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Functional segmental trachea reconstruction is a critical concern in thoracic surgery, and tissue-engineered trachea (TET) holds promise as a potential solution. However, current TET falls short in fully restoring physiological function due to the lack of the intricate multi-tissue structure found in natural trachea. In this research, a multi-tissue integrated tissue-engineered trachea (MI-TET) is successfully developed by orderly assembling various cells (chondrocytes, fibroblasts and epithelial cells) on 3D-printed PGS bioelastomer scaffolds. The MI-TET closely resembles the complex structures of natural trachea and achieves the integrated regeneration of four essential tracheal components: C-shaped cartilage ring, O-shaped vascularized fiber ring, axial fiber bundle, and airway epithelium. Overall, the MI-TET demonstrates highly similar multi-tissue structures and physiological functions to natural trachea, showing promise for future clinical advancements in functional TETs.

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Ageing is a nature process of microplastics that occurrs daily, and human beings are inevitably exposed to aged microplastics. However, a systematic understanding of ageing status and its toxic effect is currently still lacking. In this study, plastic cup lids-originated polypropylene (PP) microplastics were UV-photoaged until the carbonyl index (CI), a canonical indicator for plastic ageing, achieved 0.08, 0.17, 0.22 and 0.28. The adverse hepatic effect of these aged PPs (aPPs) was evaluated in Balb/c mice (75 ng/mL water, about 200 particles/day) and human-originated liver organoids (LOs, 50 particles/mL, ranged from 5.94 to 13.15 ng/mL) at low-dose equivalent to human exposure level. Low-dose of aged PP could induce hepatic reductive stress both in vitro and in vivo, by elevating the NADH/NAD+ratio in a CI-dependent manner, together with hepatoxicity (indicated by increased AST secretion and cytotoxicity), and disrupted the genes encoding the nutrients transporters and NADH subunits accompanied by the restricted ATP supply, declined mitochondrial membrane potential and mitochondrial complexI/IV activities, without significant increase in MDA levels in the liver. These changes in the liver disrupted systematic metabolism, representing a circulatory panel of increases in the lactate, triglyceride, Fgf21 levels, and decreases in the pyruvate level, linked the reductive stress to the declined body weight gain but elevated hepatic NADH contents following aPPs exposure. Additionally, assessing by the LOs, it was found that digestion drastically accelerated the ageing of aPPs and worsen the energy supply upon mitochondria, representing a "scattergun effect" induced by the formation of micro- and nano-plastics mixture toward NADH/NAD+imbalance.

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Traditional tendon engineering using cell-loaded scaffold has limited application potential due to the need of autologous cells. We hypothesize that potent mechanical loading can efficiently induce in situ Achilles tendon regeneration in a rabbit model by using a cell-free porous composite scaffold. In this study, melt-spinning was used to fabricate PGA (polyglycolic acid) and PLA (polylactic acid) filament fibers as well as non-woven PGA fibers. The PLA/PGA (4:2) filament fibers were further braided into a hybrid yarn，which was knitted into a PLA/PGA tubular mesh with potent mechanical property for sustaining natural tendon strain. The results showed that a complete cross-section of Achilles tendon created a model of full mechanical loading on the bridging scaffold, which could efficiently induce in situ tendon regeneration by promoting host cell infiltration, matrix production and tissue remodeling. Histologically, mechanical loading assisted in forming parallel aligned collagen fibers and tenocytes in a fashion similar to those of native tendon. Transmission electron microscope further demonstrated that mechanical strain induced collagen fibril development by increasing fibril diameter and forming bipolar structure, which resulted in enhanced mechanical properties. Interestingly, the synergistic effect between mechanical loading and hyaluronic acid modification was also observed on the induced tenogenic differentiation of infiltrated host fibroblasts. In conclusion, potent mechanical loading is the key inductive microenvironment for in situ tendon regeneration for this polymer-based composite scaffold with proper matrix modification, which may serve as a universal scaffold product for tendon regeneration.

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The biomedical application of self-healing materials in wet or (under)water environments is quite challenging because the insulation and dissociation effects of water molecules significantly reduce the reconstruction of material-interface interactions. Rapid closure with uniform tension of high-tension wounds is often difficult, leading to further deterioration and scarring. Herein, a new type of thermosetting water-resistant self-healing bioelastomer (WRSHE) was designed by synergistically incorporating a stable polyglycerol sebacate (PGS) covalent crosslinking network and triple hybrid dynamic networks consisting of reversible disulfide metathesis (SS), and dimethylglyoxime urethane (Dou) and hydrogen bonds. And a resveratrol-loaded WRSHE (Res@WRSHE) was developed by a swelling, absorption, and crosslinked network locking strategy. WRSHEs exhibited skin-like mechanical properties in terms of nonlinear modulus behavior, biomimetic softness, high stretchability, and good elasticity, and they also achieved ultrafast and highly efficient self-healing in various liquid environments. For wound-healing applications of high-tension full-thickness skin defects, the convenient surface assembly by self-healing of WRSHEs provides uniform contraction stress to facilitate tight closure. Moreover, Res@WRSHEs gradually release resveratrol, which helps inflammatory response reduction, promotes blood vessel regeneration, and accelerates wound repair.

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NARROW LEAF1 (NAL1) exerts a multifaceted influence on leaf morphology and crop yield. Recent crystal study proposed that histidine 233 (H233) is part of the catalytic triad. Here we report that unlike suggested previously, H234 instead of H233 is a component of the catalytic triad alongside residues D291 and S385 in NAL1. Remarkably, residue 233 unexpectedly plays a pivotal role in regulating NAL1's proteolytic activity. These findings establish a strong foundation for utilizing NAL1 in breeding programs aimed at improving crop yield.

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Tissue engineering and electrotherapy are two promising methods to promote tissue repair. However, their integration remains an underexplored area, because their requirements on devices are usually distinct. Triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) have shown great potential to develop self-powered devices. However, due to their susceptibility to moisture, TENGs have to be encapsulated in vivo. Therefore, existing TENGs cannot be employed as tissue engineering scaffolds, which require direct interaction with surrounding cells. Here, the concept of triboelectric scaffolds (TESs) is proposed. Poly(glycerol sebacate), a biodegradable and relatively hydrophobic elastomer, is selected as the matrix of TESs. Each hydrophobic micropore in multi-hierarchical porous TESs efficiently serves as a moisture-resistant working unit of TENGs. Integration of tons of micropores ensures the electrotherapy ability of TESs in vivo without encapsulation. Originally hydrophobic TESs are degraded by surface erosion and transformed into hydrophilic surfaces, facilitating their role as tissue engineering scaffolds. Notably, TESs seeded with chondrocytes obtain dense and large matured cartilages after subcutaneous implantation in nude mice. Importantly, rabbits with osteochondral defects receiving TES implantation show favorable hyaline cartilage regeneration and complete cartilage healing. This work provides a promising electronic biomedical device and will inspire a series of new in vivo applications.

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RNA helicases function as versatile enzymes primarily responsible for remodeling RNA secondary structures and organizing ribonucleoprotein complexes. In our study, we conducted a systematic analysis of the helicase-related activities of Escherichia coli HrpA and presented the structures of both its apo form and its complex bound with both conventional and non-canonical DNAs. Our findings reveal that HrpA exhibits NTP hydrolysis activity and binds to ssDNA and ssRNA in distinct sequence-dependent manners. While the helicase core plays an essential role in unwinding RNA/RNA and RNA/DNA duplexes, the N-terminal extension in HrpA, consisting of three helices referred to as the APHB domain, is crucial for ssDNA binding and RNA/DNA duplex unwinding. Importantly, the APHB domain is implicated in binding to non-canonical DNA structures such as G-quadruplex and i-motif, and this report presents the first solved i-motif-helicase complex. This research not only provides comprehensive insights into the multifaceted roles of HrpA as an RNA helicase but also establishes a foundation for further investigations into the recognition and functional implications of i-motif DNA structures in various biological processes.

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Objective: To investigate the characteristics of gene mutations in angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma (AITL). Methods: Seventy-five AITL cases diagnosed at the Department of Pathology, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China from June 2021 to June 2023 were included. Their formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded or fresh tissues were subject to targeted next generation sequencing (NGS). The sequencing data was collected, and the distribution and type of gene mutations were analyzed. Results: 492 potential driver mutations were identified in 74 out of the 84 genes. Targeted sequencing data for the 75 AITL patients showed that the genes with mutation frequencies of ≥10% were TET2 (89.3%), RHOA (57.3%), IDH2 (37.3%), DNMT3A (36.0%), KMT2C (21.3%), PLCG1 (12.0%), and KDM6B (10.7%). There were significant co-occurrence relationships between TET2 and RHOA, TET2 and IDH2, and RHOA and IDH2 gene mutations (P<0.05), respectively, while TET2 and KDM6B gene mutations were mutually exclusive (P<0.05). Conclusions: The study reveals the mutational characteristics of AITL patients using NGS technology, which would provide insights for molecular diagnosis and targeted therapy of AITL.

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Purpose To explore the clinicopathological features and molecular characteristics of primary CD5+diffuse large B cell lymphoma(DLBCL).Methods Immunohisto-chemistry and next-generation sequencing(NGS)were used to compare the pathological features,immunophenotypes,and mo-lecular characteristics between primary CD5+DLBCL and CD5-DLBCL,and to analyze their relationship with prognosis and clinical characteristics of patients.Results Among 311 DLBCL patients,there were 46 cases(14.7％)of CD5+DLBCL.There were no statistically significant differences in patient gen-der,clinical staging,international prognostic index between CD5+DLBCL and CD5-DLBCL,and between CD5+DLBCL with and without MYD88 L265P mutation(P＞0.05).Immuno-phenotypically,the overexpression of BCL2(69.5％vs 49.4％,P=0.003)and the co-expression of BCL2 and C-MYC(26％vs 14％,P=0.04)were higher in the CD5+DLBCL group than those in the CD5-DLBCL group;the expression of C-MYC(53％vs 20％),BCL6(93.3％vs 61.3％),Ki67(93.3％vs 64.5％),and co-expression(46.7％vs 20.8％)were higher in the CD5+with MYD88 L265P mutation group than those in the CD5+without MYD88 L265P mutation group(P＜0.05).Survival analysis showed that the disease progres-sion-free survival time of patients in the CD5+DLBCL group tended to be shorter than that of patients in the CD5-DLBCL group(P=0.09).Furthermore,the disease progression-free survival time of patients in the CD5+without MYD88 L265P mutation group was significantly longer than that of patients in the CD5+with MYD88 L265P mutation group(P=0.04).NGS detection found differences in the distribution of accompan-ying mutated genes between CD5+DLBCL and CD5-DLBCL groups.ConclusionCD5 expression and CD5+with MYD88 L265P mutation may be potential indicators of poor prognosis in DLBCL patients.

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Objective·To analyze the clinicopathologic characteristics,gene mutation profile,and prognostic factors of thyroid diffuse large B-cell lymphoma(DLBCL).Methods·From November 2003 to December 2021,a total of 66 patients with thyroid DLBCL[23 cases(34.8%)with primary thyroid DLBCL,and 43 cases(65.2%)with secondary thyroid DLBCL]admitted to Ruijin Hospital,Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine were retrospectively analyzed for their clinicopathological data,survival and prognostic factors.Gene mutation profiles were evaluated by targeted sequencing(55 lymphoma-related genes)in 40 patients.Results·Compared to primary thyroid DLBCL,secondary thyroid DLBCL had advanced ratio of Ann Arbor stage Ⅲ?Ⅳ(P=0.000),elevated serum lactate dehydrogenase(LDH)(P=0.043),number of affected extranodal involvement≥2(P=0.000),non-germinal center B cell(non-GCB)(P=0.030),BCL-2/MYC double expression(DE)(P=0.026),and international prognostic index(IPI)3?5-scores(P=0.000).The proportion of patients who underwent thyroid surgery(P=0.012)was lower than that of patients with primary thyroid DLBCL.The complete remission(CR)rate in primary thyroid DLBCL patients was higher than that in secondary thyroid DLBCL patients(P=0.039).Fifty-five patients(83%)received rituximab combined with cyclophosphamide,doxorubicin,vincristine,and prednisone(R-CHOP)-based first-line regimen.The estimated 5-year progression free survival(PFS)rate of primary thyroid DLBCL patients was 95.0%,higher than the 49.7%of the secondary patients(P=0.010).Univariate analysis showed that Ann Arbor Ⅲ?Ⅳ(HR=4.411,95%CI 1.373?14.170),elevated LDH(HR=5.500,95%CI 1.519?19.911),non-GCB(HR= 5.291,95%CI 1.667?16.788),and DE(HR=6.178,95%CI 1.813?21.058)were adverse prognostic factors of PFS in patients with thyroid DLBCL.Ann Arbor Ⅲ?Ⅳ(HR=7.088,95%CI 0.827?60.717),elevated LDH(HR=6.982,95%CI 0.809?60.266),and DE(HR=18.079,95%CI 1.837?177.923)were adverse prognostic factors of overall survival(OS).Multivariate analysis showed that Ann Arbor Ⅲ?Ⅳ(HR=4.693,95%CI 1.218?18.081)and elevated LDH(HR=5.058,95%CI 1.166?21.941)were independent adverse prognostic factors of PFS in patients with thyroid DLBCL.Targeted sequencing data showed mutation frequency>20%in TET2(n=14,35%),KMT2D(n=13,32%),TP53(n=11,28%),GNA13(n=10,25%),KMT2C(n=9,22%),and TP53 were adverse prognostic factors of PFS in patients with thyroid DLBCL(P=0.000).Conclusion·Patients with primary thyroid DLBCL have better PFS and OS than those with secondary thyroid DLBCL.Ann Arbor Ⅲ?Ⅳ,elevated LDH,non-GCB,and DE(MYC and BCL2)are adverse prognostic factors in thyroid DLBCL.TET2,KMT2D,TP53,GNA13,and KMT2C are commonly highly mutated genes in thyroid DLBCL,and the prognosis of patients with TP53 mutations is poor.

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The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in huge amounts of face masks worldwide. However, there is a lack of awareness on the additives and their potential risk to aquatic ecosystems of face masks. To address this issue, the additives and their toxicity in 13 face masks (e.g., polypropylene, polyethylene, and polylactic acid) were determined using nontarget analysis and bioassays. A total of 826 organic additives including intermediates (14.8%), surfactants (9.3%), plasticizers (8.2%), and antioxidants (6.1%) were tentatively identified, with 213 compounds being assigned confidence levels of 1 and 2. Interestingly, polylactic acid masks contained more additives than most polypropylene or polyethylene masks. Among these additives, the concentration of tris(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate in masks was 9.4-978.2 ng/g with a 100% detection frequency. Furthermore, 13 metals such as zinc (up to 202.0 µg/g), copper (32.5 µg/g), and chromium (up to 5.7 µg/g) were detected in the face masks. The methanol extracts of the masks showed the developmental toxicity, swimming behavior, and/or endocrine disruption in embryos/larvae of Oryzias melastigma. The findings demonstrate that face masks contain various toxic additives to marine medaka, which deserves close attention to pollution by face masks.

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Regenerative cartilage replacements are increasingly required in clinical settings for various defect repairs, including bronchial cartilage deficiency, articular cartilage injury, and microtia reconstruction. Poly (glycerol sebacate) (PGS) is a widely used bioelastomer that has been developed for various regenerative medicine applications because of its excellent elasticity, biodegradability, and biocompatibility. However, because of inadequate active groups, strong hydrophobicity, and limited ink extrusion accuracy, 3D printed PGS scaffolds may cause insufficient bioactivity, inefficient cell inoculation, and inconsistent cellular composition, which seriously hinders its further cartilage regenerative application. Here, we combined 3D printed PGS frameworks with an encapsulated gelatin hydrogel to fabricate a PGS@Gel composite scaffold. PGS@Gel scaffolds have a controllable porous microstructure, with suitable pore sizes and enhanced hydrophilia, which could significantly promote the cells' penetration and adhesion for efficient chondrocyte inoculation. Furthermore, the outstanding elasticity and fatigue durability of the PGS framework enabled the regenerated cartilage built by the PGS@Gel scaffolds to resist the dynamic in vivo environment and maintain its original morphology. Importantly, PGS@Gel scaffolds increased the rate of cartilage regeneration concurrent with scaffold degradation. The scaffold was gradually degraded and integrated to form uniform, dense, and mature regenerated cartilage tissue with little scaffold residue.

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The issue of the additives leached from plastics has attracted widespread attention. More crucially, endocrine disruptor status for several leached additives has been established. However, little is known about the overall endocrine disrupting effects of aged plastic leachates. Therefore, the transcriptional responses of endocrine-related genes were assessed in the embryos of marine medaka (Oryzias melastigma), which were exposed to the leachates from aged plastics that were immersed into the simulated seawater (SW) or fish digest (FD). The results revealed that there was a great difference between the SW and FD leachates in the transcripts of endocrine-related genes. With the exception of cyp1a, all target genes had their transcripts potentially down-regulated by the FD leachates. Chgl (a biomarker for estrogens), pparß (related to lipid metabolism), and cyp19a (related to sexual differentiation and reproduction) transcripts tended to be repressed by the SW leachates, while pparα, pparγ and cyp1a (mediating metabolism of xenobiotics) transcripts were stimulated. In addition, a redundancy analysis was carried out to determine the relationship between the leached additives and the transcriptional changes. However, the additives only partially explained the variation in the transcripts of endocrine-related genes (24.8%), indicating that other leached additives may have an impact on target gene transcription. This study provided molecular evidence of the aged plastic leachates' endocrine disrupting effects. Exploring the primary factors that affect the transcriptional alterations would require more research.

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INTRODUCTION: Cerebrovascular intervention is an excellent option to treat cerebrovascular diseases. Interventional access is a prerequisite and a foundation for cerebrovascular intervention, which is crucial to the success of an intervention. Although transfemoral arterial access (TFA) has become a popular and acceptable method of access for cerebrovascular angiography and intervention in clinical practice, it has some drawbacks that limit the usage in cerebrovascular interventions. Therefore, transcarotid arterial access (TCA) has been developed in cerebrovascular interventions. We aim to conduct a systematic review to compare the safety and efficacy of TCA with TFA for cerebrovascular intervention. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: In this protocol, Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Protocols were followed. PubMed, Embase, Web of Science and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials will be searched mainly from 1 January 2004, to the formal search date. Additionally, reference lists and clinical trial registries will be searched. We will include clinical trials with more than 30 participants, which reported the endpoints of stroke, death and myocardial infarction. Two investigators will independently select studies, extract data and assess bias risk. A standardised mean difference with 95% CI will be presented for continuous data, and a risk ratio with 95% CI will be presented for dichotomous data. On inclusion of sufficient studies, subgroup analysis and sensitivity analysis will be conducted. The funnel plot and Egger's test will be used to assess publication bias. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: As only published sources will be used in this review, ethical approval is not required. We will publish the results in a peer-reviewed journal. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER: CRD42022316468.

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Noncompressible wounds resulting from accidents and gunshots are typically associated with excessive bleeding, slow wound healing, and bacterial infection. Shape-memory cryogel presents great potential in controlling the hemorrhaging of noncompressible wounds. In this research, a shape-memory cryogel was prepared using a Schiff base reaction between alkylated chitosan (AC) and oxidized dextran (ODex) and then incorporated with a drug-laden and silver-doped mesoporous bioactive glass (MBG). Hydrophobic alkyl chains enhanced the hemostatic and antimicrobial efficiency of the chitosan, forming blood clots in the anticoagulated condition, and expanding the application scenarios of chitosan-based hemostats. The silver-doped MBG activated the endogenous coagulation pathway by releasing Ca2+ and prevented infection through the release of Ag+. In addition, the proangiogenic desferrioxamine (DFO) in the mesopores of the MBG was released gradually to promote wound healing. We demonstrated that AC/ODex/Ag-MBG DFO(AOM) cryogels exhibited excellent blood absorption capability, facilitating rapid shape recovery. It provided a higher hemostatic capacity in normal and heparin-treated rat-liver perforation-wound models than gelatin sponges and gauze. The AOM gels simultaneously promoted infiltration, angiogenesis, and tissue integration of liver parenchymal cells. Furthermore, the composite cryogel exhibited antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Thus, AOM gels show great promise for clinical translation in treating lethal, noncompressible bleeding and the promotion of wound healing.

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Tissue engineering is emerging as a promising approach for cartilage regeneration and repair. Endowing scaffolds with cartilaginous bioactivity to obtain bionic microenvironment and regulating the matching of scaffold degradation and regeneration play a crucial role in cartilage regeneration. Poly(glycerol sebacate) (PGS) is a representative thermosetting bioelastomer known for its elasticity, biodegradability, and biocompatibility and is widely used in tissue engineering. However, the modification and drug loading of the PGS scaffold is still a key challenge due to its high temperature curing conditions and limited reactive groups, which seriously hinders its further functional application. Here, a simple versatile new strategy of super swelling-absorption and cross-linked networks locking is presented to successfully create the 3D printed PGS-CS/Gel scaffold for the first time based on FDA-approved PGS, gelatin (Gel) and chondroitin sulfate (CS). The PGS-CS/Gel scaffold exhibits the desirable synergistic properties of well-organized hierarchical structures, excellent elasticity, improved hydrophilicity, and cartilaginous bioactivity, which can promote the adhesion, proliferation, and migration of chondrocytes. Importantly, the rate of cartilage regeneration can be well-matched with degradation of PGS-CS/Gel scaffold, and achieve uniform and mature cartilage tissue without scaffold residual. The bioactive scaffold can successfully repair cartilage in a rabbit trochlear groove defect model indicating a promising prospect of clinical transformation.

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Estrone (E1) is one of the predominant natural estrogens detected in aquatic environments, yet little is known about its effects on the endocrine system in fish. In this study, the sex ratio, secondary sexual characteristics, gonadal histology, and transcriptional levels of genes closely related to sex differentiation and hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal-liver (HPGL) axis were assessed in western mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis) after a full life-cycle exposure to E1 (0, 25.4, 143, 740, and 4300 ng/L) for 119 days. The results showed that exposure to 4300 ng/L of E1 resulted in 100% female and inhibited the growth of females. Exposure to environmentally relevant concentrations of E1 (143 and 740 ng/L) led to obvious feminization of skeletons and anal fins in males. Exposure to 740 and 4300 ng/L of E1 increased the proportion of mature spermatocytes in females, and exposure to 143 and 740 ng/L decreased the proportion of mature spermatocytes in males. Moreover, the transcripts of genes related to sex differentiation and HPGL axis were changed in the E1-exposed adult fish and embryos inside females. This study has provided valuable data on the endocrine disruption effects of E1 at environmentally relevant concentrations in G. affinis.

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INTRODUCTION: In recent years, 3-dimensional (3D) printing has been widely used in regenerative medicine research and other fields because of its ability to customize macroscopic morphology and precisely control microstructure. Polymer scaffolds are 1 of the commonly used 3D bioprinting materials for defect repair and have recently been a research focus. Our article explored the bone-formation accelerating effect of 3D-printed porous scaffold Poly(glycerol sebacate) [PGS] in the critical bone defect of an enhancing rabbit mandibular model. Also, we overview and summarize the classification of 3D bioprinting materials and prospects for their various application scenarios in craniofacial reconstruction surgery. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A PGS elastomer scaffold was prepared by polymerizing equimolar amounts of sebacic acid and glycerol using a biological 3D printer. Six male New Zealand white rabbits were prepared (3 for the control group and 3 for the PGS group), each weighing 3 kg. Osteotomy was performed at the anterior edge of the ascending ramus of the mandible with a bone saw to open the 8 mm defect. Defects of the control group were empty, and defects of the PGS group were put into 8 mm-wide PGS elastomer scaffolds. The rabbits were euthanized 6 weeks after the operation, and the postoperative mandibles were collected. Information (presence or absence of pus from infection, nonunion, degree of macroscopic bone healing) was recorded, and the skeletal tissue was fixed in a paraformaldehyde solution. RESULTS: The mandible on the enhanced side was significantly longer than that on the opposite side, and the contralateral incisor was hyperplasia. The mandibles of rabbits in each group healed well, and there was no obvious local infection and purulence. The gross specimen appearance showed that both ends of the defect were connected. When comparing the reconstructed mandibles of the two groups, it is apparent that the width and thickness of the new bone in the PGS group were significantly better than that in the control group. CONCLUSIONS: This article verifies the effect of 3D polypore PGS scaffolds in animal craniomaxillofacial bone defects and introduces various application scenarios of 3D printing materials in craniomaxillofacial reconstruction surgery. There are quite good application prospects for 3D bioprinting in animal experiments and even clinical treatment of craniofacial defects.

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Bisphenol 4-[1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-3,3,5-trimethylcyclohexyl] phenol (BPTMC), as a substitute for bisphenol A, has been detected in environments. However, the ecotoxicological data of BPTMC are extremely scarce. Here, the lethality, developmental toxicity, locomotor behavior, and estrogenic activity of BPTMC at different concentrations (0.25-2000 µg/L) in marine medaka (Oryzias melastigma) embryos were examined. In addition, the in silico binding potentials of O. melastigma estrogen receptors (omEsrs) with BPTMC were assessed by docking study. Low-concentration BPTMC exposure (including an environmentally relevant concentration, 0.25 µg/L) resulted in stimulating effects, including hatching rate, heart rate, malformation rate, and swimming velocity. However, elevated concentrations of BPTMC led to an inflammatory response, changed heart rate and swimming velocity in the embryos and larvae. In the meantime, BPTMC (including 0.25 µg/L) altered the concentrations of estrogen receptor, vitellogenin, and endogenous 17 ß-estradiol as well as the transcriptional levels of estrogen-responsive genes in the embryos or/and larvae. Furthermore, elaborate tertiary structures of omEsrs were built by ab initio modeling, and BPTMC exerted potent binding potential with three omEsrs with -47.23, -49.23, and -50.30 kJ/mol for Esr1, Esr2a, and Esr2b, respectively. This work suggests that BPTMC has potent toxicity and estrogenic effects in O. melastigma.

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Marine plastic pollution has garnered substantial attention, but the potential endocrine disrupting effects of plastic leachates in marine organisms remain unclear. In this study, the larvae of marine medaka (Oryzias melastigma) were exposed to the leachates from virgin and aged plastics soaked in simulated seawater and fish digest for 3 days. The concentrations of vitellogenin (VTG), estradiol (E2), and 11-ketotestosterone (11-KT), as well as the transcripts of endocrine-related genes were measured in the larvae. The results revealed that endogenous E2 was more sensitive to plastic leachates than VTG and 11-KT, which was significantly affected by 26.7 % of all plastic leachates. Among all genes, estrogen receptor α was impacted mostly, being up-regulated by 53.3 % of leachates from aged plastics. The comparative results demonstrated that the leachates from plastics with different statuses caused a greater difference than those from plastics in different simulated media, and the leachates from aged plastics resulted in higher endocrine disrupting effects than those from virgin plastics. In addition, seven leached additives (plasticizers and flame retardants) could explain 25.6 % of the hormonal effects using redundancy analysis, indicating that other additives in the plastic leachates can also play important roles in regulating the endocrine system of O. melastigma larvae.

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