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Chronic osteomyelitis is a chronic bone infection characterized by progressive osteonecrosis and dead bone formation, which is closely related to persistent infection and chronic inflammation. Exosomes derived from bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSC) play an important role in bone tissue regeneration and the modulation of inflammatory processes. However, their role and mechanism of action in osteomyelitis have not been reported so far. This paper explores the potential effect of BMSC-derived exosomes on osteomyelitis in vitro model with the aim of providing a theoretical basis for the treatment of osteomyelitis in the future. In this study, exosomes were isolated and extracted from BMSCs and identified. MC3T3-E1 cells were treated with Staphylococcal protein A (SPA) to establish an in vitro model of osteomyelitis. Next, the effects of BMSC-derived exosomes on cell proliferation, apoptosis, angiogenesis, and autophagy in MC3T3-E1 cells treated with SPA were evaluated. Results showed that the proliferation ability of MC3T3-E1 cells increased after co-culture with BMSC-derived exosomes. Moreover, exosomes induced autophagy and osteogenic differentiation in MC3T3-E1 cells. The mRNA and protein levels of factors related to proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, autophagy, and angiogenesis including ß-Catenin, Runx2, Bcl-2, VEGFA, and Beclin-1 upregulated in SPA-treated MC3T3-E1 cells, whereas the levels of inflammatory cytokines including TNF-α, IL-1ß, and IL-6 decreased in the supernatant. The results showed that exosomes derived from BMSCs may participate in the attenuation of osteomyelitis by inducing proliferation and osteogenic differentiation and regulating the inflammatory state in bone cells.

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The research on hatching ecology of the Chinese softshell turtle Trionyx sinensis has essential guiding roles to clarify the physiological and ecological mechanism of reptile evolution. The aim of this study is to describe the histological changes, differentiation, and maturation of some functional cells during the genesis and development of the liver and pancreas of the Chinese softshell turtle T. sinensis. Softshell turtle eggs were incubated under artificial conditions and hatched within 41-45 days. Hematoxylin and eosin-stained embryonic pancreas and liver were examined at various time points from 2 to 31 days and compared with that of other reptiles, amphibians, fishes, and birds in the literature. Immunohistochemical assay for glucagon and insulin was performed on paraformaldehyde-fixed embryos to identify functional cells in the pancreas. Pancreatic endocrine cells of T. sinensis have secretory ability at day 26 of embryonic development, and the dispersed pancreatic endocrine cells may be the result of the incomplete pancreatic development.

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The distribution of glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1)-positive cells in digestive tracts and pancreases of aquatic vertebrates was investigated by immunohistochemical staining method. The results suggested that GLP-1-positive cells were distributed in the columnar mucous epithelium and tubular glands of lamina propria in the digestive system. However, GLP-1-positive cells were also found in subepithelial lamina propria of the mucosae and muscularis in each segment of the digestive tract of Rana nigromaculata. The distribution densities of these cells reached peaks in the stomachs, and the middle or end segments of small intestines of Chinese softshell turtle, Bufo gargarizans, R. nigromaculata and catfish, and there was the third distribution density peak in the rectum of catfish. The total amount or overall density of GLP-1-positive cells varied a lot in the digestive tracts of different animal species. The distribution density was relatively low in the digestive tract of chub and reached the maximum in the digestive tracts of snakehead and catfish, but no GLP-1-positive cells were found in the digestive tract of bighead carp. GLP-1-positive cells were densely distributed in the pancreases of Chinese softshell turtle, B. gargarizans and R. nigromaculata. These cells spread over the superficial layers of islets or scattered in exocrine pancreas in the pancreas of B. gargarizans, spread in the endocrine cells or scattered in the pancreas of Chinese softshell turtle, scattered in the pancreas of R. nigromaculata and distributed in the superficial layers of islets in the pancreas of catfish.

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OBJECTIVE: To compare changes of blood clotting state after initial trauma fractures and twice trauma fractures, investigate the effect of fracture history to the state of the blood clotting after secondary trauma fractures. METHODS: Thirty New Zealand rabbits were selected, aged 5-6 months, males and females unlimited, weighted 2.4-2.6 kg, non-pregnant. Postoperative model of initial trauma fractures was established, and then postoperative model after twice trauma fractures was built. Prothrombin time (PT), activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), thrombin time (TT), fiber fibrinogen (FIB) and D-dimer (DD) were detected by venous blood at 1 day and 5 days after surgery. Changes of indicators were compared between after twice fractures at the same time. RESULTS: Comparing with 1 day after the secondary trauma fracture and initial trauma fracture surgery, PT, APTT values showed no significant difference (P > 0.05), TT, FIB, DD values were increased, and the difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05); Comparing with 5 days after the secondary trauma fracture and initial trauma fracture surgery, PT values showed no significant difference (P < 0 .05), APTT, TT, FIB, DD values were increased, and the difference was statistically significant (P< 0.05). CONCLUSION: Blood after the secondary trauma fractures is in hypercoagulable state after fracture surgery.

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