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Control over the morphology of nanomaterials to have a 2D structure and manipulating the surface strain of nanostructures through defect control have proved to be promising for developing efficient catalysts for sustainable chemical and energy conversion. Here a one-pot aqueous synthesis route of freestanding Pd nanosheets with a penta-twinned structure (PdPT NSs) is presented. The generation of the penta-twinned nanosheet structure can be succeeded by directing the anisotropic growth of Pd under the controlled reduction kinetics of Pd precursors. Experimental and computational investigations showed that the surface atoms of the PdPT NSs are effectively under a compressive environment due to the strain imposed by their twin boundary defects. Due to the twin boundary-induced surface strain as well as the 2D structure of the PdPT NSs, they exhibited highly enhanced electrocatalytic activity for oxygen reduction reaction compared to Pd nanosheets without a twin boundary, 3D Pd nanocrystals, and commercial Pd/C and Pt/C catalysts.

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Metal nanocrystals (NCs) with controlled compositional and distributional structures have gained increasing attention due to their unique properties and broad applications, particularly in fuel cell systems. However, despite the significant importance of composition in metal NCs and their electrocatalytic behavior, comprehensive investigations into the relationship between atomic distribution and electrocatalytic activity remain scarce. In this study, we present the development of four types of nanocubes with similar sizes and controlled compositions (Pd-Pt alloy, Pd@Pt core-shell, Pd, and Pt) to investigate their influence on electrocatalytic performance for methanol oxidation reaction (MOR). The electrocatalytic activity and stability of these nanocubes exhibited variations based on their compositional structures, potentially affecting the interaction between the surface-active sites of the nanocrystals and reactive molecules. As a result, leveraging the synergistic effect of their alloy nanostructure, the Pd-Pt alloy nanocubes exhibited exceptional performance in MOR, surpassing the catalytic activity of other nanocubes, including Pd@Pt core-shell nanocubes, monometallic Pd and Pt nanocubes, as well as commercial Pd/C and Pt/C catalysts.

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Herein, gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) were synthesized by pulsed laser ablation (PLA) in a mixed-phase solvent of acetonitrile and water. The size of Au NPs and the number of graphitic carbon (GC) layers were controlled by varying the ratio of the solvent mixture. The surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) of the Au NPs was investigated using 10-3 M 4-aminobenzenethiol and 10-4 M 4-nitrobenzenethiol as probe molecules. The SERS activity strongly depended on the nanogaps between particles owing to the formation of hot spots. In the present work, the nanogaps were controlled by changing the amount of GC layers. No GC layers were produced in water, resulting low SERS intensity. In contrast, Au NPs prepared in 30 vol% of acetonitrile showed significant SERS enhancement, which was attributed to the optimal size of the GC-coated NPs and a reasonable gap between them. The obtained results revealed that Au NPs produced by PLA in liquid could be applied in SERS-based microsensors.

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The rational design and synthesis of multimetallic hollow nanostructures (HNSs) have been attracting great attention due to their structural and compositional advantages for application in electrocatalysis. Herein, the one-pot synthesis of Pd-Pt-Ag ternary alloy HNSs with controllable morphologies through a self-templating approach without any pre-synthesized templates is reported. Simultaneous reduction of multiple metal precursors by ascorbic acid in the presence of cetyltrimethylammonium chloride (CTAC) yielded initially metastable Pd-Ag nanocrystals, which can act as a self-template, and subsequent galvanic replacement and reduction led to the formation of final Pd-Pt-Ag HNSs. The size and hollowness (the ratio of inner cavity diameter to outer diameter) of the HNSs could be tuned through control over the concentration of CTAC. This can be attributed to the manipulated reduction kinetics of multiple metal precursors with the change in the CTAC concentration. The prepared Pd-Pt-Ag HNSs exhibited improved catalytic performance for ethanol electro-oxidation due to their large active surface areas and ternary alloy composition.

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Pd nanoparticles (PdNPs) were synthesized in an aqueous environment via the reduction of K2PdCl4 by a surfactant under a high temperature. Highly monodisperse spherical PdNPs and multi-pod PdNPs with a controlled size ranging from 18 to 50 nm were prepared in high yields by varying the concentration of cetyltrimethylammonium chloride. The structural and optical properties of the synthesized Pd NPs were characterized by transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction and UV-vis spectroscopy. The spherical and multi-pod PdNPs exhibited catalytic properties that were unique to their size and shape and presented efficient electrocatalytic activities toward the ethanol oxidation reaction.

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Beech mushrooms (Hypsizygus marmoreus) are largely relished for their characteristic earthy flavor, chewy-texture, and gustatory and nutritional properties in East Asian societies. Intriguingly, the aforementioned properties of beech mushroom can be subsumed under its elusive metabolome and subtle transcriptome regulating its various stages of growth and development. Herein, we carried out an integrated metabolomic and transcriptomic profiling for different sized beech mushrooms across spatial components (cap and stipe) to delineate their signature pathways. We observed that metabolite profiles and differentially expressed gene (DEGs) displayed marked synergy for specific signature pathways according to mushroom sizes. Notably, the amino acid, nucleotide, and terpenoid metabolism-related metabolites and genes were more abundant in small-sized mushrooms. On the other hand, the relative levels of carbohydrates and TCA intermediate metabolites as well as corresponding genes were linearly increased with mushroom size. However, the composition of flavor-related metabolites was varying in different sized beech mushrooms. Our study explores the signature pathways associated with growth, development, nutritional, functional and organoleptic properties of different sized beech mushrooms.

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Pt-based multimetallic nanocrystals (NCs) have attracted tremendous research interest because of their excellent catalytic properties in various electrocatalysis fields. However, the development of rational synthesis approaches that can give multimetallic NCs with desirable compositional structures is still a radical issue. In the present work, we devised an efficient strategy for the systematic control of the spatial distribution of constituent elements in Pt-based trimetallic core-shell NCs, through which NCs with distinctly different compositional structures, such as Au@PdPt, Au@Pd@Pt, AuPd@Pt, and AuPdPt@Pt core-shell NCs, could selectively be generated. The adjustment of the amount of a reducing agent, hydrazine, which can provide control over the relative reduction kinetics of multiple metals, is the key to the selective formation of NCs. Through extensive studies on the effect of the compositional structure of the trimetallic NCs on their catalytic function toward the methanol electro-oxidation reaction, we found that the Au@Pd@Pt NCs exhibited considerably enhanced catalytic performance in comparison to the other trimetallic NCs as well as to their binary counterparts, a commercial catalyst, and reported Pt-based nanocatalysts due to the optimized surface electronic structure. The present strategy will be useful to design and construct multicomponent catalytic systems for various energy and environmental applications.

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The beech mushrooms have customarily been revered by oriental societies for their nutritional and health benefits. We explored the mass spectrometry (MS) based spatial metabolomic variations between parts (cap and stipe) of two beech mushroom strains (brown and white). The principal component analysis (PCA) revealed their distinct primary (cap and stipe: PC1, 25.5%; strains: PC2, 12.5%) and secondary (cap and stipe: PC1, 10.3%; strains: PC2, 7.6%) metabolite patterns. The caps were rich in amino acids, fatty acids, and N-acetylglucosamine with higher protein and nitrogen contents. The stipes had abundant ß-glucans, malic acid, and fructose. The discriminant secondary metabolites, especially, hypsiziprenols were higher in caps from brown strains. A fatty acid derivative, azelaic acid, was abundant in white strains (cap>stipe). We established a positive correlation for the cytotoxic activities of hypsiziprenols against ACHN cells. These spatial inter-strain metabolomic distinctions are potentially helpful for mushroom selection and improvement.

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Engineering the morphology and composition of multimetallic nanocrystals composed of noble and 3d transition metals has been of great interest due to its high potential to the development of high-performance catalytic materials for energy and sustainability. In the present work, we developed a facile aqueous approach for the formation of homogeneous ternary alloy nanocrystals with a dendritic shape, Pt-Pd-Cu nanodendrites, of which synthesis is hard to be achieved because of synthetic difficulties. Proper choice of stabilizer and fine control over the amount of stabilizer and reductant allowed the successful formation of Pt-Pd-Cu nanodendrites with controlled sizes and compositions. The prepared ternary alloy nanodendrites exhibited considerably improved electrocatalytic performance toward methanol and ethanol oxidation reactions compared to their binary alloy counterparts and commercial Pt and Pd catalysts, as well as to previously reported Pt- and Pd-based nanocatalysts because of synergism between their morphological and compositional characteristics. We anticipate that the present approach will be helpful to develop efficient electrocatalysis systems for practical applications.

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Designing controlled hybrid nanoarchitectures between plasmonic and catalytic materials is of paramount importance to fully exploit each function of constituent materials. This study reports a new synthetic strategy for the realization of colloidal clusters of core-shell nanoparticles with plasmonic cores and catalytically active shells. The Au@M (M = Pd or Pt) nanoparticle clusters (NPCs) with a high density of sub-1 nm interparticle gaps are successfully prepared by the deposition of M shells onto thermally activated Au NPCs. NPCs with other metal, metal sulfide, and metal oxide shells can also be synthesized by using the present approach. The prepared Au@M NPCs show remarkably enhanced plasmonic performance compared to their Au@M nanoparticle counterparts due to the localization of a strong electromagnetic field at the interparticle gaps, while the inherent catalytic function of shells is intact. In situ real-time Raman spectroscopy and plasmon-enhanced electrocatalysis experiments demonstrate that the controlled assembly of core-shell nanoparticles is a very effective route for the synergistic integration of plasmonic and catalytic functions in a single platform.

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The relationship between postural instability and subcortical structure in AD has received less attention. The aims of this study were to assess whether there are differences in the ability to control balance between Alzheimer's disease (AD) and controls, and to investigate the association between subcortical gray matter volumes and postural instability in AD.We enrolled 107 consecutive AD patients and 37 controls. All participants underwent detailed neuropsychological evaluations, T1-weighted MRI at 3 T, and posture assessment using computerized dynamic posturography. We segmented the volumes of 6 subcortical structures of the amygdala, thalamus, caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus and nucleus accumbens, and of hippocampus, using the FMRIBs integrated registration and segmentation tool.All subcortical structures, except for the globus pallidus, were smaller in AD compared with controls on adjusting for age and gender. Falling frequencies in unilateral stance test (UST) and composite scores in sensory organization test (SOT) were worse in AD than in controls. The motor control test did not reveal any differences between groups. On subgroup analyses in AD, the groups with poor performance in UST or SOT exhibited significantly reduced nucleus accumbens and putamen volumes, and nucleus accumbens volume, respectively. The smaller volume of the nucleus accumbens was associated with postural instability in AD (OR [95% CI] 17.847 [2.59-122.80] for UST, 42.827[6.06-302.47] for SOT, all P < .05).AD patients exhibited reduced ability to control balance compared with controls, and this postural instability was associated with nucleus accumbens volume loss. Furthermore, cognitive dysfunction was more prominent in the group with severe postural instability.

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Reduced graphene oxide (rGO) functionalized with organic capping agents has gained increasing attention as a promising metal-free catalyst. To optimize the properties of rGO for target applications, comprehending the link between the catalytic function of rGO and the chemical and structural characteristics of capping agents is critical. Herein, we report a systematic study on the effect of capping agents on the catalytic function of rGO for redox reactions using nitrogen-containing surface modifiers with distinctly different chemical structures, such as poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride), cetyltrimethylammonium chloride, and poly(allylamine hydrochloride), which have the capability to endow rGO with improved suspension stability, enhanced reactant adsorption, and modified electronic properties. Functionalized rGOs were facilely prepared by the reduction of graphene oxide with hydrazine in the presence of the capping agents. The results of model redox reactions, that is, 4-nitrophenol and ferricyanide reduction reactions, catalyzed by the functionalized rGOs corroborated that the way the capping agents functionalize rGO, which is highly correlated with their chemical structure, drastically influences the overall reaction kinetics, including induction time, reduction rate, total reaction time, and reaction order. This strongly suggests that the judicious selection of capping agents is crucial to fully harness the catalytic function of rGO and thus to design novel rGO-based non-metallic catalysts with controllable reaction kinetics.

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A synthesis strategy for the preparation of ultrathin free-standing ternary-alloy nanosheets is reported. Ultrathin Pd-Pt-Ag nanosheets with a thickness of approximately 3 nm were successfully prepared by co-reduction of the metal precursors in an appropriate molar ratio in the presence of CO. Both the presence of CO and the interplay between the constituent metals provide fine control over the anisotropic two-dimensional growth of the ternary-alloy nanostructure. The prepared Pd-Pt-Ag nanosheets were superior catalysts of ethanol electrooxidation owing to their specific structural and compositional characteristics. This approach will pave the way for the design of multicomponent 2D nanomaterials with unprecedented functions.

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A facile aqueous synthesis method for the preparation of Au nanoparticle clusters by the controlled galvanic replacement of Ag nanoparticles with Au precursors is described. The prepared clusters showed both significantly enhanced surface-enhanced Raman scattering activity and stability.

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Bimetallic nanocrystals (NCs) enclosed by high-surface energy facets have been of enormous interest due to their pronounced catalytic performance in numerous chemical and electrochemical reactions. However, it remains a significant challenge to develop a facile method to synthesize bimetallic NCs with high-surface energy facets in the form of finely tuned structures due to the difficulties in manipulating the nucleation and growth kinetics of NCs in the presence of multiple metal precursors. In the present work, a facile one-pot aqueous synthesis method is developed for the production of bimetallic Au@Pd core-shell NCs with an unusual truncated hexoctahedral (THOH) shape without pre-synthesized seeds. The THOH Au@Pd NCs are bound by multiple high- and low-index facets. The formation of this unique structure is realized through co-reduction of Au and Pd precursors under precisely controlled kinetic conditions. The prepared THOH NCs exhibit a prominent electrocatalytic performance for ethanol oxidation, which is attributed to their characteristic structural features. This study significantly expands the understanding of NC growth and will lead to fabricating novel nanomaterials with desired morphologies and functions.

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Nanoporous Pt hollow nanostructures with octahedral and hexagonal frame-like morphologies were prepared by a novel one-pot self-templating route with no assistance from a preformed template or shape-directing agent. The hexagonal frame-like Pt hollow structures exhibited significantly enhanced catalytic activity toward CO oxidation reaction compared to the octahedral Pt hollow nanostructures due to the higher oxidation state of Pt.

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Pd@Pt core-shell nanocrystals consisting of well-defined Pd nanocube cores and dendritic Pt shells were prepared by a new facile aqueous one-pot synthetic method. The prepared Pd@Pt nanocrystals exhibited efficient catalytic activity and stability toward methanol electrooxidation, and their catalytic function was highly dependent on their Pt shell thickness due to the different synergism between Pt and Pd.

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The development of an efficient synthesis method to produce multimetallic nanoparticles (NPs) with a desirable structure is strongly required to clarify the structure-composition-property relationship of NPs and to investigate their possible applications. However, the controlled synthesis of NPs consisting of multiple (n ≥ 3) noble metal components has been relatively unexplored in comparison to bimetallic NPs. In the present work, we have demonstrated a facile one-pot aqueous approach for the controlled synthesis of trimetallic Au@PdPt core-shell NPs with a well-defined octahedral Au core and a highly crystalline dendritic Pd-Pt alloy shell (Auoct@PdPt NPs). The simultaneous reduction of multiple metal precursors with dual reducing agents, namely, ascorbic acid and hydrazine, gave a fine control over the nucleation and growth kinetics of NPs, resulting in the formation of novel Auoct@PdPt NPs. The prepared NPs showed excellent catalytic performance for methanol electrooxidation, which can be attributed to their optimized binding strength toward adsorbate molecules due to the improved charge transfer between core and shell of the NPs. The present strategy can offer a convenient and valuable way to fabricate multicomponent nanostructures with desired structures and functions.

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Cerium and nanocubes: CeO2-supported Pd-Cu-alloy nanocubes (Pd-Cu NCs/CeO2) with high content and good dispersion of the Pd-Cu NCs were prepared in high yields by heating a solution containing Pd, Cu, and Ce precursors. The prepared Pd-Cu NCs/CeO2 have excellent catalytic activity and stability toward formic acid electro-oxidation due to the synergism between the Pd-Cu-alloy catalysts and the CeO2 support.

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Au-Pd alloy nanocrystals (NCs) with a hexoctahedral structure, enclosed exclusively by high-index {541} facets, are prepared via the simultaneous reduction of Au and Pd precursors without added seeds or additional metal ions as structure-regulating agents. Manipulating the NC growth kinetics via control of the relative amount of reductant is the key synthetic lever for controlling the morphology of the Au-Pd NCs. The hexoctahedral Au-Pd NCs exhibit higher catalytic performance toward the electro-oxidation of ethanol than low-index-faceted Au-Pd NCs.