RESUMEN
Denitrification is a major process in aquatic ecosystems, and it competes with cyanobacterial growth for nitrogen. However, the effect of denitrification on cyanobacterial blooms under the background of climate change remains unclear. This study explored the interaction between lake denitrification and formation of cyanobacterial blooms, using the historical water quality monitoring data of North Lake Taihu over five years from 2017 to 2021 and via incubation experiments of cyanobacteria and sediment denitrification. The monitoring data showed that algal biomass (Chla as a proxy) primarily peaked during summer and autumn. The seasonal variations in total N concentration showed a completely opposite trend than that of algal biomass, which peaked in winter and spring. Nitrate was the major component of dissolved inorganic nitrogen, and the nitrate concentration was approximately zero in summer and autumn. The total phosphorus concentration varied in the same way as the Chla concentration. The experimental results showed that Cyanobacteria did not grow when the temperature was below 20â. In comparison, denitrification showed a significant linear relationship with temperatures between 10-25â (R2=0.99) and reached the maximum value of (62.98±21.36) µmol·(kg·h)-1 in Lake Taihu at 25â. Additionally, the nitrate concentration threshold at the maximum denitrification rate was 4 mg·L-1. Cyanobacteria assimilate nitrate for growth, thereby reducing the concentration of nitrate required for denitrification. This study indicated that the advance in lake temperature warming due to climate change may result in earlier growth of cyanobacteria, thereby leading to large amounts of N being assimilated by algae before denitrification, further affecting the dynamics of cyanobacterial blooms. The present results are scientifically important for explaining the mechanism of cyanobacterial bloom rebound in Lake Taihu under the background of recent climate changes.
Asunto(s)
Cianobacterias , Nitratos , Desnitrificación , Ecosistema , Lagos , China , NitrógenoRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: ß-Galactosidases can be used to produce low-lactose milk and dairy products for lactose intolerant people. Although commercial ß-galactosidases have outstanding lactose hydrolysis ability, their thermostability is low, and reaction products have strong inhibition to these enzymes. In addition, the ß-galactosidases possessing simultaneously high thermostability and tolerance of galactose and glucose are still seldom reported until now. Therefore, identification of novel ß-galactosidases with high thermostability and tolerance to reaction products from unculturable microorganisms accounting for over 99% of microorganisms in the environment via metagenomic strategy is still urgently in demand. RESULTS: In the present study, a novel ß-galactosidase (Gal308) consisting of 658 amino acids was identified from a metagenomic library from soil samples of Turpan Basin in China by functional screening. After being overexpressed in Escherichia coli and purified to homogeneity, the enzymatic properties of Gal308 with N-terminal fusion tag were investigated. The recombinant enzyme displayed a pH optimum of 6.8 and a temperature optimum of 78 °C, and was considerably stable in the temperature range of 40 °C - 70 °C with almost unchangeable activity after incubation for 60 min. Furthermore, Gal308 displayed a very high tolerance of galactose and glucose, with the highest inhibition constant K(i,gal) (238 mM) and K(i,glu) (1725 mM) among ß-galactosidases. In addition, Gal308 also exhibited high enzymatic activity for its synthetic substrate o-nitrophenyl-ß-D-galactopyranoside (ONPG, 185 U/mg) and natural substrate lactose (47.6 U/mg). CONCLUSION: This study will enrich the source of ß-galactosidases, and attract some attentions to ß-galactosidases from extreme habitats and metagenomic library. Furthermore, the recombinant Gal308 fused with 156 amino acids exhibits many novel properties including high activity and thermostability at high temperatures, the pH optimum of 6.8, high enzyme activity for lactose, as well as high tolerance of galactose and glucose. These properties make it a good candidate in the production of low-lactose milk and dairy products after further study.
Asunto(s)
Inhibidores Enzimáticos/metabolismo , Galactosa/metabolismo , Glucosa/metabolismo , Metagenómica/métodos , Microbiología del Suelo , beta-Galactosidasa/aislamiento & purificación , beta-Galactosidasa/metabolismo , Secuencia de Aminoácidos , China , Clonación Molecular , Estabilidad de Enzimas , Escherichia coli/genética , Expresión Génica , Biblioteca de Genes , Datos de Secuencia Molecular , Proteínas Recombinantes/química , Proteínas Recombinantes/genética , Proteínas Recombinantes/aislamiento & purificación , Proteínas Recombinantes/metabolismo , Alineación de Secuencia , Análisis de Secuencia de ADN , Temperatura , beta-Galactosidasa/química , beta-Galactosidasa/genéticaRESUMEN
Gene synthesis by chemical methods provides a powerful tool for modifying genes and exploring their structure, expression, and function in the post-genomic era. However, a bottleneck in recent gene synthesis technologies is the high cost of oligonucleotide synthesis and post-synthesis sequencing. Here, we describe a simple, rapid, and low-cost gene synthesis method based on overlap extension PCR (OE-PCR) and the DNAWorks program. This method enables DNA sequences with sizes ranging from 200 bp to 3 kb to be synthesized with few errors, and these errors can be easily corrected by site-directed mutagenesis. Thus, it is amenable to automation for the multiplexed synthesis of different genes and has a potential for high-throughput gene synthesis.