contrast to (99m)Tc-HYNIC-ASON, the biodistribution of (99m)Tc-MAG(3)-ASON was significantly lower in blood, heart, liver and stomach (P < 0.05), slightly lower in intestines and spleen (P > 0.05) and significantly higher in lung and kidney (P < 0.05). The HT29 tumor cellular uptake rate of (99m)Tc-MAG(3)-ASON was significantly higher than that of (99m)Tc-HYNIC-ASON (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: (99m)Tc-MAG(3)-ASON shows superior radiochemical behaviors and biological properties than (99m)Tc-HYNIC-ASON. (99m)Tc-MAG(3)-ASON is a potential radiopharmaceutical agent for in vivo application.

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For over one hundred years, viruses have been recognized as capable of killing tumor cells. At present, people are still researching and constructing more suitable oncolytic viruses for treating different malignant tumors. Although extensive studies have demonstrated that herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) is the most potential oncolytic virus, therapies based on herpes simplex virus type 1 vectors still arouse bio-safety and risk management issues. Researchers have therefore introduced the new idea of treating cancer with HSV-1 mutants labeled with radionuclides, combining radionuclide and oncolytic virus therapies. This overview briefly summarizes the status and mechanisms by which oncolytic viruses kill tumor cells, discusses the application of HSV-1 and HSV-1 derived vectors for tumor therapy, and demonstrates the feasibility and prospect of HSV-1 mutants labeled with radionuclides for treating tumors.

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PURPOSE: HAb18G/CD147 is a hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)-associated antigen. We developed iodine (131I) metuximab injection (Licartin), a novel 131I-labeled HAb18G/CD147-specific monoclonal antibody Fab'2 fragment, and evaluated its safety, pharmacokinetics, and clinical efficacy on HCC in Phase I/II trials. METHODS AND MATERIALS: In a Phase I trial, 28 patients were randomly assigned to receive the injection in 9.25-, 18.5-, 27.75-, or 37-MBq/kg doses by hepatic artery infusion. In a multicenter Phase II trial, 106 patients received the injection (27.75 MBq/kg) on Day 1 of a 28-day cycle. Response rate and survival rate were the endpoints. RESULTS: No life-threatening toxic effects were found. The safe dosage was 27.75 MBq/kg. The blood clearance fitted a biphasic model, and its half-life was 90.56-63.93 h. In the Phase II trial, the injection was found to be targeted and concentrated to tumor tissues. Of the 73 patients completing two cycles, 6 (8.22%) had a partial response, 14 (19.18%) minor response, and 43 (58.90%) stable disease. The 21-month survival rate was 44.54%. The survival rate of progression-free patients was significantly higher than that of patients with progressive disease after either one or two cycles (p < 0.0001 or p = 0.0019). CONCLUSION: Iodine (131I) metuximab injection is safe and active for HCC patients.

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OBJECTIVE: To prepare VIP-125I-ASON and investigate the possibility of using it as an agent for diagnostic imaging and therapy of colon carcinoma. METHODS: The iodination of a 15-base single-stranded antisense oligonucleotide (ASON) complementary to C-myc oncogene mRNA was carried out in the presence of TICl3. The radiolabeled oligonucleotide was complexed with a VIP-polylysine conjugate under certain condition. 3-5 microCi VIP-125I-ASON was injected into the tail vein of the BALB/c nude mice bearing transplanted HT29 colon carcinoma; the nude mice were killed at specific intervals after injection, and the biodistrbution of VIP-125I-ASON in the organs were calculated. RESULTS: The biodistributed experiment showed that the 125I-ASON was excreted by kidney mostly and by liver and spleen in part. The results of studies after the injection of VIP-125I-ASON differed from those of unconjugated 125I-ASON. The conjugation of VIP to the ASON resulted in a decrease in the plasma clearance of the radiopharmaceutical, which may be due to the reduction in the renal clearance of the ASON. The highest uptake of tumor tissue (5.89% ID/g at 2 h) was significantly higher than that in nude mice given unconjugated ASON (P < 0.05). Tumor to blood ratios and tumor to muscle ratios were optimal at 4 h. CONCLUSION: VIP-125I-ASON has desirable stability and higher uptake in tumor. It may provide a new sensitive mean for diagnostic antisense imaging and radiotherapy of tumor in the future.

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