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Construct: High-stakes assessments measure several constructs, such as knowledge, competencies, and skills. In this case, validity evidence for test scores' uses and interpretations is of utmost importance, because of the consequences for everyone involved in their development and implementation. Background: Educational assessment requires an appropriate understanding and use of validity frameworks; however, health professions educators still struggle with the conceptual challenges of validity, and frequently validity analyses have a narrow focus. Important obstacles are the plurality of validity frameworks and the difficulty of grounding these abstract concepts in practice. Approach: We reviewed the validity frameworks literature to identify the main elements of frequently used models (Messick and Kane's) and proposed linking frameworks including Russell's recent overarching proposal. Examples are provided with commonly used assessment instruments in health professions education. Findings: Several elements in these frameworks can be integrated into a common approach, matching and aligning Messick's sources of validity with Kane's four inference types. Conclusions: This proposal to contribute evidence for assessment inferences may provide guidance to understanding the use of validity evidence in applied settings. The evolving field of validity research provides opportunities for its integration and practical use in health professions education.
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The level of moral development may be crucial to understand behavior when people have to choose between prioritizing individual gains or pursuing general social benefits. This study evaluated whether two different psychological constructs, moral reasoning and moral competence, are associated with cooperative behavior in the context of the prisoner's dilemma game, a two-person social dilemma where individuals choose between cooperation or defection. One hundred and eighty-nine Mexican university students completed the Defining Issues Test (DIT-2; measuring moral reasoning) and the Moral Competence Test (MCT) and played an online version of the prisoner's dilemma game, once against each participant in a group of 6-10 players. Our results indicate that cooperative behavior is strongly affected by the outcomes in previous rounds: Except when both participants cooperated, the probability of cooperation with other participants in subsequent rounds decreased. Both the DIT-2 and MCT independently moderated this effect of previous experiences, particularly in the case of sucker-outcomes. Individuals with high scores on both tests were not affected when in previous rounds the other player defected while they cooperated. Our findings suggest that more sophisticated moral reasoning and moral competence promote the maintenance of cooperative behaviors despite facing adverse situations.
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Conducta Cooperativa , Principios Morales , Humanos , Dilema del Prisionero , Probabilidad , Solución de ProblemasRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: This study explored choice factors in four specialties in Mexico. METHOD: Mixed methods design. Qualitative phase: four focus groups with first-year residents, to obtain information of how specialty choice was done. With this information a web-based cross-sectional questionnaire was applied to residents registered in the 1st year of Postgraduate Studies Division, UNAM. RESULTS: 32 residents participated in qualitative phase and for the quantitative phase, the survey was answered by 35 surgical, 28 gynecology, 61 internal medicine and 62 pediatric residents. The specialty choice decision was done during the last years of the medical career. The majority of the resident choice was a subspecialty after the general residency. The type of patient was more crucial to choose pediatrics while a good academic program was for internal medicine. Negative models and bullying were decisive to rule out surgery as well as a not well-known hospital was to rule out pediatrics. CONCLUSION: The specialty choice is done during undergraduate training, with the intention of doing a subspecialty. Demographic and personality traits were identified.
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Selección de Profesión , Cirugía General/estadística & datos numéricos , Ginecología/estadística & datos numéricos , Medicina Interna/estadística & datos numéricos , Internado y Residencia , Pediatría/estadística & datos numéricos , Adulto , Estudios Transversales , Femenino , Grupos Focales , Humanos , Masculino , México , Investigación Cualitativa , Encuestas y CuestionariosRESUMEN
OBJECTIVES: We explore demographic, temporal and geographic patterns of 256,588 road traffic fatalities from 1998 to 2013 in Mexico, in context of UN´s decade of action for road safety 2010-2020 (DARS). METHODS: Combined traffic mortality data and population counts were analyzed using mixed-effects logistic regression, distinguishing sex-age groups, vulnerable and protected road users, and municipal size. RESULTS: Rapid growth from 1998 to 2008 in traffic mortality rates has been reversed since 2009. Most deaths averted are among young male protected road users (reduction of 0.95 fatalities per 100,000 per year in males 12-49). In spite of a steady decrease over the full study period, mortality rates remain high in vulnerable road users over 50, with a high mortality rate of 26 per 100,000 males over 75 years in 2013. CONCLUSIONS: Progress on the reduction of deaths advances in Mexico, in line with DARS targets. National road safety efforts require strengthening. Initiatives should target vulnerable road users, specifically adults >50 years in urban areas. Strengthening of drink driving programs aimed at young drivers/occupants is promising.
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Accidentes de Tránsito/mortalidad , Accidentes de Tránsito/tendencias , Conducción de Automóvil , Seguridad , Adolescente , Adulto , Anciano , Niño , Preescolar , Bases de Datos Factuales , Femenino , Humanos , Lactante , Modelos Logísticos , Masculino , México/epidemiología , Persona de Mediana Edad , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Medical uncertainty is inherently related to the practice of the physician and generally affects his or her patient care, job satisfaction, continuing education, as well as the overall goals of the health care system. In this paper, some new types of uncertainty, which extend existing typologies, are identified and the contexts and strategies to deal with them are studied. METHODS: We carried out a mixed-methods study, consisting of a qualitative and a quantitative phase. For the qualitative study, 128 residents reported critical incidents in their clinical practice and described how they coped with the uncertainty in the situation. Each critical incident was analyzed and the most salient situations, 45 in total, were retained. In the quantitative phase, a distinct group of 120 medical residents indicated for each of these situations whether they have been involved in the described situations and, if so, which coping strategy they applied. The analysis examines the relation between characteristics of the situation and the coping strategies. RESULTS: From the qualitative study, a new typology of uncertainty was derived which distinguishes between technical, conceptual, communicational, systemic, and ethical uncertainty. The quantitative analysis showed that, independently of the type of uncertainty, critical incidents are most frequently resolved by consulting senior physicians (49 % overall), which underscores the importance of the hierarchical relationships in the hospital. The insights gained by this study are combined into an integrative model of uncertainty in medical residencies, which combines the type and perceived level of uncertainty, the strategies employed to deal with it, and context elements such as the actors present in the situation. The model considers the final resolution at each of three levels: the patient, the health system, and the physician's personal level. CONCLUSIONS: This study gives insight into how medical residents make decisions under different types of uncertainty, giving account of the context in which the interactions take place and of the strategies used to resolve the incidents. These insights may guide the development of organizational policies that reduce uncertainty and stress in residents during their clinical training.
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Internado y Residencia , Análisis y Desempeño de Tareas , Incertidumbre , Adaptación Psicológica , Adulto , Femenino , Humanos , Internado y Residencia/estadística & datos numéricos , Masculino , Encuestas y CuestionariosRESUMEN
OBJECTIVES: To estimate the rate of seatbelt and child seat use in drivers and passengers of motor vehicles in four metropolitan areas in Mexico (Guadalajara, León, Monterrey and Mexico City). To evaluate the impact of the Mexican Initiative for Road Safety (IMESEVI) in this respect. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Data were collected at the start of IMESEVI (June 2008) and one year after the program's implementation (October 2009) in the four participating metropolitan areas. In particular, the use of seatbelts and child seats was observed in occupants of automobiles, station wagons, and light trucks. The sample included 28,412 (pre) and 52,274 (post) individuals, of which 1,454 (pre) and 1,679 (post) were younger than five years old. The data analysis was based on a hierarchical logistic model. RESULTS: Globally, the probability of using either safety device is 46% (95% CI: 43-49%) at baseline and 52% (95% CI: 48-55%) at the post measurement, with large differences, though, among the four participating metropolitan areas. Factors that significantly affect their use include the individual's position in the vehicle, the type and age of the vehicle, and the individual's sex. Child seat use is very limited. At baseline, about 17% (95% CI: 11-25%) of children below five years old travelled in a special seat, with this number increasing to 26% (95% CI: 19-34%) after the implementation of IMESEVI. Child seat use for children above four years is virtually nonexistent. CONCLUSIONS: Continued efforts are required to raise the public awareness of the importance of using safety devices, especially for passengers in the back of the car as well as with respect to the use of adapted seats for small children.
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Conducción de Automóvil/estadística & datos numéricos , Sistemas de Retención Infantil/estadística & datos numéricos , Vehículos a Motor/estadística & datos numéricos , Cinturones de Seguridad/estadística & datos numéricos , Adolescente , Adulto , Factores de Edad , Niño , Preescolar , Femenino , Humanos , Lactante , Modelos Logísticos , Masculino , México , Persona de Mediana Edad , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
OBJECTIVES: To estimate the percentage of drivers of motor vehicles under the influence of alcohol circulating during Thursday, Friday, and Saturday night in the metropolitan areas of Guadalajara (municipalities Zapopan and Guadalajara) and León, Mexico, together with their blood alcohol content. To evaluate the impact of the Mexican Initiative for Road Safety (IMESEVI, Phase I) in this respect. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Drivers who were stopped at sobriety checkpoints during the three above-mentioned nights were given an alcohol test together with a brief questionnaire that asked for sociodemographic and other background variables. The study made use of a pre-post design, with data collections at the start of IMESEVI (June 2008) and a year and a half later (February 2010) in the metropolitan areas of Guadalajara and León. A random sample of 1,299 (pre) and 2,226 (post) drivers participated in the study. The data analysis was based on a hierarchical logistic model for ordinal dependent variables. RESULTS: At baseline, the breathalyzer showed a positive result in between 17% (Zapopan) and 29% (León) of the drivers, while between 1-3% exceeded the legal maximum of 0.08 g/dl for blood alcohol content in Mexico. The night of observation, the presence of passengers in the vehicle, as well as the driver's civil state and sex affected the probability of a positive result. At the post measurement, the probability of a positive result decreased to about a third of the baseline measurement. CONCLUSIONS: In view of the evidence that links alcohol with the probability of being involved in an accident, drinking and driving prevention programs may contribute significantly to better road safety in Mexico.
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Consumo de Bebidas Alcohólicas/epidemiología , Conducción de Automóvil/estadística & datos numéricos , Ciudades/epidemiología , Aplicación de la Ley , Adolescente , Adulto , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , México/epidemiología , Persona de Mediana Edad , Factores Socioeconómicos , Factores de Tiempo , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
OBJECTIVES: To estimate the prevalence of helmet use among motorcyclists in four metropolitan areas of Mexico (Guadalajara, León, Monterrey, and Mexico City). MATERIAL AND METHODS: In October 2009, helmet use was observed in 26,046 drivers and 3,971 passengers of motorcycles at several zones of busy traffic. The data were analyzed by means of a hierarchical logistic regression model. RESULTS: The adjusted probabilities of helmet use strongly differed among the four metropolitan areas: Mexico City: 79-91%; León: 99%; Guadalajara: 54-58%; Monterrey: 73-95%. The probability is lower in passengers (Odds Ratio [OR]: 0.15, with a 95%-confidence interval [CI] of 0.14-0.17) and in drivers who carry some passenger (OR: 0.49; 95% CI: 0.45-0.54, as compared to drivers without passengers), and higher in users of motorcycles for commercial use (OR: 1.76; 95% CI: 1.59-1.96, as compared to private use). Moreover, an estimated 44% of the motorcyclists used a type of helmet that was not officially approved and/or they did not properly adjust the device. CONCLUSIONS: This study shows that in Guadalajara, Monterrey, and Mexico City it is appropriate to start initiatives to promote helmet use in motorcyclists, particularly for passengers and drivers who transport one or more passengers.
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Con el propósito de modificar conductas alimentarias y sanitarias en los habitantes de comunidades marginadas, a través del desarrollo de conocimientos y habilidades psicosociales encaminadas a promover agencia personal y empoderamiento intrínseco, se desarrolló e instrumentó en México un modelo piloto basado en el programa "Yo quiero, yo puedo? mejorar mi salud y ejercer mis derechos". La evaluación de dicho programa mostró un efecto sobre conocimientos, comunicación asertiva, agencia personal y equidad de género en el personal de los almacenes que surte las tiendas rurales, así como en conocimientos, comunicación asertiva, toma de decisiones y agencia personal en la población meta. Las habilidades psicosociales, los conocimientos y la agencia personal ofrecen oportunidades para superar la pobreza...
Based on the program Yo quiero, yo puedo mejorar mi salud y ejercer mis derechos [I want to, I can improve my health and exercise my rights], a pilot model was designed and implemented in three States of Mexico. This model aims to change nutrition and hygiene behaviors in the inhabitants of marginalized communities, through knowledge and psychosocial skills development facilitating personal agency and intrinsic empowerment. Evaluation of the program showed an effect on knowledge, assertive communication, personal agency and gender equity among the personnel in charge of the warehouses that provide the rural stores, and on knowledge, assertive communication, decision making and personal agency in the target population. Life skills training, knowledge and personal agency promotion enhance opportunities for poverty reduction...
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Conducta AlimentariaRESUMEN
Introduction Dating violence, a recent topic in scientific investigation, has an incidence ranging from 22% to 33% among young people. These findings are supported by a previous study that showed that about one third of high school and college students have experienced physical violence from a dating partner. Similarly, National and international studies (e.g. National Survey on Family Relations Dynamics and the International Dating Violence Study) found an incidence of violence between dating partners ranging from 10% to 45% among college students worldwide. Although there is evidence that men also experience violence perpetrated by women and that violence occurs in same sex relationships, the research continues to show that violence is usually perpetrated by men against women. However, past studies have focused on the occurrence of physical violence which signals the possibility that other types of violence, such as emotional or social, have a higher incidence. Their incidence varies and the harmful physical, emotional, and social consequences that they imply point to the need of creating prevention programs targeted at youth populations. It is important to prevent violence in a first stage by raising youth's awareness of this problem and, ideally, also by achieving a change in their behaviors and attitudes as well as in the social norms that promote its occurrence. In order to address all of these components of prevention, programs have been developed that do not only inform youth about violence, but also facilitate the formation of social skills through active participation and role playing which allows individuals to practice new models of interaction that are violence free. In addition, programs have to consider that many schools lack the disposition or the resources to impart long prevention workshops. For this reason, the development of brief prevention strategies has become imperative. The program «I want to, I can… prevent violence: Raising awareness of dating violence through a brief intervention¼ was developed, implemented, and evaluated with the objective of raising youth's awareness and increasing their knowledge about dating violence, its precursors related to gender and cultural norms and its physical, emotional, and social consequences. Materials and method The program consisted of eight interactive conferences imparted at different public high schools in Mexico. The conferences reached a total of 2250 participants in four different urban areas in the country. The conferences consisted of a presentation and different interaction exercises with a total duration of two hours and thirty minutes. The topics covered in each conference were: life skills (assertive communication, negotiation, decision-making), differentiation of the concepts of sex, sexuality and gender and how these are related to violence, what is and how to recognize violence, types of violence, gender roles and stereotypes, how to recognize violence in a dating relationship, and how to express love in a healthy way. A questionnaire, which included the following sections, was developed to assess participants' attitudes toward violence: a) Ability to recognize violence in everyday interactions: Identifying signs of violence in the behaviors and attitudes of characters presented in eight different cases of interactions between dating partners. b) Attitudes toward violence: Rating levels of agreement with statements that promote or discourage violence. c) Causes of violence: Ten causes of violence related to social norms that encourage men's aggression and promote gender inequality are presented; participants must identify the five that are false and the five that are true. d) Healthy ways of expressing love: Recognition of behaviors and signs in a dating relationship that imply the presence or the lack of love. The impact of the conference was evaluated by applying this brief questionnaire to a random sample of participants before and after the conferences. Across all high schools, a total number of 311 questionnaires were completed by participants before the conferences and 184 were completed after the conferences. Ideally, there should have been a longer term follow-up for which no funds were available. An explanatory model within the framework of the Item Response Theory (IRT) was used to analyze collected data. Results The results showed that the conference improved the participants' ability to identify violence and its causes as well as their understanding of healthy ways of expressing love. Responses also indicated favorable attitudes toward nonviolence both before and after the conference. The findings also suggest that participants might require more time to learn how to fully recognize assertive and violent communication as well as false causes of violence and that, ideally, programs should be undertaken to change behaviors not only create awareness and thus be carried out in smaller groups. An analysis of gender differences in responses to the questionnaire shows that women where better able to recognize violence, its causes, and healthy ways of expressing love. Women also had more favorable attitudes toward nonviolence. Discussion The findings show that raising awareness about dating violence through an interactive conference is an efficient brief first stage prevention strategy because it can promote important changes in participants' attitudes through a brief intervention. Participating adolescents showed an increase in their knowledge and awareness about the subject which allowed them to improve their recognition of violence in everyday life. The increase in their ability to recognize healthy ways of expressing love also points to an understanding of romantic relationships that does not exclude autonomy, assertiveness, and honesty. These changes could facilitate the participants' ability to identify myths and misinformation related to the causes of violence. In addition, awareness-raising can initiate a process of questioning and changing social norms that promote gender inequality, jealousy, and control as acceptable forms of violence within dating relationships. Gender differences in the findings suggest that men might need more time than women to fully understand the problem of dating violence which can be attributed to traditional gender role expectations related to violence and gender relationships. This signals the need to increase prevention programs' focus on masculinity, male roles in dating relationships, and how they can express feelings without violence and without limits related to gender stereotypes. The program's achievements indicate the importance of finding strategies that allow large audiences to learn about dating violence, recognize violence in everyday social interactions and understand how to ask for help. The interactive nature of the program goes beyond giving information to a large number of people as it allows participants to practice relationship skills and promotes reflection on the subject of violence. Throughout the program's implementation, schools demonstrated a great interest in raising awareness about dating violence. It would be convenient to utilize their interest in order to further implement prevention programs. The interactive and brief nature of our program allows schools to resolve the problem of lack of time and resources that might deter their participation. Preventing intimate partner violence must begin during adolescence in order to impede the development of unhealthy patterns of interaction that may become harder to change in adulthood.
Introducción La violencia en el noviazgo es un tema reciente en la investigación científica, cuya incidencia en personas jóvenes va de 22 a 33%. Aun cuando hay evidencias de mujeres que agreden a sus parejas masculinas y también existe violencia entre parejas del mismo sexo, la violencia de pareja sigue siendo predominantemente de control del hombre hacia la mujer. La incidencia de este tipo de violencia y sus consecuencias físicas, emocionales y sociales señalan la necesidad de crear programas de prevención en poblaciones jóvenes. Sin embargo, también debe tomarse en cuenta que en muchas escuelas no existe aún la disposición o los recursos para ofrecer talleres de prevención de larga duración enfocados a esta problemática. Por ello, resulta imperioso contar con estrategias breves que lleven a largo plazo a cambios de conductas en los jóvenes. El primer paso para lograr la prevención es la sensibilización en torno a esta problemática, lo cual permite empezar un proceso de cambio de normas sociales sobre el tema. El programa «Yo quiero, yo puedo… prevenir la violencia: Programa breve de sensibilización sobre violencia en el noviazgo¼ se desarrolló, instrumentó y evaluó con el objetivo de sensibilizar e incrementar la información que tienen las y los jóvenes sobre los antecedentes culturales y de género relacionados con la violencia en el noviazgo y sus consecuencias a nivel físico, emocional y social. Material y métodos Se impartieron ocho conferencias en preparatorias públicas en México; el total de participantes fue de 2250. Se elaboraron una presentación y un guión para impartir conferencias interactivas con duración de dos horas y treinta minutos dirigidas a jóvenes de nivel medio superior. Algunos de los temas incluidos en las conferencias fueron: habilidades para la vida, qué es y cómo reconocer la violencia, tipos de violencia, su relación con estereotipos de género y formas saludables de expresar el amor. Asimismo, se desarrolló un instrumento para evaluar conocimientos sobre y actitudes hacia la violencia, dividido en cuatro secciones. El impacto de la conferencia interactiva se evaluó mediante la aplicación de este instrumento antes y después de la conferencia impartida a una muestra al azar de la población beneficiada. Aunque idealmente se recomienda hacer un seguimiento del impacto del programa a largo plazo, la falta de recursos no lo permitió en este caso. Para el análisis de datos optamos por la aplicación de un modelo explicativo dentro del marco de la Teoría de Respuesta al Ítem (TRI). Resultados Se logró que los participantes tuvieran un mayor reconocimiento de la violencia y de sus causas. También se logró que los participantes identificaran formas saludables de expresar el amor. Asimismo, los resultados demuestran que los alumnos entendieron que en las relaciones de noviazgo se pueden dar situaciones violentas. Discusión Los hallazgos muestran que la estrategia de sensibilización sobre el tema de la violencia, por medio de una conferencia interactiva, es eficiente ya que logra el objetivo planteado. Una conferencia de corta duración puede promover cambios importantes respecto a un mayor conocimiento y sensibilización frente a la problemática de la violencia. Ello facilita la identificación de situaciones de violencia en la vida cotidiana y el abandono de mitos y creencias falsas relacionadas con las causas de la violencia. Este tipo de programas interactivos y breves, que promueven la reflexión y la aplicación de habilidades relacionales, permite resolver problemas de falta de tiempo para la sensibilización en torno a la violencia en el noviazgo. Asimismo, hacerlo con grandes números de alumnos aumenta el beneficio a un menor costo. Las conferencias interactivas como la aplicada en este estudio abren canales de comunicación sobre el tema en los ambientes escolares y propician la formación de redes de ayuda al respecto.
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En este trabajo se analizan los resultados de la aplicación del programa educacional Porque me quiero, me cuido, denominado actualmente Yo quiero, yo puedo. . . prevenir el cáncer, en poblaciones rurales e indígenas de Valles Centrales, estado de Oaxaca, una de las regiones más pobres de México. Este programa está dirigido a promover el uso de servicios de tamizaje y la prevención del cáncer cervicouterino mediante el cambio de conducta de las personas y la comunidad. Para ello se realizaron talleres interactivos enfocados al desarrollo de habilidades y conocimientos en las mujeres de 15 a 64 años de edad. Estos talleres se complementaron con campañas en la comunidad y talleres para hombres con el fin de conseguir su apoyo. Se cuantificaron las pruebas de Papanicolau realizadas en las 10 poblaciones intervenidas y en 6 poblaciones con características similares empleadas como control. Además se evaluó mediante un cuestionario los cambios en la conducta, los conocimientos y las actitudes. Se observó un numero significativamente mayor de pruebas de Papanicolau realizadas en las poblaciones intervenidas con respecto a las de control (P = 0,02). Se comprobaron cambios positivos en el nivel de conocimientos de las mujeres respecto a las causas del cáncer cervical y las medidas para prevenirlo.
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Humanos , Femenino , Adolescente , Adulto , Persona de Mediana Edad , Servicios Preventivos de Salud , Neoplasias del Cuello Uterino/prevención & control , México , Salud RuralRESUMEN
A quasi-experimental study is reported with four measurement occasions to evaluate longer-term effects of a life-skills and HIV/AIDS school-based prevention program. Trained teachers administered the program promoting precursors of safer sex behavior to 2064 Mexican high-school students at an age before most were sexually active. The variables included in the study (knowledge about HIV/AIDS prevention, attitudes towards use of condoms, subjective norms, intentions to use condoms and life skills as decision-making skills, partner communication and individual responsibility) have been reported as precursors of protective sexual behavior. The results demonstrate the stability of training effects and a positive impact on these precursors over 1 year of follow-up.