RESUMEN
Water, sediment and biota (two fish and one shrimp species) samples were collected from rivers, ponds, mudflat and estuaries within the Mai Po Ramsar site in Hong Kong, China, to determine the concentrations of heavy metals/loid (HMs): cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), mercury (Hg), lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), and arsenic (As). The mutagenicity and toxicity of water and sediment samples were evaluated using Ames test and Microtox® bioassay, respectively. Ecological risk assessments on water birds were also conducted based on HM concentrations in biota, sediment and water samples. In general, results showed that downstream of Shan Pui River and Ng Tung River had relatively higher HM concentrations (e.g. Cu: 0.992-9.49 µg/L; As: 0.342-5.83 µg/L) when compared with estuaries (Cu: 0.400-3.69 µg/L; As: 0.220-0.931 µg/L) and ponds (Cu: 0.0402-2.41 µg/L; As: 0.0501-2.10 µg/L), except Hg and Cd. On the other hand, sediment samples collected from Ng Tung River showed mutagenicity on Salmonella typhimurium tester strain TA100, while the mudflat samples had mutagenicity on tester strain TA98 used in the Ames tests. Microtox® bioassay indicated that only sediment of Ng Tung River showed acute toxicity with a 15 min half maximal effective concentration (EC50) value of 30.5%. Results of ecological risk assessments showed that grey heron (Ardea cinerea), which feeds on fish and shrimps at Shan Pui River and ponds were not at risk. However, common sandpiper (Actitis hypoleucos), which feeds at ponds were subjected to a potential health risk due to its behavior of seeking food from the sediments, especially this bird species has a small body size. This indicates juvenile birds of other species may also be affected. Remediation should be implemented to relief the potential risk of Cu and Pb, to these water birds in the Mai Po Ramsar site.
Asunto(s)
Metales Pesados , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua , Animales , Biota , Aves , China , Monitoreo del Ambiente , Sedimentos Geológicos , Hong Kong , Metales Pesados/análisis , Metales Pesados/toxicidad , Medición de Riesgo , Agua , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua/análisis , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua/toxicidad , HumedalesRESUMEN
The concentrations of six heavy metal/metalloids (HMs) cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), mercury (Hg), lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), and arsenic (As) were determined in the influent, effluent, and dewatered sludge of two sewage treatment works (Yuen Long Sewage Treatment Work (YLSTW) and Shek Wu Hui Sewage Treatment Work (SWHSTW)) and river waters and sediment (Shan Pui River and Ng Tung River) within the Mai Po Ramsar site in Hong Kong SAR, China. In both STWs, Pb had the highest removal efficiencies (YLSTW 86.5 ± 19.0% to 97.3 ± 3.04%; SWHSTW 87.4 ± 12.8% to 100 ± 0.0800%). In the whole effluent toxicity test, both STWs were effective in lowering the toxicity of the effluent to zebrafish and cherry shrimp. The environmental risk assessments of these HMs on three local aquatic organisms, three species of fish, two species of crustaceans, and three species of algae, were calculated based on measured HMs concentrations in river water and sewage samples, and the predicted no-effect concentrations. Results showed that Zn concentrations in all collected samples posed potential risks to all studied aquatic organisms (average risk quotient = 445). The concentrations of Cu in the rivers posed potential risks (average risk quotient = 5.42) to all fish species. It was concluded that Zn and Hg derived from the STWs might pose potential risks to the living organisms inhabiting the Ramsar site, and Cu, Cd, Pb, and As in the rivers were originated from the two rivers and possibly other tributaries.