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PURPOSE: The optimal duration of antibiotic therapy for fracture-related infection (FRI) has not been well defined. Our aim was to assess the recurrence rate of infection in patients who underwent six, 12, or 24 weeks of antibiotic therapy following surgical treatment for FRI one year after antibiotic discontinuation. Additionally, complications were monitored. METHODS: Patients with FRI underwent surgical treatment, and antibiotic therapy was initiated. The patients were divided into groups at the 6th and 12th weeks of antibiotic therapy. The primary endpoint was the recurrence of deep or superficial infection at 90 days and one year after the end of antimicrobial therapy. RESULTS: There was no difference in the recurrence of infection 90 days or one year after stopping antibiotic therapy among patients treated for six, 12, or 24 weeks (p = 0.98 and p = 0.19, respectively). The overall recurrence rate of infection 90 days after stopping antibiotic therapy was 4.9% (8/163), and one year after discontinuation of antibiotic therapy was 9.8% (16/163). There was a statistically significant difference in the incidence of adverse effects among the three groups (chi-square; p = 0.01). Adverse effects were more common in the group treated for 24 weeks than in the groups treated for 6 weeks (z score, p = 0.017) or 12 weeks (z score, p = 0.005). CONCLUSION: Antibiotic therapy longer than 6 weeks did not reduce the recurrence of FRI after one year of follow-up. Additionally, antibiotic treatment for 24 weeks increases adverse events such as skin reactions and acute renal failure.

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The most common resistance mechanism to carbapenems is the production of carbapenemases. In 2021, the Pan American Health Organization warned of the emergence and increase in new carbapenemase combinations in Enterobacterales in Latin America. In this study, we characterized four Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates harboring blaKPC and blaNDM from an outbreak during the COVID-19 pandemic in a Brazilian hospital. We assessed their plasmids' transference ability, fitness effects, and relative copy number in different hosts. The K. pneumoniae BHKPC93 and BHKPC104 strains were selected for whole genome sequencing (WGS) based on their pulsed-field gel electrophoresis profile. The WGS revealed that both isolates belong to ST11, and 20 resistance genes were identified in each isolate, including blaKPC-2 and blaNDM-1. The blaKPC gene was present on a ~56 Kbp IncN plasmid and the blaNDM-1 gene on a ~102 Kbp IncC plasmid, along with five other resistance genes. Although the blaNDM plasmid contained genes for conjugational transfer, only the blaKPC plasmid conjugated to E. coli J53, without apparent fitness effects. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of meropenem/imipenem against BHKPC93 and BHKPC104 were 128/64 and 256/128 mg/L, respectively. Although the meropenem and imipenem MICs against E. coli J53 transconjugants carrying the blaKPC gene were 2 mg/L, this was a substantial increment in the MIC relative to the original J53 strain. The blaKPC plasmid copy number was higher in K. pneumoniae BHKPC93 and BHKPC104 than in E. coli and higher than that of the blaNDM plasmids. In conclusion, two ST11 K. pneumoniae isolates that were part of a hospital outbreak co-harbored blaKPC-2 and blaNDM-1. The blaKPC-harboring IncN plasmid has been circulating in this hospital since at least 2015, and its high copy number might have contributed to the conjugative transfer of this particular plasmid to an E. coli host. The observation that the blaKPC-containing plasmid had a lower copy number in this E. coli strain may explain why this plasmid did not confer phenotypic resistance against meropenem and imipenem.

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Introduction: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is increasing and represents one of the world's major challenges. AMR increase morbimortality, length of hospital stay and costs. Antimicrobial Stewardship Programs (ASP) are one of the key strategies to promote the rational use of antimicrobials since AMR is mostly driven by antimicrobial consumption. Objective: To describe the ASP implementation in a teaching hospital from the perspective of Donabedian quality assessment and the Brazilian regulatory requirements. Method: This was a descriptive study with secondary data collection, including document review of the ASP. The study setting was a general public 392-bed hospital. The ASP activities were performed by the hospital infection control committee (HICC), hospital pharmacy (HP) and diagnostic support laboratory (DSL). The description of the three services mainly involved in the ASP was based on a quality assessment model involving the dimensions of "structure", "process" and "result" proposed by Donabedian. The distribution among dimensions was guided by the checklist of essential elements of the ASP that compose the Brazilian regulatory requirements. The checklist was applied in July, 2022, and the ASP results described from 2016 to 2021. Results: ASP actions have been gradually implemented since 2008 with the implementation of HICC and improved over the years. Regarding structure, the investments in technology were mapped, quantifying 26 computers and three software programs employed to computerize the ASP processes performed in specific physical areas by HICC, HP and DSL. Institutional guidelines used by HICC, HP and DSL guided clinical practices to operationalize ASP. The evaluation metrics improved for 10 indicators and worsened for four indicators. From the 60 items composing the checklist, the hospital met the requirements in 73.3% of the items (n = 44). Conclusion: This study described the implementation of ASP in a teaching hospital, applying the Donabedian perspective. Although the hospital still does not have a classic ASP model, there were investments to improve structure, processes and results, aiming to comply with international guidelines. A high proportion of key elements of ASP in the hospital were followed according to the Brazilian regulatory requirements. Aspects related to antimicrobial consumption and the emergence of microbial resistance deserve further investigations.

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Background: In intensive care units (ICUs), infections by multidrug-resistant (MDR) microorganisms should be monitored to prevent healthcare-associated infections (HAIs). Methods: From 2018 to 2020, we investigated all medical records of patients admitted to the ICU of a public university hospital. All patients colonized/infected by MDR microorganisms and submitted to active surveillance cultures (ASCs) were included. Results and discussion: Male patients prevailed, and 9.5% were positive for MDR bacteria. In-hospital deaths were statistically significant (p < 0.05) for older patients, patients with orotracheal tube use during previous and current hospitalization, and patients with high blood pressure, cardiac and pulmonary diseases, and chronic kidney disease. Carbapenem resistant Enterobacteriaceae was the most frequently resistance profile, followed by extended-spectrum beta-lactamase. The diagnosis or evolution of HAIs was statistically significant (p < 0.0001) for patients treated with meropenem and vancomycin, and in-hospital deaths occurred in 29.5% of patients using polypeptides while the use of macrolides reduced the odds for mortality. The BRADEN Scale demonstrated that 50% of the patients were at high risk of dying. Conclusion: Patients hospitalized in the ICU, colonized or infected by MDR bacteria, using invasive medical devices, and with underlying medical conditions presented increased mortality rates. The prescription of meropenem and vancomycin should be carefully monitored once patients using these antimicrobials already have or develop an HAI.

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Acinetobacter baumannii is an opportunistic pathogen primarily associated with multidrug-resistant nosocomial infections, for which polymyxins are the last-resort antibiotics. This study investigated carbapenem-resistant A. baumannii strains exhibiting an extensively drug-resistant (XDR) phenotype, including four isolates considered locally pan drug-resistant (LPDR), isolated from inpatients during an outbreak at a teaching hospital in Brazil. ApaI DNA macrorestriction followed by PFGE clustered the strains in three pulsotypes, named A to C, among carbapenem-resistant A. baumannii strains. Pulsotypes A and B clustered six polymyxin-resistant A. baumannii strains. MLST analysis of representative strains of pulsotypes A, B, and C showed that they belong, respectively, to sequence types ST1 (clonal complex, CC1), ST79 (CC79), and ST903. Genomic analysis of international clones ST1 and ST79 representative strains predicted a wide resistome for ß-lactams, aminoglycosides, fluoroquinolones, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, with bla OXA-23 and bla OXA-72 genes encoding carbapenem resistance. Amino acid substitutions in PmrB (Thr232Ile or Pro170Leu) and PmrC (Arg125His) were responsible for polymyxin resistance. Although colistin MICs were all high (MIC ≥ 128 mg/L), polymyxin B MICs varied; strains with Pro170Leu substitution in PmrB had MICs > 128 mg/L, while those with Thr232Ile had lower MICs (16-64 mg/L), irrespective of the clone. Although the first identified polymyxin-resistant A. baumannii strain belonged to ST79, the ST1 strains were endemic and caused the outbreak most likely due to polymyxin B use. The genome comparison of two ST1 strains from the same patient, but one susceptible and the other resistant to polymyxin, revealed mutations in 28 ORFs in addition to pmrBC. The ORF codifying an acyl-CoA dehydrogenase has gained attention due to its fatty acid breakdown and membrane fluidity involvement. However, the role of these mutations in the polymyxin resistance mechanism remains unknown. To prevent the dissemination of XDR bacteria, the hospital infection control committee implemented the patient bathing practice with a 2% chlorhexidine solution, a higher concentration than all A. baumannii chlorhexidine MICs. In conclusion, we showed the emergence of polymyxin resistance due to mutations in the chromosome of the carbapenem-resistant A. baumannii ST1, a high-risk global clone spreading in this hospital.

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OBJECTIVE: To investigate endotoxins in sterilized surgical instruments used in hip arthroplasties. METHOD: A descriptive exploratory study conducted in a public teaching hospital. Six types of surgical instruments were selected, namely: acetabulum rasp, femoral rasp, femoral head remover, chisel box, flexible bone reamer and femoral head test. The selection was based on the analysis of the difficulty in removing bone and blood residues during cleaning. The sample was made up of 60 surgical instruments, which were tested for endotoxins in three different stages. The EndosafeTM Gel-Clot LAL (Limulus Amebocyte Lysate method) was used. RESULT: There was consistent gel formation with positive analysis in eight instruments, corresponding to 13.3%, being four femoral rasps and four bone reamers. CONCLUSION: Endotoxins in quantity ≥0.125 UE/mL were detected in 13.3% of the instruments tested. OBJETIVO: Investigar endotoxinas em instrumentais cirúrgicos esterilizados empregados em artroplastias do quadril. MÉTODO: Estudo exploratório, descritivo, desenvolvido em um hospital público de ensino. Foram selecionados seis tipos de instrumentais, a saber: raspa acetabular, raspa femural, saca-cabeça de fêmur, formão box, fresa de fêmur e cabeça de prova de fêmur. A seleção foi feita a partir da análise da dificuldade para a remoção de resíduos de sangue e osso durante a limpeza. A amostra foi constituída por 60 instrumentais cirúrgicos, que foram testados para endotoxinas em três momentos distintos. Foi utilizado o método de gel-clot pelo Limulus Amebócito Lisado (LAL) Endosafe(tm). RESULTADO: Houve formação de gel consistente com análise positiva em oito instrumentais, o que corresponde a 13,3%, sendo quatro raspas de fêmur e quatro fresas de fêmur. CONCLUSÃO: Foram detectadas endotoxinas em quantidade ≥0,125 UE/mL em 13,3% dos instrumentais testados.

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Abstract OBJECTIVE To investigate endotoxins in sterilized surgical instruments used in hip arthroplasties. METHOD A descriptive exploratory study conducted in a public teaching hospital. Six types of surgical instruments were selected, namely: acetabulum rasp, femoral rasp, femoral head remover, chisel box, flexible bone reamer and femoral head test. The selection was based on the analysis of the difficulty in removing bone and blood residues during cleaning. The sample was made up of 60 surgical instruments, which were tested for endotoxins in three different stages. The EndosafeTM Gel-Clot LAL (Limulus Amebocyte Lysate method) was used. RESULT There was consistent gel formation with positive analysis in eight instruments, corresponding to 13.3%, being four femoral rasps and four bone reamers. CONCLUSION Endotoxins in quantity ≥0.125 UE/mL were detected in 13.3% of the instruments tested.

Resumen OBJETIVO Investigar las endotoxinas en instrumentales quirúrgicos esterilizados empleados en artroplastias de la cadera. MÉTODO Estudio exploratorio, descriptivo, desarrollado en un hospital público de enseñanza. Fueron seleccionados seis tipos de instrumentales, a saber: raspa de acetábulo, raspa femoral, sacacorchos (para extraer la cabeza femoral), gubia quirúrgica, fresa femoral y cabeza femoral de prueba. La selección se hizo desde el análisis de la dificultad para la retirada de residuos de sangre y hueso durante la limpieza. La muestra estuvo constituida de 60 instrumentales quirúrgicos, que fueron puestos a prueba para endotoxinas en tres momentos diferentes. Se utilizó el método de gelificación (Gel-clot) Lisado de Amebocitos de Limulus (LAL) Endosafe(tm). RESULTADO Hubo formación de gel consistente con análisis positivo en ocho instrumentos, lo que corresponde a el 13,3%, siendo cuatro raspas femorales y cuatro fresas femorales. CONCLUSIÓN Fueron detectadas endotoxinas en cantidad ≥0,125 UE/mL en el 13,3% de los instrumentos probados.

Resumo OBJETIVO Investigar endotoxinas em instrumentais cirúrgicos esterilizados empregados em artroplastias do quadril. MÉTODO Estudo exploratório, descritivo, desenvolvido em um hospital público de ensino. Foram selecionados seis tipos de instrumentais, a saber: raspa acetabular, raspa femural, saca-cabeça de fêmur, formão box, fresa de fêmur e cabeça de prova de fêmur. A seleção foi feita a partir da análise da dificuldade para a remoção de resíduos de sangue e osso durante a limpeza. A amostra foi constituída por 60 instrumentais cirúrgicos, que foram testados para endotoxinas em três momentos distintos. Foi utilizado o método de gel-clot pelo Limulus Amebócito Lisado (LAL) Endosafe(tm). RESULTADO Houve formação de gel consistente com análise positiva em oito instrumentais, o que corresponde a 13,3%, sendo quatro raspas de fêmur e quatro fresas de fêmur. CONCLUSÃO Foram detectadas endotoxinas em quantidade ≥0,125 UE/mL em 13,3% dos instrumentais testados.

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INTRODUCTION: On 10 February 2010, the American Psychiatric Association published an online draft of the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, which, like the previous editions, after having received several comments and contributions, was subject during the next following years, to the technical and scientific scrutiny, and, of course, susceptible to modification leading to a final improved version. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This article aims to analyze the changes proposed by this new review, investigate whether these have implications in the field of Forensic Psychiatry and discuss the implications identified. DISCUSSION: In this perspective, the object of analysis are issues related to the classification and structuring of nosological entities, with special focus on personality disorders, substance abuse disorders, sexual and gender identity disorders, anxiety disorders, dissociative disorders, psychotic disorders and also disorders suggested by external sources. CONCLUSION: the main changes proposed are essentially about diagnostic criteria, which, for some of nosological entities, may hinder the outcome of the expert assessment, while for others there could be otherwise, since the introduction of new models closer to reality appears to offer greater objectivity and diagnostic rigor.

Introdução: Em 10 de Fevereiro de 2010, a American Psychiatric Association publicou online a versão preliminar (draft) da quinta edição do Manual de Diagnóstico e Estatística das Perturbações Mentais (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders), que, à semelhança das edições anteriores, depois de ter acolhido comentários e contribuições diversas, esteve sujeita, durante os dois anos seguintes, a um escrutínio técnico e científico, e, naturalmente, a alterações e revisões suscetíveis de conduzirem a uma versão final melhorada.Material e Métodos: Este artigo visa analisar as alterações propostas por esta nova revisão, averiguar se estas têm implicações no domínio da Psiquiatria Forense e discutir as implicações identificadas.Discussão: Nesta perspetiva, constituem objeto de análise as questões relacionadas com a classificação e estruturação das entidades nosológicas, com especial enfoque nas perturbações da personalidade, perturbações de abuso de substâncias, perturbações sexuais e da identidade de género, perturbações de ansiedade, perturbações dissociativas, perturbações psicóticas e, ainda, perturbações sugeridas por fontes externas.Conclusão: As principais alterações propostas têm a ver essencialmente com os critérios de diagnóstico, que, relativamente a algumas das entidades nosológicas, poderão dificultar o resultado da avaliação pericial, enquanto em relação a outras poderá verificar-se o contrário, uma vez que a introdução de novos modelos de aproximação à realidade parece oferecer uma maior objetividade e rigor diagnósticos.

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In the present study, a method using high performance liquid chromatography to quantify LSD, in blotter papers seized in Minas Gerais, was optimized and validated. Linearity, precision, recovery, limits of detection and quantification, and selectivity were the parameters used to evaluate performance. The samples were extracted with methanol:water (1: 1) in an ultra-sound bath. The linearity between 0.05 and 20.00 μg/mL (0.5 and 200.0μg of LSD/blotter) was observed with satisfactory mean intra and inter assay precision (RSDr = 4.4% and RSD R = 6.4%, respectively) and with mean recoveries of 83.4% and 84.9% to the levels of 1.00 and 20.00 μg/mL (10 and 200μg LSD/blotter). The limits of detection and quantification were 0.01 and 0.05 μg/mL, respectively (0.1 and 0.5 μg of LSD/blotter). The samples of blotters (n =22) were analyzed and the mean value of 67.55 μg of LSD/blotter (RSD=27.5%) was found. Thus, the method used showed satisfactory analytical performance, and proved suitable as an analytical tool for LSD determination in illicit samples seized by police forces.

No presente trabalho, um método utilizando cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência foi otimizado e validado para quantificar o LSD em selos apreendidos em Minas Gerais. A linearidade, precisão, recuperação, limites de detecção e quantificação e seletividade foram os parâmetros de desempenho avaliados. As amostras foram extraídas com metanol: água (1:1) em banho de ultra-som. A linearidade entre 0,05 a 20,00 mg/mL (0,5 a 200 μg LSD/blotter) foi observada com precisão média, intra e inter ensaio, satisfatória (RSDr = 4,4% e RSD R = 6,4%, respectivamente) e com recuperações médias de 83,4% e 84,9% para os níveis de LSD de 1,00 e 20,00 mg/mL (10 e 200 μg LSD/selo). Os limites de detecção e quantificação encontrados foram de 0,01 e 0,05 mg/mL, respectivamente (0,1 e 0,5 μg LSD/selo). As amostras de selos (n = 22) foram analisadas e o valor médio encontrado foi de 67,55 μg de LSD/selo (RSD% = 27,5). Desta forma, o método analítico apresentou desempenho satisfatório, capaz de ser utilizado como instrumento de análise para a determinação do LSD em amostras ilícitas apreendidas pelas forças policiais.

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O uso abusivo das anfetaminas e seus derivados vêm aumentando dramaticamente nos últimos anos em diversas regiões do mundo, notando-se especial utilização do Ecstasy. A análise de amostras da droga apreendidas nas ruas evidenciou, além da presença de MDMA (3,4-metilenodioximetanfetamina), componente principal da droga, outras feniletilaminas, como a MDA (3,4-metilenodioxanfetamina) e MDEA (metilenodioximetiletilanfetamina) este último também conhecido como a droga Eve, ainda pouco difundida no Brasil. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi desenvolver e validar um método analítico confiável, prático e acessível aos laboratórios de toxicologia, de médio e pequeno porte, no Brasil e em países em desenvolvimento, para identificação separada do MDMA, MDA e MDEA. A cromatografia em fase gasosa utilizando-se coluna capilar e detector de ionização de chama foi a técnica escolhida. O método analítico apresentou para os três analitos de interesse, faixa ampla de linearidade (1,0 a 500,0 μg/mL); limites de quantificação de 1,0 μg/mL e coeficientes de variação intra e interensaio inferiores a 9,5 por cento. Os limites de detecção estabelecidos foram 0,7 μg/mL, 0,8 μg/mL e 0,6 μg/mL, respectivamente para o MDMA, MDA e MDEA. O método foi seletivo na presença de epinefrina, cocaína, anfetamina, ácido acetilsalisílico, metanfetamina, ácido dietilbarbitúrico, p-aminobenzoil dietilbarbitúrico, paracetamol e cafeína.

The abusive use of the amphetamine derivative ecsyasy in the world come increasing in the last years. Many tablets samples kept on the streets shown the presence not only of the MDMA- 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine, the main drug component but also of the MDA - 3,4- methylenedioxyamphetamine and MDEA - 3,4-methylenedioxymethylethylamphetamine. The present study sought to develop and validate an analytical method for determination of MDMA, MDA and MDEA in tablets to be accessible for the most small or medium laboratories of toxicology of the development countries as Brazil. It was chosen for development and validation a gas chromatography method with flame ionization detection. The analytic validation results for MDMA, MDA and MDEA were linearity range of 1.0 to 500.0 μg/mL, intra and interassay coefficient of variation lower than 9.5 percent and quantification limit of 1.0 μg/mL. The detection limits were 0.7 μg/mL, 0.8 μg/mL and 0.6 μg/mL respectively to MDMA, MDA and MDEA. The method showed a good seletivity as the epinephrine, cocaine, amphetamine, methamphetamine, acethyl salicilic acid, diethyl barbituric acid, p-aminobenzoyl diethyl barbituric, paracetamol and caffeine presences did not interfere with the measurement of the three analytes.

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Strontium is the more abundant element in the earth representing almost 0.34 per cent of the whole earth eruptive igneous rocks. Is is naturally presnt in food, water, air and soil and also used in many industrial activities. It is absorbed in the intestinal mucosa, stored in bone tisue and excreted by the kidney. Some metals such as aluminium and strontium are found in dialysis solutions and medications used as a phosphate binder. Several studies have shown the multifactorial etiology of renal osteodystrophy associated with dialysis as well as the important role of metals, such as aluminium and strontium, on the disease development. This study is a brief review of the literature focusing on the toxic action of strontium in bone and its role in the renal osteodystrophy development...

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A headspace solid phase microextraction (SPME) method has been developed to determine metabolites of dimethylformamide, N-hydroxymethyl-N-methylformamide, and N-methylformamide (NMF) as NMF in urine by gas chromatography with nitrogen-phosphorus detector (GC-NPD). An SPME holder with a 65-microm PDMS/DVB fiber coating was used. Optimal desorption conditions were 250 degrees C for 1 min, adsorption at 80 degrees C for 15 min, and 3.00 mL of sample in the headspace vial. The method presented good resolution, repeatability, recovery, detection limit, ruggedness and response linearity.

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OBJECTIVE: To assess the use of trans, trans-muconic acid as a biomarker of occupational exposure to benzene. METHODS: Trans, trans-muconic acid in urine samples of exposed (exposed group, n=36) and non-exposed (non-exposed group, n=116) workers to benzene. Urinary levels of trans, trans-muconic acid were quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography. The study sample consisted of subjects exposed to benzene in an oil refinery in Belo Horizonte, Brazil. Non-parametric statistical analysis was carried out using Kruskall-Wallis test, Mann-Whitney test and Spearman correlation at p<0.05. RESULTS: Workers were exposed on average to benzene levels of 0.15 +/- 0.05 mg/m3 (0.05 ppm) and they showed a urinary trans, trans-muconic acid mean value of 0.19 +/- 0.04 mg/g of creatinine. The reference value range of trans, trans-muconic acid in non-exposed subjects was 0.03 to 0.26 mg/g of creatinine (mean 0.10 +/- 0.08 mg/g of creatinine). There was seen a statistical difference between trans, trans-muconic acid levels in urine samples from exposed and non-exposed groups. There was no correlation between urinary trans, trans-muconic acid and air benzene levels. There was no correlation between urinary trans, trans-muconic acid levels in the exposed group and smoking. Alcohol consumption up to 48 hours before sampling procedure showed no effect on trans, trans-muconic acid levels in both exposed and non-exposed groups. There was however a correlation between age (range 18 to 25 years) and urinary metabolite levels in the latter group. CONCLUSIONS: The results show that it is important to evaluate the effect of age and smoking habits on urinary trans, trans-muconic acid levels.

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OBJETIVO: Avaliar o uso do ácido trans, trans-mucônico urinário como biomarcador na monitorizaçäo da exposiçäo ocupacional ao benzeno. MÉTODOS: Foi estudado o comportamento do ácido trans, trans-mucônico em amostras de urina de indivíduos expostos (N=36) e näo expostos (N=116) ocupacionalmente ao solvente. A concentraçäo urinária do ácido foi determinada por Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Eficiência. A amostra foi constituída de indivíduos expostos ao benzeno em uma refinaria de petróleo localizada em Belo Horizonte, MG. Foram empregados os testes estatísticos näo-paramétricos de Kruskall-Wallis, Mann Witney e de correlaçäo de Spearman, ao nível de significância de 0,05 por cento. RESULTADOS: A exposiçäo média ao benzeno dos trabalhadores selecionados foi de 0,15í0,05 mg/m (0,05 ppm) o que resultou em um valor médio do metabólito urinário de 0,19í0,04 mg/g de creatinina. A faixa de referência do ácido trans, trans-mucônico no grupo näo exposto variou de 0,03 a 0,26 mg/g de creatinina (média de 0,10í0,08 mg/g de creatinina). Foi encontrada uma diferença significativa entre os níveis de ácido trans, trans-mucônico do grupo exposto e näo exposto. Entretanto, näo houve correlaçäo entre os níveis do metabólito urinário e do benzeno no ar. Foi observada a correlaçäo entre ácido trans, trans-mucônico e hábito de fumar no grupo de indivíduos expostos. A ingestäo de álcool num período de até 48 horas antes da coleta das amostras näo mostrou interferir nos níveis do metabólito nos dois grupos estudados. Foi observada a correlaçäo entre ácido trans, trans-mucônico e idade (faixa etária de 18 a 25 anos) no grupo de näo expostos. CONCLUSÕES: Os resultados obtidos evidenciaram a importância de ser mais bem avaliada a influência do hábito de fumar e da faixa etária do trabalhador nos níveis urinários do ácido trans, trans-mucônico.

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O presente trabalho foi realizado objetivando validar um método analítico para a determinação do ácido trans, trans-mucônico (ATTM) urinário empregando-se cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência com detecção UV. O ATTM foi previamente extraído das amostras biológicas, utilizando-se colunas de troca iônica e identificado por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência (CLAE). O cromatógrafo foi equipado com coluna de fase reversa Lichrosorb RP 18, 5 µm (250 × 4,2 mm). A temperatura da coluna foi mantida a 40ºC. A fase móvel utilizada foi ácido acético 1'por cento' - metanol (90-10 v/v), pH Í 2,72 a um fluxo de 1mL/mim e detecção UV em comprimento de onda de 264 nm...

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O ácido hipúrico (AH) é o principal biomarcador de exposição ao tolueno. Este composto é produzido no organismo mesmo na ausência de exposição ao solvente apresentando desvantagem se influenciado por fatores individuais e ambientais. Estudos tem demonstrado a influência da idade, sexo e hábito de ingerir café sobre o metabolismo do tolueno. O efeito destes fatores sobre a excreção urinária do AH não está ainda bem estabelecido. o objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar so os fatores sexo, idade e ingestão de café teriam influência sobre o valor urinário do AH em indivíduos não expostos ao tolueno

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O presente trabalho foi realizado objetivando-se comparar a eficiência de dois métodos analíticos, um por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência (CLAE) e outro por cromatografia em fase gasosa com coluna capilar (CG), na determinação conjunta do ácido hipúrico (AH) e ácido metil-hipúrico (AMH) em urina de indivíduos expostos ocupacionalmente ao tolueno e xileno. Após a validação analítica foi observado que o método CLAE apresentou melhores precisão intra e interensaio, porcentagem de recuperação e sensibilidade. Amostras de urina de trabalhadores expostos aos dois solventes em fábrica de tintas-latex foram analisadas pelos dois métodos validados e os resultados avaliados estatisticamente...

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Uma das características dos rins é a habilidade em compensar os eventuais danos renais provocados por xenobióticos, de modo que os testes clássicos de função renal se mostram inadequados para detectar precocemente as alterações orgânicas, uma vez que são pouco sensíveis, apresentando-se alterados, apenas tardiamente.A prevenção e o dignóstico precoce de alterações tóxicas renais causadas por xenobióticos presentes no meio ocupacional ou ambiental só é possível através do uso de parâmetros bioquímicos que revelam alterações, em suas fases iniciais, denominados biomarcadores precoces de nofrotoxidade. Um dos parâmetros que pode estar alterado desde o início de uma ação tóxica ao niível renal é a proteinúria. O uso de proteínas urinárias específicas como biomarcadores de nefrotoxidade, com especial arenção à utilização da ß²-microglobulina e da proteína transportadora do retinol, são enfocados no presente trabalho

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A 2,5-hexanodiona (2,5-HD) urinária tem sido o biomarcador mais utilizado no monitoramento da exposição ocupacional ao n-hexano. Vários autores relatam alterações nos níveis urinários do metabólito em função do tipo de tratamento aplicado à amostra. A legislação brasileira estabelece que a determinação da 2,5-HD urinária seja realizada por cromatografia gasosa (CG), mas não faz referência ao preparo das amostras para a análise. Com o objetivo de estudar a influência da hidrólise ácida no resultado das determinações de 2,5-HD, amostras de urina de indivíduos expostos e não-expostos ao n-hexano, foram analisadas por cromatografia em fase gasosa utilizando-se duas técnicas, respectivamente, com e sem hidrólise ácida...

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RESUMEN

O tolueno e um solvente aromatico com larga utilizacao industrial, sendo usado na fabricacao de varios produtos como cola, tiner, tintas e outros. Sua acao neurotoxica constitui o principal risco a saude dos trabalhadores, tornando-se indispensavel medidas de controle e avaliacao da exposicao ocupacional...

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