RESUMEN
Process design strategies are important to prevent or reduce food safety risks in production systems. In this sense, the Codex Alimentarius presents a set of principles for good hygiene practices to guide food producers. However, studies in food safety often focus on analyzing and controlling implemented production processes without a policy of designing them with a preventive logic, leading to resource misallocation and noncompliance. This study aims to gather and analyze techniques, drivers, challenges, and research opportunities for food safety-driven process design. A systematic literature review was carried out following three steps: (i) Data collection, including 52 studies; (ii) Bibliometric analysis; and (iii) Content analysis, identifying techniques, drivers, challenges, and research opportunities. Three main themes in the subject were identified: process assessment models, risk assessment, and whole-chain traceability. Eleven design techniques were identified and compared according to their typology, structure, and coverage of themes addressed by the Codex Alimentarius. There is a gap in techniques addressing employee competence and personal hygiene. We suggest developing a tool encompassing the Codex Alimentarius good hygiene practices themes in process design to guide food safety-driven process development.
RESUMEN
Circular business models in manufacturing, especially in the recycling industry, face many barriers that need to be managed and mitigated for successful business implementation. Therefore, this study aims to analyse the hierarchy of the main barriers to the implementation of circular business models in the recycling industry and evaluate strategies to overcome them. To achieve this goal, we first conducted a systematic literature review on barriers to implementing circular business models. Second, barriers were prioritized through a survey followed by an expert focus group. Building on these steps, we used interpretive structural modeling combined with a 'matrix of cross-impact multiplications applied to classification' to identify the hierarchy among barriers and describe their interdependencies. As key findings, 10 barriers were prioritized through a survey to identify the most important barriers for the recycling industry. The hierarchy of these barriers highlights regulation and government incentives as the most important, followed by those related to supply chain collaboration and lack of material flow indicators. Finally, internal barriers appear as high investments and associated risks. Finally, we suggest strategies to overcome these barriers based on their hierarchy. The implications of this study provide a proposal of strategies for implementing circular business models in the recycling industry, derived from the hierarchical correlation among the barriers, and can be applied in different regions through expert opinion assessment.
RESUMEN
Several initiatives have been proposed to address food waste and loss issues and support stakeholders throughout the food chain. However, the literature still lacks a review paper that compiles methods, practices, and solutions to reduce food waste and loss. With the goal of filling this gap, this paper aims to compile and gather food waste and loss prevention and minimization methods to support decision-makers and other stakeholders along the food chain. Through a systematic literature review, we have outlined research findings and empirical studies on food waste and loss prevention and minimization methods previously published, studied, implemented, and discussed in the scientific literature worldwide. A sample of 84 articles was analyzed. As a result, this study provides a bibliometric analysis of the sample and a classification of the prevention and minimization methods found in the articles in 10 fields established by the authors. A coverage analysis of empirical studies was also performed, cross-checking the data with the type of food extracted from the case studies application. Lastly, suggestions of future research extracted from the articles were compiled into a research agenda to indicate trends and support academics, researchers, practitioners, and other stakeholders involved in the food chain to develop and study practices to minimize and prevent food waste and loss. The main contribution of this study is an inventory of the theoretical and practical methods of prevention and minimization of food waste and loss found in the literature, grouping them according to their similarities, to support stakeholders improving actions to reduce food waste in cities, farms, retail, and other sustainable ecosystems.