RESUMEN
The Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas, is a successive irregular hermaphrodite mollusk which has an annual breeding cycle. Oysters are naturally diploid organisms, but triploid oysters have been developed for use in shellfish aquaculture, with the aim of obtaining sterile animals with commercial value. However, studies have shown that some triploid oysters are partially able to undergo gametogenesis, with numerous proliferating cells closed to diploids (3n alpha) or a partial one with an accumulation of locked germ cells (3n beta). The aim of our study therefore was to understand the regulation of spermatogenesis in both groups of triploid oysters (alpha and beta) from the beginning of spermatogenesis, during mitosis and meiosis events. Our results demonstrate that the reduced spermatogenesis in triploids results from a deregulation of the development of the germinal lineage and the establishment of the gonadal tract led by a lower number of tubules. Morphological cellular investigation also revealed an abnormal condensation of germ cell nuclei and the presence of clear patches in the nucleoplasm of triploid cells, which were more pronounced in beta oysters. Furthermore, studies of molecular and cellular regulation showed a downregulation of mitotic spindle checkpoint in beta oysters, resulting in disturbance of chromosomal segregation, notably on spindle assembly checkpoint involved in the binding of microtubules to chromosomes. Taken together, our results suggest that the lower reproductive ability of triploid oysters may be due to cellular and molecular events such as impairment of spermatogenesis and disruptions of mitosis and meiosis, occurring early and at various stages of the gametogenetic cycle.
Asunto(s)
Crassostrea , Animales , Crassostrea/genética , Masculino , Meiosis , Mitosis , Espermatogénesis , TriploidíaRESUMEN
The impact of concrete composition and roughness on the formation of microalgal biofilms and their photobiology were studied on marine infrastructures presenting four different compositions combined with two degrees of roughness (rough and smooth). The structures were first inoculated with a natural microphytobenthic biofilm and immersed in sterilised seawater with a controlled photoperiod for six days. Photosynthetic activity was assessed with an imaging PAM-(Pulse Amplitude Modulated) fluorometer and microtopography was monitored in parallel with a 3-D camera. The results indicated that roughness had an impact on the biofilm biomass, its physiological status and its photosynthetic efficiency and capacity. The assessment of surface roughness indicated that negative reliefs were preferably colonised by MPB (microphytobenthic) cells with better photosynthetic performances. Moreover, MPB biofilms showed better photoacclimation in these microhabitats than on the positive and smooth reliefs. This study confirms the importance of microhabitat for biofilm formation and their photobiology.
Asunto(s)
Microalgas , Fotobiología , Biopelículas , Biomasa , FotosíntesisRESUMEN
Among Pseudo-nitzschia species, some produce the neurotoxin domoic acid (DA), a source of serious health problems for marine organisms. Filter-feeding organisms-e.g., bivalves feeding on toxigenic Pseudo-nitzschia spp.-are the main vector of DA in humans. However, little is known about the interactions between bivalves and Pseudo-nitzschia. In this study, we examined the interactions between two juvenile bivalve species-oyster (Crassostrea gigas) and scallop (Pecten maximus)-and two toxic Pseudo-nitzschia species-P. australis and P. fraudulenta. We characterized the influence of (1) diet composition and the Pseudo-nitzschia DA content on the feeding rates of oysters and scallops, and (2) the presence of bivalves on Pseudo-nitzschia toxin production. Both bivalve species fed on P. australis and P. fraudulenta. However, they preferentially filtered the non-toxic Isochrysis galbana compared to Pseudo-nitzschia. The presence of the most toxic P. australis species resulted in a decreased clearance rate in C. gigas. The two bivalve species accumulated DA in their tissues (up to 0.35 × 10-3 and 5.1 × 10-3 µg g-1 for C. gigas and P. maximus, respectively). Most importantly, the presence of bivalves induced an increase in the cellular DA contents of both Pseudo-nitzschia species (up to 58-fold in P. fraudulenta in the presence of C. gigas). This is the first evidence of DA production by Pseudo-nitzschia species stimulated in the presence of filter-feeding bivalves. The results of this study highlight complex interactions that can influence toxin production by Pseudo-nitzschia and accumulation in bivalves. These results will help to better understand the biotic factors that drive DA production by Pseudo-nitzschia and bivalve contamination during Pseudo-nitzschia blooms.
Asunto(s)
Crassostrea/fisiología , Diatomeas/fisiología , Conducta Alimentaria/efectos de los fármacos , Ácido Kaínico/toxicidad , Toxinas Marinas/toxicidad , Neurotoxinas/toxicidad , Pecten/fisiología , Animales , Haptophyta/fisiología , Ácido Kaínico/análogos & derivados , Intoxicación por Mariscos , Especificidad de la EspecieRESUMEN
While our knowledge of bivalve gametogenesis recently progressed, data on early stages of gametogenesis remain to be developed, especially when dealing with germinal stem cells (GSC) and their niche in these organisms. Here, we wish to develop a strategy to identify putative GSC in Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas based on morphological criteria combined with vasa marker expression. A histological quantitative approach, based on stereology, allowed us to identify two types of early germ cells in the germinal epithelium, one presenting round nuclei and the other irregular ones. Both early germ cell types present slightly condensed chromatin in nucleus, are vasa-positive and the Oyvlg (oyster vasa-like gene) expression in these cells is recorded throughout the whole gametogenesis process. The microenvironment of an early germ cell in oyster includes an associated somatic cell presenting an immunolabeling for BMP2/4 and a close myoid cell. In agreement with the GSC characteristics in other species, we postulate that putative germ stem cells in C. gigas correspond to the early germ cell type with irregular nucleus shape; those early germ cells with a round nucleus may consist in progenitors.
Asunto(s)
Células Germinativas/citología , Células Germinativas/metabolismo , Secuencia de Aminoácidos , Animales , Crassostrea , Inmunohistoquímica , Hibridación in Situ , Microscopía , ARN/genética , ARN/metabolismo , Reacción en Cadena en Tiempo Real de la PolimerasaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Originating from Northeast Asia, the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas has been introduced into a large number of countries for aquaculture purpose. Following introduction, the Pacific oyster has turned into an invasive species in an increasing number of coastal areas, notably recently in Northern Europe. METHODS: To explore potential adaptation of reproductive traits in populations with different histories, we set up a common garden experiment based on the comparison of progenies from two populations of Pacific oyster sampled in France and Denmark and their hybrids. Sex ratio, condition index and microarray gene expression in gonads, were analyzed in each progeny (n = 60). RESULTS: A female-biased sex-ratio and a higher condition index were observed in the Danish progeny, possibly reflecting an evolutionary reproductive strategy to increase the potential success of natural recruitment in recently settled population. Using multifarious statistical approaches and accounting for sex differences we identified several transcripts differentially expressed between the Danish and French progenies, for which additive genetic basis is suspected (showing intermediate expression levels in hybrids, and therefore additivity). Candidate transcripts included mRNA coding for sperm quality and insulin metabolism, known to be implicated in coordinated control and success of reproduction. CONCLUSIONS: Observed differences suggest that adaptation of invasive populations might have occurred during expansion acting on reproductive traits, and in particular on a female-biased sex-ratio, gamete quality and fertility.
Asunto(s)
Adaptación Fisiológica/genética , Gónadas/metabolismo , Ostreidae/genética , Reproducción/genética , Animales , Femenino , Perfilación de la Expresión Génica , Especies Introducidas , Masculino , Ostreidae/metabolismo , Ostreidae/fisiología , Fenotipo , Reproducción/fisiologíaRESUMEN
Oysters are representative bivalve molluscs that are widely distributed in world oceans. As successful colonizers of estuaries and intertidal zones, oysters are remarkably resilient against harsh environmental conditions including wide fluctuations in temperature and salinity as well as prolonged air exposure. Oysters have no adaptive immunity but can thrive in microbe-rich estuaries as filter-feeders. These unique adaptations make oysters interesting models to study the evolution of host-defense systems. Recent advances in genomic studies including sequencing of the oyster genome have provided insights into oyster's immune and stress responses underlying their amazing resilience. Studies show that the oyster genomes are highly polymorphic and complex, which may be key to their resilience. The oyster genome has a large gene repertoire that is enriched for immune and stress response genes. Thousands of genes are involved in oyster's immune and stress responses, through complex interactions, with many gene families expanded showing high sequence, structural and functional diversity. The high diversity of immune receptors and effectors may provide oysters with enhanced specificity in immune recognition and response to cope with diverse pathogens in the absence of adaptive immunity. Some members of expanded immune gene families have diverged to function at different temperatures and salinities or assumed new roles in abiotic stress response. Most canonical innate immunity pathways are conserved in oysters and supported by a large number of diverse and often novel genes. The great diversity in immune and stress response genes exhibited by expanded gene families as well as high sequence and structural polymorphisms may be central to oyster's adaptation to highly stressful and widely changing environments.
Asunto(s)
Adaptación Biológica/inmunología , Inmunidad Innata , Ostreidae/fisiología , Estrés Fisiológico , Animales , Genoma , Ostreidae/genética , Ostreidae/inmunologíaRESUMEN
Viruses are highly abundant in the oceans, and how filter-feeding molluscs without adaptive immunity defend themselves against viruses is not well understood. We studied the response of a mollusc Crassostrea gigas to Ostreid herpesvirus 1 µVar (OsHV-1µVar) infections using transcriptome sequencing. OsHV-1µVar can replicate extremely rapidly after challenge of C. gigas as evidenced by explosive viral transcription and DNA synthesis, which peaked at 24 and 48 h post-inoculation, respectively, accompanied by heavy oyster mortalities. At 120 h post-injection, however, viral gene transcription and DNA load, and oyster mortality, were greatly reduced indicating an end of active infections and effective control of viral replication in surviving oysters. Transcriptome analysis of the host revealed strong and complex responses involving the activation of all major innate immune pathways that are equipped with expanded and often novel receptors and adaptors. Novel Toll-like receptor (TLR) and MyD88-like genes lacking essential domains were highly up-regulated in the oyster, possibly interfering with TLR signal transduction. RIG-1/MDA5 receptors for viral RNA, interferon-regulatory factors, tissue necrosis factors and interleukin-17 were highly activated and likely central to the oyster's antiviral response. Genes related to anti-apoptosis, oxidation, RNA and protein destruction were also highly up-regulated, while genes related to anti-oxidation were down-regulated. The oxidative burst induced by the up-regulation of oxidases and severe down-regulation of anti-oxidant genes may be important for the destruction of viral components, but may also exacerbate oyster mortality. This study provides unprecedented insights into antiviral response in a mollusc. The mobilization and complex regulation of expanded innate immune-gene families highlights the oyster genome's adaptation to a virus-rich marine environment.
Asunto(s)
Crassostrea/genética , Crassostrea/virología , Virus ADN/fisiología , Regulación de la Expresión Génica , Genoma Viral , Animales , Crassostrea/inmunología , Virus ADN/genética , Perfilación de la Expresión Génica , Datos de Secuencia MolecularRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Triploidy can occur in many animal species but is often lethal. Among invertebrates, amphibians and fishes, triploids are viable although often sterile or infertile. Most triploids of the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas are almost sterile (named "3nß") yet a low but significant proportion show an advanced gametogenesis (named "3nα"). These oysters thus constitute an interesting model to study the effect of triploidy on germ cell development. We used microarrays to compare the gonad transcriptomes of diploid 2n and the abovementioned triploid 3nß and 3nα male and female oysters throughout gametogenesis. RESULTS: All triploids displayed an upregulation of genes related to DNA repair and apoptosis and a downregulation of genes associated with cell division. The comparison of 3nα and 3nß transcriptomes with 2n revealed the likely involvement of a cell cycle checkpoint during mitosis in the successful but delayed development of gonads in 3nα individuals. In contrast, a disruption of sex differentiation mechanisms may explain the sterility of 3nß individuals with 3nß females expressing male-specific genes and 3nß males expressing female-specific genes. CONCLUSIONS: The disruption of sex differentiation and mitosis may be responsible for the impaired gametogenesis of triploid Pacific oysters. The function of the numerous candidate genes identified in our study should now be studied in detail in order to elucidate their role in sex determination, mitosis/meiosis control, pachytene cell cycle checkpoint, and the control of DNA repair/apoptosis.
Asunto(s)
Crassostrea/genética , Gametogénesis , Perfilación de la Expresión Génica/métodos , Animales , Crassostrea/citología , Crassostrea/fisiología , Femenino , Regulación de la Expresión Génica , Infertilidad Masculina , Masculino , Mitosis , Análisis de Secuencia por Matrices de Oligonucleótidos/métodos , Diferenciación Sexual , TriploidíaRESUMEN
The genetic polymorphism of the Ostreid Herpesvirus 1 (OsHV-1) has generally been investigated in three areas: ORFs 4/5, ORFs 42/43, and ORFs 35 to 38. The present study, however, focuses on 40 ORFs, representing 30% of the OsHV-1 genome, encoding four categories of putative proteins: 4 ORFs encoding putative inhibitor of apoptosis proteins; 17 ORFs encoding membrane proteins; 10 ORFs encoding secreted proteins; and 9 ORFs encoding RING finger proteins. The potential role of these proteins in major steps of the life cycle of the OsHV-1 motivated their selection. Seven specimens have been selected in accordance with their nucleotide variations in the C region (area located between the end of the ORF4 and the beginning of ORF 5): 3 OsHV-1µVar specimens, 2 OsHV-1µVar Δ9, one specimen of OsHV-1µVar Δ15, and one OsHV-1 specimen (reference control) close to the reference genome to validate PCRs. The OsHV-1µVar is mainly characterized by a deletion of 12 consecutive nucleotides followed by a deletion of one adenine in a microsatellite area located in the C region. A representation of nucleotide modifications between the different specimens was performed by building evolutionary trees with respect to the category of ORFs. This phylogenetic analysis revealed two groups: the first one corresponded to the reference control and the reference genome AY509253, and the second one included the 6 OsHV-1 variants. These results suggest that the two main groups come from the same common ancestor, and that the divergence between the reference OsHV-1 and its variants occurred quite far back in time. Moreover, consequences of nucleotide variations in the amino acid sequences, especially the change of the N glycoslyation sites, were investigated. Herein is the first report of four important deletions in these OsHV-1µVar variants: a deletion of 1385bp in ORF 11; a deletion of 599bp in ORF 48; a deletion of 3549bp in ORFs 61 to 64; and a deletion of 712bp in ORF 114. The size of the deletions differed between OsHV-1µVar specimens, OsHV-1µVar Δ9 specimens, and the OsHV-1µVar Δ15 specimen. These zones seem to correspond to special points of gene rearrangements for producing new proteins. Further investigation necessary proves to link such nucleotide modifications with consequences of protein functions in the OsHV-1 life cycle.
Asunto(s)
Herpesviridae/genética , Herpesviridae/aislamiento & purificación , Ostreidae/virología , Polimorfismo Genético , Proteínas Virales/genética , Animales , Análisis por Conglomerados , ADN Viral/química , ADN Viral/genética , Evolución Molecular , Genoma Viral , Herpesviridae/clasificación , Datos de Secuencia Molecular , Filogenia , Análisis de Secuencia de ADN , Eliminación de SecuenciaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Massive mortalities have been observed in France since 2008 on spat and juvenile Pacific oysters, Crassostrea gigas. A herpes virus called OsHV-1, easily detectable by PCR, has been implicated in the mortalities as demonstrated by the results of numerous field studies linking mortality with OsHV-1 prevalence. Moreover, experimental infections using viral particles have documented the pathogenicity of OsHV-1 but the physiological responses of host to pathogen are not well known. RESULTS: The aim of this study was to understand mechanisms brought into play against the virus during infection in the field. A microarray assay has been developed for a major part of the oyster genome and used for studying the host transcriptome across mortality on field. Spat with and without detectable OsHV-1 infection presenting or not mortality respectively were compared by microarray during mortality episodes. In this study, a number of genes are regulated in the response to pathogen infection on field and seems to argue to an implication of the virus in the observed mortality. The result allowed establishment of a hypothetic scheme of the host cell's infection by, and response to, the pathogen. CONCLUSIONS: This response shows a "sensu stricto" innate immunity through genic regulation of the virus OsHV-1 life cycle, but also others biological processes resulting to complex interactions between host and pathogens in general.
Asunto(s)
Crassostrea/genética , Infecciones por Herpesviridae/veterinaria , Herpesviridae/patogenicidad , Interacciones Huésped-Patógeno , Animales , Crassostrea/inmunología , Crassostrea/fisiología , Crassostrea/virología , Etiquetas de Secuencia Expresada , Francia , Herpesviridae/aislamiento & purificación , Inmunidad Innata , Análisis de Secuencia por Matrices de Oligonucleótidos , TranscriptomaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: The Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas (Mollusca, Lophotrochozoa) is an alternative and irregular protandrous hermaphrodite: most individuals mature first as males and then change sex several times. Little is known about genetic and phenotypic basis of sex differentiation in oysters, and little more about the molecular pathways regulating reproduction. We have recently developed and validated a microarray containing 31,918 oligomers (Dheilly et al., 2011) representing the oyster transcriptome. The application of this microarray to the study of mollusk gametogenesis should provide a better understanding of the key factors involved in sex differentiation and the regulation of oyster reproduction. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Gene expression was studied in gonads of oysters cultured over a yearly reproductive cycle. Principal component analysis and hierarchical clustering showed a significant divergence in gene expression patterns of males and females coinciding with the start of gonial mitosis. ANOVA analysis of the data revealed 2,482 genes differentially expressed during the course of males and/or females gametogenesis. The expression of 434 genes could be localized in either germ cells or somatic cells of the gonad by comparing the transcriptome of female gonads to the transcriptome of stripped oocytes and somatic tissues. Analysis of the annotated genes revealed conserved molecular mechanisms between mollusks and mammals: genes involved in chromatin condensation, DNA replication and repair, mitosis and meiosis regulation, transcription, translation and apoptosis were expressed in both male and female gonads. Most interestingly, early expressed male-specific genes included bindin and a dpy-30 homolog and female-specific genes included foxL2, nanos homolog 3, a pancreatic lipase related protein, cd63 and vitellogenin. Further functional analyses are now required in order to investigate their role in sex differentiation in oysters. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: This study allowed us to identify potential markers of early sex differentiation in the oyster C. gigas, an alternative hermaphrodite mollusk. We also provided new highly valuable information on genes specifically expressed by mature spermatozoids and mature oocytes.
Asunto(s)
Crassostrea/fisiología , Gametogénesis/fisiología , Regulación de la Expresión Génica/fisiología , Diferenciación Sexual/fisiología , Animales , Femenino , Perfilación de la Expresión Génica , Organismos Hermafroditas/fisiología , Masculino , Análisis de Secuencia por Matrices de Oligonucleótidos , Oocitos/citología , Oocitos/metabolismo , Reproducción/fisiología , Espermatozoides/citología , Espermatozoides/metabolismoRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Research using the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas as a model organism has experienced rapid growth in recent years due to the development of high-throughput molecular technologies. As many as 56,268 EST sequences have been sequenced to date, representing a genome-wide resource that can be used for transcriptomic investigations. RESULTS: In this paper, we developed a Pacific oyster microarray containing oligonucleotides representing 31,918 transcribed sequences selected from the publicly accessible GigasDatabase. This newly designed microarray was used to study the transcriptome of male and female gonads, mantle, gills, posterior adductor muscle, visceral ganglia, hemocytes, labial palps and digestive gland. Statistical analyses identified genes differentially expressed among tissues and clusters of tissue-enriched genes. These genes reflect major tissue-specific functions at the molecular level, such as tissue formation in the mantle, filtering in the gills and labial palps, and reproduction in the gonads. Hierarchical clustering predicted the involvement of unannotated genes in specific functional pathways such as the insulin/NPY pathway, an important pathway under study in our model species. Microarray data also accurately identified reference genes whose mRNA level appeared stable across all the analyzed tissues. Adp-ribosylation factor 1 (arf1) appeared to be the most robust reference for normalizing gene expression data across different tissues and is therefore proposed as a relevant reference gene for further gene expression analysis in the Pacific oyster. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides a new transcriptomic tool for studies of oyster biology, which will help in the annotation of its genome and which identifies candidate reference genes for gene expression analysis.
Asunto(s)
Crassostrea/genética , Análisis de Secuencia por Matrices de Oligonucleótidos , Transcriptoma , Animales , Análisis por Conglomerados , Mapeo Contig , Etiquetas de Secuencia Expresada , Femenino , Perfilación de la Expresión Génica , Masculino , Análisis de Componente PrincipalRESUMEN
The Pavlovophyceae (Haptophyta) contains four genera (Pavlova, Diacronema, Exanthemachrysis and Rebecca) and only thirteen characterised species, several of which are important in ecological and economic contexts. We have constructed molecular phylogenies inferred from sequencing of ribosomal gene markers with comprehensive coverage of the described diversity, using type strains when available, together with additional cultured strains. The morphology and ultrastructure of 12 of the described species was also re-examined and the pigment signatures of many culture strains were determined. The molecular analysis revealed that sequences of all described species differed, although those of Pavlova gyrans and P. pinguis were nearly identical, these potentially forming a single cryptic species complex. Four well-delineated genetic clades were identified, one of which included species of both Pavlova and Diacronema. Unique combinations of morphological/ultrastructural characters were identified for each of these clades. The ancestral pigment signature of the Pavlovophyceae consisted of a basic set of pigments plus MV chl cPAV, the latter being entirely absent in the Pavlova + Diacronema clade and supplemented by DV chl cPAV in part of the Exanthemachrysis clade. Based on this combination of characters, we propose a taxonomic revision of the class, with transfer of several Pavlova species to an emended Diacronema genus. The evolution of the class is discussed in the context of the phylogenetic reconstruction presented.
Asunto(s)
Haptophyta/clasificación , Filogenia , Evolución Molecular , Haptophyta/genética , Haptophyta/aislamiento & purificación , Haptophyta/ultraestructura , Datos de Secuencia MolecularRESUMEN
Glycoside hydrolase family 18 (GH18) includes chitinases and non-enzymatic chitinase-like proteins (CLPs) with representatives among eukaryotes (animals and plants), prokaryotes and viruses. In Lophotrochozoa, one of the three clades of bilaterian animals, only three members (Cg-Clp1, Cg-Clp2 and Cg-Chit) have been reported from the bivalve mollusc Crassostrea gigas. Here, we describe the cloning and the characterization of two additional chitinases (Cg-Chit2 and Cg-Chit3) and a new CLP (Cg-Clp3) from this species. Cg-Chit2 presents an atypical C-terminal hydrophobic region acting probably as a GPI-anchor signal for plasma membrane attachment. On the contrary, Cg-Chit3 displays a C-terminal truncated structure leading to a possible sequestration in lysosomes. Phylogenetic analyses suggest that CLPs have appeared independently in the three main branches of bilaterian animals, as a result of convergent evolution. Gene expression profiles analyzed by quantitative RT-PCR support the involvement of Cg-Clp3 in embryonic development, adult oyster growth and tissue remodelling during metamorphosis and gonadal restructuring.
Asunto(s)
Crassostrea/enzimología , Regulación Enzimológica de la Expresión Génica/genética , Glicósido Hidrolasas/química , Glicósido Hidrolasas/genética , Animales , Glicósido Hidrolasas/metabolismo , Filogenia , Conformación Proteica , Especificidad de la EspecieRESUMEN
To understand the processes involved in tissue remodeling associated with the seasonal reproductive cycle of the oyster Crassostrea gigas, we used immunodetection and expression measurements of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA). The expression of the PCNA gene was measured by real-time polymerase chain reaction in the whole gonadal area compared with laser microdissected gonad and storage tissue. Results underlined the advantage of the laser microdissection approach to detect expression, mainly for early stages of spermatogenesis. In the storage tissue, PCNA expression was reduced in the gonadal tubules, but immunolabeled hemocytes and vesicular cells were detected when the storage tissue was being restored. In the gonadal tubules, the PCNA gene was more highly expressed in males than in females. As soon as spermatogenesis was initiated, PCNA expression showed a high and constant level. In females, the expression level increased gradually until the ripe stage. The immunological approach established the involvement of peritubular cells in gonadal tubule expansion during early gametogenesis. In both sexes, gonial mitosis was immunodetected throughout the reproductive cycle. In males, the occurrence of two types of spermatogonia was ascertained by differential immunolabeling, and intragonadal somatic cell proliferation was noted. As expected, immunolabeling was never observed from stage II spermatocytes to spermatozoa. In females, positively stained cells were detected from oogonia to growing oocytes with various labeled intracellular locations.
Asunto(s)
Crassostrea/metabolismo , Gónadas/metabolismo , Antígeno Nuclear de Célula en Proliferación/metabolismo , Reproducción/fisiología , Estaciones del Año , Animales , Proliferación Celular , Crassostrea/citología , Crassostrea/genética , Femenino , Células Germinativas/citología , Células Germinativas/metabolismo , Gónadas/citología , Hemocitos/citología , Hemocitos/metabolismo , Inmunohistoquímica , Masculino , Microdisección/instrumentación , Microdisección/métodos , Microscopía Confocal/instrumentación , Microscopía Confocal/métodos , Mitosis/fisiología , Oocitos/citología , Oocitos/metabolismo , Oogénesis/fisiología , Regeneración/fisiología , Caracteres Sexuales , Especificidad de la Especie , Espermatocitos/citología , Espermatocitos/metabolismo , Espermatogénesis/fisiología , Espermatogonias/citología , Espermatogonias/metabolismoRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Although bivalves are among the most-studied marine organisms because of their ecological role and economic importance, very little information is available on the genome sequences of oyster species. This report documents three large-scale cDNA sequencing projects for the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas initiated to provide a large number of expressed sequence tags that were subsequently compiled in a publicly accessible database. This resource allowed for the identification of a large number of transcripts and provides valuable information for ongoing investigations of tissue-specific and stimulus-dependant gene expression patterns. These data are crucial for constructing comprehensive DNA microarrays, identifying single nucleotide polymorphisms and microsatellites in coding regions, and for identifying genes when the entire genome sequence of C. gigas becomes available. DESCRIPTION: In the present paper, we report the production of 40,845 high-quality ESTs that identify 29,745 unique transcribed sequences consisting of 7,940 contigs and 21,805 singletons. All of these new sequences, together with existing public sequence data, have been compiled into a publicly-available Website http://public-contigbrowser.sigenae.org:9090/Crassostrea_gigas/index.html. Approximately 43% of the unique ESTs had significant matches against the SwissProt database and 27% were annotated using Gene Ontology terms. In addition, we identified a total of 208 in silico microsatellites from the ESTs, with 173 having sufficient flanking sequence for primer design. We also identified a total of 7,530 putative in silico, single-nucleotide polymorphisms using existing and newly-generated EST resources for the Pacific oyster. CONCLUSION: A publicly-available database has been populated with 29,745 unique sequences for the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas. The database provides many tools to search cleaned and assembled ESTs. The user may input and submit several filters, such as protein or nucleotide hits, to select and download relevant elements. This database constitutes one of the most developed genomic resources accessible among Lophotrochozoans, an orphan clade of bilateral animals. These data will accelerate the development of both genomics and genetics in a commercially-important species with the highest annual, commercial production of any aquatic organism.
Asunto(s)
Crassostrea/genética , Bases de Datos Genéticas , Etiquetas de Secuencia Expresada , Animales , Perfilación de la Expresión Génica , Biblioteca de Genes , Genoma , Genómica/métodos , Repeticiones de Microsatélite , Polimorfismo de Nucleótido Simple , Análisis de Secuencia de ADN , Interfaz Usuario-ComputadorRESUMEN
Members of the Transforming Growth factor beta (TGF-beta) superfamily of cell signalling polypeptides are known to play important roles in cell proliferation and differentiation during development and in various physiological processes of most animal clades. Recent findings in the mollusc Crassostrea gigas demonstrate the occurrence of a diversity of TGF-beta signalling components including various ligands, three type I receptors but only a single type II receptor. This report describes the characterization of Cg-ActRII, a new type II receptor displaying homology with vertebrate and Drosophila Activin type II receptors. The use of zebrafish embryo as a reporter organism revealed that, in a way similar to its zebrafish counterpart, overexpression of Cg-ActRII or its dominant negative acting truncated form resulted in a dose dependent range of dorsoventral defects coupled with anterior disorders. Expression pattern of Cg-ActRII transcripts examined by real time PCR and in situ PCR in C. gigas showed high levels of Cg-ActRII transcripts in early embryonic stages and in the developing larval central nervous system. Except for a high expression in the visceral ganglia, most oyster adult tissues displayed rather low levels of transcripts. Altogether, the data suggest a high degree of conservation at both the structural and functional levels during evolution for this class of receptors.
Asunto(s)
Receptores de Activinas Tipo II/genética , Crassostrea/genética , Embrión no Mamífero/metabolismo , Receptores de Activinas Tipo II/clasificación , Receptores de Activinas Tipo II/fisiología , Secuencia de Aminoácidos , Animales , Sistema Nervioso Central/embriología , Sistema Nervioso Central/crecimiento & desarrollo , Sistema Nervioso Central/metabolismo , Crassostrea/embriología , Crassostrea/crecimiento & desarrollo , Embrión no Mamífero/embriología , Femenino , Perfilación de la Expresión Génica , Regulación del Desarrollo de la Expresión Génica , Hibridación in Situ , Larva/genética , Larva/crecimiento & desarrollo , Masculino , Microinyecciones , Datos de Secuencia Molecular , Oocitos/citología , Oocitos/metabolismo , Filogenia , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa de Transcriptasa Inversa , Homología de Secuencia de Aminoácido , Pez CebraRESUMEN
Despite their economic importance, only very little information is available regarding (neuro)endocrine regulation of reproduction in bivalve molluscs. To gain insights into the molecular control of gonadic development of these animals, G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR) specifically expressed in the gonad of the pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas were investigated. One such receptor, Cg-GnRH-R, an oyster GPCR orthologue of vertebrate GnRH receptors clearly involved in the control of oyster gametogenesis was first identified [Rodet, F., Lelong, C., Dubos, M.P., Costil, K. and Favrel, P., 2005. Molecular cloning of a molluscan Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone receptor orthologue specifically expressed in the gonad. Biochim Biophys Acta 1730 187-95.]. We report here the characterization of multiple transcripts encoding GnRH-R orthologues (Cg-GnRH-RII-L/Cg-GnRH-RII-S) including a truncated receptor (Cg-GnRH-R-TF) and demonstrate they are generated by the alternative splicing of a single mRNA precursor. The differential structure of these receptors suggests that Cg-GnRH-R on one hand and Cg-GnRH-RII-L/Cg-GnRH-RII-S on the other hand constitute two receptor subtypes with regard to ligand specificity. Pattern of expression of these transcripts suggests that Cg-GnRH-R cognate ligand is specifically involved in the control of gametogenesis while Cg-GnRH-RII-L and Cg-GnRH-RII-S ones likely do not control reproductive functions specifically. Hypothesis on the involvement of this family of receptors in signalling both GnRH and APGWamide in molluscs is discussed.
Asunto(s)
Empalme Alternativo , Crassostrea/genética , Variación Genética , Precursores del ARN/genética , Receptores LHRH/genética , Regiones no Traducidas 5'/genética , Secuencia de Aminoácidos , Animales , Clonación Molecular , Evolución Molecular , Exones/genética , Intrones/genética , Datos de Secuencia Molecular , Filogenia , Receptores LHRH/clasificación , Receptores LHRH/metabolismo , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa de Transcriptasa Inversa , Homología de Secuencia de AminoácidoRESUMEN
Through differential screening between oyster families selected for high and low summer survival, we have characterized a new transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) superfamily member. This novel factor, named oyster-gonadal-TGFbeta-like (og-TGFbeta-like), is synthesized as a 307 amino acid precursor and displays 6 of the 7 characteristic cysteine residues of the C-terminal, mature peptide. Sequence comparison revealed that og-TGFbeta-like has a low percentage of identity with other known TGF-beta superfamily members, suggesting that og-TGFbeta-like is a derived member of this large superfamily. Real-time PCR (RT-PCR) analysis in different oyster tissues showed that og-TGFbeta-like is specifically expressed in both male and female gonads, at distinct levels according to the reproductive stage. Og-TGFbeta-like relative expression was the lowest at the initiation of the reproductive cycle and increased as maturation proceeded to achieve a maximal level in fully mature female and male oysters. In situ hybridisation demonstrated that expression was exclusively detected in the somatic cells surrounding oocytes and spermatocytes. The role of this newly-characterized TGFbeta member in the reproduction of cupped oyster is discussed in regard to the specificity and the localization of its expression, which singularly contrasts with the pleiotropic roles in a variety of physiological processes commonly ascribed to most TGF-beta family members identified so far.
Asunto(s)
Gónadas/metabolismo , Ostreidae/fisiología , Reproducción , Factor de Crecimiento Transformador beta/genética , Secuencia de Aminoácidos , Animales , Secuencia de Bases , Cartilla de ADN , ADN Complementario , Datos de Secuencia Molecular , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa de Transcriptasa Inversa , Homología de Secuencia de Aminoácido , Factor de Crecimiento Transformador beta/química , Factor de Crecimiento Transformador beta/metabolismoRESUMEN
Chitinase-like proteins have been identified in insects and mammals as nonenzymatic members of the glycoside hydrolase family 18. Recently, the first molluscan chitinase-like protein, named Crassostrea gigas (Cg)-Clp1, was shown to control the proliferation and synthesis of extracellular matrix components of mammalian chondrocytes. However, the precise physiological roles of Cg-Clp1 in oysters remain unknown. Here, we report the cloning and the characterization of a new chitinase-like protein (Cg-Clp2) from the oyster Crassostrea gigas. Gene expression profiles monitored by quantitative RT-PCR in adult tissues and through development support its involvement in tissue growth and remodelling. Both Cg-Clp1- and Cg-Clp2-encoding genes were transcriptionally stimulated in haemocytes in response to bacterial lipopolysaccharide challenge, strongly suggesting that these two close paralogous genes play a role in oyster immunity.