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Pomelo peel is a valuable source of pectin, but research on its cell wall polysaccharides is limited. This study compared the cell wall polysaccharides of pomelo peel, enzyme-extracted polysaccharides of pomelo peel, and enzyme-extracted polysaccharides of whole pomelo fruit. Cell wall polysaccharides, including water-soluble pectin (WSP), chelator-soluble pectin (CSP), sodium carbonate-soluble pectin (NSP), 1 mol/L KOH soluble hemicellulose (KSH-1), and 4 mol/L KOH soluble hemicellulose (KSH-2), were obtained by sequence-extraction method. Total polysaccharides from whole pomelo fruit (TP) and peel-polysaccharides from pomelo pericarps (PP) were obtained using enzyme-extraction method. The structural, thermal, rheological, antioxidant properties, and wound healing effect in vitro were described for each polysaccharide. WSP had a uniform molecular weight distribution and high uronic acid (UA) content, suitable for commercial pectin. NSP had the highest Rhamnose (Rha)/UA ratio and a rich side chain with highest viscosity and water retention. PP displayed the highest DPPH radical scavenging activity and reducing capacity at 0.1 to 2.0 mg/mL concentration range, with an IC50 of 1.05 mg/mL for DPPH free radicals. NSP also demonstrated the highest hydroxyl radical scavenging activity and promoted Human dermal keratinocyte proliferation and migration at 10 µg/mL, suggesting potential applications in daily chemical and pharmaceutical industries.
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Achieving a high-density, repeatable, and uniform distribution of "hotspots" across the entire surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) substrate is a current challenge in facilitating the efficient preparation of large-area SERS substrates. In this study, we aim to produce homogeneous surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) substrates based on the strong interaction between femtosecond laser pulses and a thin film of colloidal gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). The SERS substrate we obtained consists of irregularly shaped and sharp-edged gold nanoparticle aggregates with specially extruding features; meanwhile, a large number of three-dimensional AuNP stacks are produced. The advantages of such configurations lie in the production of a high density of hotspots, which can significantly improve the SERS performance. When the laser fluence is 5.6 mJ/cm2, the substrate exhibits the best SERS enhancement effect, and a strong SERS signal can still be observed when testing the concentration of R6G at 10-8 mol/L. The enhancement factor of such SERS substrates prepared using femtosecond laser direct writing is increased by 3 orders of magnitude compared to the conventional furnace annealing process. Furthermore, the relative standard deviation for the intensities of the SERS signals was measured to be 5.1% over an area of 50 × 50 µm2, indicating a highly homogeneous SERS performance and excellent potential for practical applications.
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Background: The aging population has led to a surge in demand for home care, which has developed rapidly in China in recent years. However, there has been less empirical research into the needs of healthcare workers about providing home care. The purpose of this study was to explore the latent classes of healthcare workers' needs in primary health care institutions and to identify associated factors. Methods: From August 2021 to June 2022, a convenience sampling method was adopted to conduct a questionnaire survey on the workers of 62 primary healthcare institutions in Sichuan Province. Latent class analysis was used to categorize home care needs by Mplus 8.3. Multinomial logistic regression analysis was adopted to explore the influencing factors using SPSS 25.0. Results: A total of 1,152 healthcare workers were included in the study. Their needs for home care were classified into four latent classes: overall high need group (18.0%); overall low need group (34.8%); high training and low support need group (29.9%), and the high security and low training need group (17.3%). The factors influencing the different need categories included working area, professional title, role of medical workers, had participated in training about home care, and feelings about home care, with Class 1 as the reference group. Conclusion: Our findings indicate that primary healthcare workers have multifaceted needs for providing home care. Paying attention to their diverse needs can help optimize home care and enhance service capacity. Exploring the factors affecting needs can provide targeted support to healthcare workers to ensure the quality and continuity of home care services.
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Personal de Salud , Servicios de Atención de Salud a Domicilio , Análisis de Clases Latentes , Humanos , China , Femenino , Servicios de Atención de Salud a Domicilio/estadística & datos numéricos , Masculino , Personal de Salud/estadística & datos numéricos , Adulto , Encuestas y Cuestionarios , Persona de Mediana Edad , Atención Primaria de Salud/estadística & datos numéricos , Evaluación de Necesidades , Necesidades y Demandas de Servicios de SaludRESUMEN
Breast cancer is a malignant tumor that poses a significant threat to women's health and single therapy fails to play a good oncological therapeutic effect. Synergistic treatment with multiple strategies may make up for the deficiencies and has gained widespread attention. In this study, sulfhydryl-modified hyaluronic acid (HA-SH) was covalently crosslinked with polydopamine (PDA) via a Michael addition reaction to develop an injectable hydrogel, in which PDA can be used not only as a matrix but also as a photothermal agent. After HSA and paclitaxel were spontaneously organized into nanoparticles via hydrophobic interaction, hyaluronic acid with low molecular weight was covalently linked to HSA, thus conferring effectively delivery. This photothermal injectable hydrogel incorporates PTX@HSA-HA nanoparticles, thereby initiating a thermochemotherapeutic response to target malignancy. Our results demonstrated that this injectable hydrogel possesses consistent drug delivery capability in a murine breast cancer model, collaborating with photothermal therapy to effectively suppress tumor growth, represented by low expression of Ki-67 and increasing apoptosis. Photothermal therapy (PTT) can effectively stimulate immune response by increasing IL-6 and TNF-α. Notably, the treatment did not elicit any indications of toxicity. This injectable hydrogel holds significant promise as a multifaceted therapeutic agent that integrates photothermal and chemotherapeutic modalities.
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Neoplasias de la Mama , Ácido Hialurónico , Hidrogeles , Paclitaxel , Terapia Fototérmica , Animales , Ácido Hialurónico/química , Hidrogeles/química , Hidrogeles/farmacología , Femenino , Neoplasias de la Mama/terapia , Neoplasias de la Mama/tratamiento farmacológico , Neoplasias de la Mama/patología , Ratones , Terapia Fototérmica/métodos , Paclitaxel/farmacología , Paclitaxel/química , Paclitaxel/administración & dosificación , Humanos , Indoles/química , Indoles/farmacología , Ratones Endogámicos BALB C , Polímeros/química , Apoptosis/efectos de los fármacos , Línea Celular Tumoral , Nanopartículas/química , Portadores de Fármacos/química , Antineoplásicos Fitogénicos/farmacología , Antineoplásicos Fitogénicos/química , Antineoplásicos Fitogénicos/administración & dosificación , Sistemas de Liberación de Medicamentos/métodos , Fototerapia/métodosRESUMEN
Fatty liver, a major health problem worldwide, is closely associated with aberrant accumulation and alteration of energy storage organelles, lipid droplets (LDs), in the disease process. Fluorescent probes with excellent optical performance, high sensitivity/selectivity and real-time monitoring have emerged as an attractive tool for the detection of LDs used in the diagnosis of fatty liver. In this review, we summarize various probes based on different response mechanisms to image LDs in the fatty liver process using different excitation imaging modes and emission wavelengths, including the visible to the near-infrared, two/three-photon, and the second near-infrared region. The perspectives and barriers associated with the reported lipid droplet (LD) probes for future development are also discussed.
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Introduction: Kidney cancer (KC) is a significant health burden globally, with over 400,000 new cases estimated in 2020. The prognosis of KC is influenced by various factors, including tumor spread, pathological characteristics, and molecular genetic changes. Recent studies have emphasized the involvement of gut microbiota and the immune system's contribution in the onset of KC. This extensive research endeavor sought to investigate the potential associations between diverse immune cell phenotypes, specific gut microbiota species, and their impact on the risk of developing KC, alongside the examination of circulating inflammatory proteins. Methods: Adhering to the STROBE-MR guidelines, our investigation involved a two-stage Mendelian randomization (2SMR) analysis grounded on three fundamental assumptions: relevance, independence, and exclusion restriction. The exposure data utilized in this study originated from genome-wide association studies (GWAS) specifically designed to explore immune traits, inflammatory proteins, and gut microbiota compositions. Results: Our analysis identified 25 immune phenotypes, 4 circulating inflammatory proteins, and 12 gut microbiota features that exhibited significant causal associations with KC (P < 0.05). 10 immune phenotypes were protective against KC, while 15 were risk factors. Among the inflammatory proteins, CCL28 and IL-2 were protective, whereas FGF-23 and ß-NGF were risk factors. Gut microbiota features associated with reduced KC risk included biosynthetic pathways involving amino acids and specific bacterial genera, whereas others, like Butyrivibrio crossotus and Odoribacter splanchnicus, were risk factors. Conclusion: Immune, inflammatory, and gut microbiota factors impact KC development. Identified factors hint at biomarkers and therapeutic targets. It is very important to understand the relationship between these factors and KC.
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Microbioma Gastrointestinal , Estudio de Asociación del Genoma Completo , Neoplasias Renales , Análisis de la Aleatorización Mendeliana , Humanos , Neoplasias Renales/inmunología , Neoplasias Renales/genética , Neoplasias Renales/microbiología , Microbioma Gastrointestinal/inmunología , Factores de RiesgoRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Value analysis of a small-molecule fluorescent probe for methylation detection in different cervical lesions. MATERIALS AND METHODS: (1) The grayscale values of distinct lesion tissues were remarkably distinct among the four groups (p < 0.05). The comparison of the grayscale value between the two groups showed that the CA group noticeably exceeded the LSIL and cervicitis groups, and the HSIL group was apparently higher than the LSIL and cervicitis groups (p < 0.05); (2) The mean grayscale values of the enrolled subjects were calculated with 55.21 as the midline, with >55.21 as positive and ≤55.21 as negative. RESULTS: The results showed that the positive rate of the cervicitis group was 0.00%, the LSIL group 67.74%, the HSIL group 83.33%, and the CA group 100.00%. The results among the four groups were notably distinct (p < 0.05); (3) The comparison among DAPI, probe, bright, and merged images of cervicitis, LSIL, HSIL, and CA indicated that different cervical lesions were with quite various stains. CONCLUSION: The grayscale value, positive rate, and stained picture of distinct cervical lesions were remarkably different. The small-molecule fluorescent probe has a good value in differentiating cervical lesions and can be considered for popularization and application.
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ADN (Citosina-5-)-Metiltransferasa 1 , Metilación de ADN , Colorantes Fluorescentes , Neoplasias del Cuello Uterino , Humanos , Femenino , Neoplasias del Cuello Uterino/genética , Adulto , Persona de Mediana Edad , ADN (Citosina-5-)-Metiltransferasa 1/metabolismo , ADN (Citosina-5-)-Metiltransferasa 1/genética , Anciano , Sensibilidad y Especificidad , Cervicitis Uterina/metabolismo , Displasia del Cuello del Útero/diagnósticoRESUMEN
Breast cancer (BC) stands as a predominant global malignancy, significantly contributing to female mortality. Recently uncovered, histone lysine lactylation (kla) has assumed a crucial role in cancer progression. However, the correlation with lncRNAs remains ambiguous. Scrutinizing lncRNAs associated with Kla not only improves clinical breast cancer management but also establishes a groundwork for antitumor drug development. We procured breast tissue samples, encompassing both normal and cancerous specimens, from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. Utilizing Cox regression and XGBoost methods, we developed a prognostic model using identified kla-related lncRNAs. The model's predictive efficacy underwent validation across training, testing, and the overall cohort. Functional analysis concerning kla-related lncRNAs ensued. We identified and screened 8 kla-related lncRNAs to formulate the risk model. Pathway analysis disclosed the connection between immune-related pathways and the risk model of kla-related lncRNAs. Significantly, the risk scores exhibited a correlation with both immune cell infiltration and immune function, indicating a clear association. Noteworthy is the observation that patients with elevated risk scores demonstrated an increased tumor mutation burden (TMB) and decreased tumor immune dysfunction and exclusion (TIDE) scores, suggesting heightened responses to immune checkpoint blockade. Our study uncovers a potential link between Kla-related lncRNAs and BC, providing innovative therapeutic guidelines for BC management.
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Neoplasias de la Mama , Lisina , ARN Largo no Codificante , Microambiente Tumoral , Humanos , ARN Largo no Codificante/genética , ARN Largo no Codificante/metabolismo , Femenino , Neoplasias de la Mama/genética , Neoplasias de la Mama/inmunología , Neoplasias de la Mama/metabolismo , Neoplasias de la Mama/patología , Microambiente Tumoral/inmunología , Microambiente Tumoral/genética , Lisina/metabolismo , Pronóstico , Biomarcadores de Tumor/genética , Regulación Neoplásica de la Expresión GénicaRESUMEN
Macrophages consist of a heterogeneous population of functionally distinct cells that participate in many physiological and pathological processes. They exhibit prominent plasticity by changing their different functional phenotypes represented by proinflammatory (M1) and anti-inflammatory (M2) in response to different environmental stimuli. Emerging evidence illustrates the importance of intracellular metabolic pathways in macrophage polarizations and functions. In the tumor microenvironment (TME), macrophages tend to M2 polarization, which promotes tumor growth and leads to adverse physiological effects. Due to the lack of highly specific antigens in M1 and M2 macrophages, significant challenges present in isolating these subtypes from clinical samples or in vitro coculture models of tumor-immune cells. In reverse, the single-cell technique provides the possibility to investigate the factors influencing macrophage polarization in the TME. In this research, we employed inertial microfluidic chip-mass spectrometry (IMC-MS) to conduct single-cell metabolomics analysis of macrophages polarized into the two major phenotypes, respectively, and 213 metabolites were identified in total. Subsequently, differential metabolites between macrophage phenotypes were analyzed using volcano plots and binary logistic regression models. Glutamine was pinpointed as a key metabolite for the M1 and M2 phenotypes. Experimental results from both monoculture and coculture cell models demonstrated that M1 polarization is more reliant on the presence of glutamine in the culture environment than M2 polarization. Glutamine deficiency resulted in failed M1 polarization, while its absence had a less pronounced effect on M2 polarization. Replenishing an appropriate amount of glutamine during the intermediate stages of coculture models significantly enhanced the proportion of M1 polarization and suppressed the growth of tumor cells. This research elucidated glutamine as a key factor influencing macrophage polarization in the TME via single-cell metabolomics based on IMC-MS, offering promising insights and targets for tumor therapies.
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Macrófagos , Metabolómica , Análisis de la Célula Individual , Microambiente Tumoral , Macrófagos/metabolismo , Macrófagos/inmunología , Metabolómica/métodos , Humanos , Animales , Ratones , Espectrometría de Masas , Glutamina/metabolismo , Dispositivos Laboratorio en un ChipRESUMEN
Insufficient dietary vitamin intake can lead to severe health conditions in humans. Improving the vitamin E (VE) content of food crops such as rice through breeding is an economical and effective means to alleviate this problem. In this study, Homogentisate phytyltransferase (HPT) and γ-tocopherol methyltransferase (γ-TMT), two genes derived from sunflower (Helianthus annuus L., a high VE species), were introduced into an elite rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivar "Ningjing 7" for biofortification. We verified the successful expression of the two genes in multiple transformation events. High-performance liquid chromatography revealed that transgenic plants expressing either HaHPT alone or HaHPT and HaTMT accumulate more VE compared with the wild type. We also revealed that the level of α-tocopherol, the form of VE with the highest biological activity, had increased to 2.33 times in transgenic HaTMT plants compared with the wild type. Transcriptome analysis revealed that the expression levels of some chlorophyll synthesis pathway genes related to VE precursor synthesis significantly increased during grain filling in transgenic rice grains. No difference in agronomic traits was observed between the transgenic plants and their wild type except for a slightly reduced plant height associated with the transgenic plants. These data demonstrate that the heterologous expression of HaHPT gene is effective in increasing the total VE content, while HaTMT plays an important role in the relative abundance of α-tocopherol in rice grains. This study demonstrates a promising strategy for breeding rice with elevated VE content via metabolic engineering.
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Gellan gum (GG) is a natural polysaccharide with a wide range of industrial applications. This review aims to investigate the potential of GG-based films and coatings to act as environmentally friendly substitutes for traditional petrochemical plastics in food packaging. GG-based films and coatings exhibit versatile properties that can be tailored through the incorporation of various substances, such as plant extracts, microorganisms, and nanoparticles. These functional additives enhance properties like the light barrier, antioxidant activity, and antimicrobial capabilities, all of which are essential for extending the shelf-life of perishable food items. The ability to control the release of active compounds, along with the adaptability of GG-based films and coatings to different food products, highlights their effectiveness in preserving quality and inhibiting microbial growth. Furthermore, GG-based composites that incorporate natural pigments can serve as visual indicators for monitoring food freshness. Overall, GG-based composites present a promising avenue for the development of sustainable and innovative food packaging solutions.
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OBJECTIVES: To revisit women's knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) regarding emergency contraception (EC) in Hong Kong. The research sought to provide insights for improving the accessibility and quality of EC services. STUDY DESIGN: A cross-sectional study, where self-administered questionnaires were distributed at a major community sexual and reproductive health service in Hong Kong over a 3-month period between July 2023 and October 2023. Descriptive and regression analyses were used. RESULTS: Of 1127 respondents, the majority (n=1057, 93.8%) reported using contraception and 513 (45.6%) had used EC. The main contraceptive methods used were male condoms and oral contraceptive pills. The majority (n=1035, 91.8%) of respondents demonstrated awareness about EC and 938 (83.2%) participants correctly reported the timeframe for oral EC. Around two-thirds reported the internet as being their leading source of EC knowledge. Over 93% of respondents advocated for enhancing public awareness. Acceptance of non-traditional means of obtaining EC, such as over-the-counter provision (51.3%), pharmacy provision (49.8%) and telemedicine consultation (43.1%), were higher than face-to-face EC consultations (32.9%). CONCLUSIONS: Family planning service users' characteristics and KAP regarding EC have significantly changed over the last 20 years. Women now demonstrate greater awareness, knowledge and openness regarding EC, indicating improved readiness for more liberal delivery of EC nowadays. This study highlights the need for restructuring EC service provision in Hong Kong to address women's changing preferences and contraceptive needs, and to minimise barriers to EC access. We recommend reclassifying emergency contraceptive pills as non-prescription drugs in Hong Kong to align with international practice.
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Neoplasias de la Mama , Mamoplastia , Pezones , Humanos , Neoplasias de la Mama/cirugía , Femenino , Mamoplastia/métodos , Pezones/cirugía , Procedimientos Quirúrgicos Mínimamente Invasivos/métodos , Resultado del Tratamiento , Mastectomía/métodos , Metaanálisis como Asunto , Procedimientos Quirúrgicos Robotizados/métodos , Implantes de Mama , Tratamientos Conservadores del Órgano/métodosRESUMEN
Multiple synchronous lung cancers (MSLCs) constitute a unique subtype of lung cancer. To explore the genomic and immune heterogeneity across different pathological stages of MSLCs, we analyse 16 MSLCs from 8 patients using single-cell RNA-seq, single-cell TCR sequencing, and bulk whole-exome sequencing. Our investigation indicates clonally independent tumours with convergent evolution driven by shared driver mutations. However, tumours from the same individual exhibit few shared mutations, indicating independent origins. During the transition from pre-invasive to invasive adenocarcinoma, we observe a shift in T cell phenotypes characterized by increased Treg cells and exhausted CD8+ T cells, accompanied by diminished cytotoxicity. Additionally, invasive adenocarcinomas exhibit greater neoantigen abundance and a more diverse TCR repertoire, indicating heightened heterogeneity. In summary, despite having a common genetic background and environmental exposure, our study emphasizes the individuality of MSLCs at different stages, highlighting their unique genomic and immune characteristics.
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Adenocarcinoma del Pulmón , Neoplasias Pulmonares , Mutación , Análisis de la Célula Individual , Humanos , Adenocarcinoma del Pulmón/genética , Adenocarcinoma del Pulmón/inmunología , Adenocarcinoma del Pulmón/patología , Neoplasias Pulmonares/genética , Neoplasias Pulmonares/inmunología , Neoplasias Pulmonares/patología , Secuenciación del Exoma , Femenino , Genómica , Masculino , Linfocitos T CD8-positivos/inmunología , Persona de Mediana Edad , Heterogeneidad Genética , Anciano , Receptores de Antígenos de Linfocitos T/genética , Receptores de Antígenos de Linfocitos T/inmunología , Linfocitos T Reguladores/inmunología , Neoplasias Primarias Múltiples/genética , Neoplasias Primarias Múltiples/inmunología , Neoplasias Primarias Múltiples/patologíaRESUMEN
Alginate-based packaging materials have emerged as promising alternatives to conventional petroleum-based plastics due to their biodegradability, renewability, and versatile functionalities. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the recent advances in the development and application of alginate-based films and coatings for food packaging. The composition and fabrication methods of alginate-based packaging materials are discussed, highlighting the incorporation of various functional compounds to enhance their physicochemical properties. The mechanisms of action and the factors influencing the release and migration of active compounds from the alginate matrix are explored. The application of alginate-based packaging materials for the preservation of various food products, including meat, fish, dairy, fruits, and vegetables, is reviewed, demonstrating their effectiveness in extending shelf-life and maintaining quality. The development of alginate-based pH-sensitive indicators for intelligent food packaging is also discussed, focusing on the colorimetric response of natural pigments to spoilage-related pH changes. Furthermore, the review highlights the challenges and future perspectives of alginate-based packaging materials, emphasizing the need for novel strategies to improve their performance, sustainability, and industrial adoption.
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Detection methods based on CRISPR/Cas12a have been widely developed in the application of pathogenic microorganisms to guarantee food safety and public health. For sensitive detection, the CRISPR-based strategies are often in tandem with amplification methods. However, that may increase the detection time and the process may introduce nucleic acid contamination resulting in non-specific amplification. Herein, we established a sensitive S. aureus detection strategy based on the CRISPR/Cas12a system combined with DNAzyme. The activity of Cas12a is blocked by extending the spacer of crRNA (bcrRNA) and can be reactivated by Mn2+. NH2-modified S. aureus-specific aptamer was loaded on the surface of Fe3O4 MNPs (apt-Fe3O4 MNPs) and MnO2 NPs (apt-MnO2 NPs) by EDC/NHS chemistry. The S. aureus was captured to form apt-Fe3O4 MNPs/S. aureus/apt-MnO2 NPs complex and then MnO2 NPs were etched to release Mn2+ to activate DNAzyme. The active DNAzyme can cleave the hairpin structure in bcrRNA to recover the activity of the CRISPR/Cas system. By initiating the whole detection process by generating Mn2+ through nanoparticle etching, we established a rapid detection assay without nucleic acid extraction and amplification process. The proposed strategy has been applied in the ultrasensitive quantitative detection of S. aureus and has shown good performance with an LOD of 5 CFU/mL in 29 min. Besides, the proposed method can potentially be applied to other targets by simply changing the recognition element and has the prospect of developing a universal detection strategy.
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Técnicas Biosensibles , Sistemas CRISPR-Cas , ADN Catalítico , Staphylococcus aureus , Staphylococcus aureus/aislamiento & purificación , Staphylococcus aureus/genética , ADN Catalítico/química , Técnicas Biosensibles/métodos , Límite de Detección , Compuestos de Manganeso/química , Humanos , Proteínas Bacterianas/genética , Proteínas Bacterianas/química , Infecciones Estafilocócicas/microbiología , Infecciones Estafilocócicas/diagnóstico , Proteínas Asociadas a CRISPR/química , Proteínas Asociadas a CRISPR/genética , Aptámeros de Nucleótidos/química , Óxidos/química , EndodesoxirribonucleasasRESUMEN
The development of neuromorphic hardware capable of detecting and recognizing moving targets through an in-sensor computing strategy is considered to be an important component of the construction of edge computing systems with distributed computation. In addition to responsiveness to visible light, the implementation of neuromorphic hardware should also demonstrate the ability to sense and process nonvisible light, which is essential for tracking target object trajectories in specialized environments. In this work, we fabricated an organic synaptic transistor with a near-infrared (NIR) response by incorporating doped LaF3: Yb/Ho upconversion quantum dots (UCQDs) into the channel of a Poly3-hexylthiophene (P3HT)-based organic field effect transistor (FET), serving as charge trapping and infrared sensing sites. The obtained synaptic transistor not only replicates common synaptic behaviors when exposed to NIR illumination but also demonstrates potential applications for the dynamic trajectory recognition of animals in the dark. Compared to other monitoring technologies, P3HT transistors doped with LaF3: Yb/Ho UCQDs exhibit distinct advantages, including a NIR response, high-efficiency computing, and sensitivity, which provide an experimental foundation and a design reference for the development of next-generation intelligent dynamic image recognition systems.
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The fungus Parastagonospora nodorum causes septoria nodorum blotch on wheat. The role of the fungal Velvet-family transcription factor VeA in P. nodorum development and virulence was investigated here. Deletion of the P. nodorum VeA ortholog, PnVeA, resulted in growth abnormalities including pigmentation, abolished asexual sporulation and highly reduced virulence on wheat. Comparative RNA-Seq and RT-PCR analyses revealed that the deletion of PnVeA also decoupled the expression of major necrotrophic effector genes. In addition, the deletion of PnVeA resulted in an up-regulation of four predicted secondary metabolite (SM) gene clusters. Using liquid-chromatography mass-spectrometry, it was observed that one of the SM gene clusters led to an accumulation of the mycotoxin alternariol. PnVeA is essential for asexual sporulation, full virulence, secondary metabolism and necrotrophic effector regulation.