RESUMEN
Shikonin derivatives exert powerful cytotoxic effects including induction of apoptosis. Here, we demonstrate the cytotoxic efficacy of shikonin in vivo in xenograft models, which did not affect body weight as well as its reduction of cell viability in vitro using several non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cell lines. We found that inhibition of AKT by shikonin activated the forkhead box (FOX)O3a/early growth response protein (EGR)1 signaling cascade and enhanced the expression of the target gene Bim, leading to apoptosis in lung cancer cells. Overexpression of wild-type or a constitutively active mutant of FOXO3a enhanced shikonin-induced Bim expression. The NAD+-dependent histone deacetylase sirtuin (SIRT)1 amplified the pro-apoptotic effect by deacetylating FOXO3a, which induced EGR1 binding to the Bim promoter and activated Bim expression. Meanwhile, PI3K/AKT activity was enhanced, whereas that of FOXO3a was reduced and p300 was upregulated by treatment with a sublethal dose of shikonin. FOXO3a acetylation was enhanced by p300 overexpression, while shikonin-induced Bim expression was suppressed by p300 overexpression, which promoted cell survival. FOXO3a acetylation was increased by p300 overexpression and treatment with SIRT1 inhibitor, improving cell survival. In addition, shikonin-induced FOXO3a nuclear localization was blocked by AKT activation and SIRT1 inhibition, which blocked Bim expression and conferred resistance to the cytotoxic effects of shikonin. The EGR1 increase induced by shikonin was restored by pretreatment with SIRT1 inhibitor. These results suggest that shikonin induces apoptosis in some lung cancer cells via activation of FOXO3a/EGR1/SIRT1 signaling, and that AKT and p300 negatively regulate this process via Bim upregulation.
Asunto(s)
Antineoplásicos/farmacología , Apoptosis/efectos de los fármacos , Carcinoma de Pulmón de Células no Pequeñas/tratamiento farmacológico , Proteína p300 Asociada a E1A/metabolismo , Proteína 1 de la Respuesta de Crecimiento Precoz/metabolismo , Proteína Forkhead Box O3/metabolismo , Inhibidores de Histona Desacetilasas/farmacología , Neoplasias Pulmonares/tratamiento farmacológico , Naftoquinonas/farmacología , Transducción de Señal/efectos de los fármacos , Sirtuina 1/antagonistas & inhibidores , Células A549 , Acetilación , Animales , Proteína 11 Similar a Bcl2/genética , Proteína 11 Similar a Bcl2/metabolismo , Carcinoma de Pulmón de Células no Pequeñas/enzimología , Carcinoma de Pulmón de Células no Pequeñas/genética , Carcinoma de Pulmón de Células no Pequeñas/patología , Relación Dosis-Respuesta a Droga , Proteína p300 Asociada a E1A/genética , Proteína 1 de la Respuesta de Crecimiento Precoz/genética , Femenino , Proteína Forkhead Box O3/genética , Regulación Neoplásica de la Expresión Génica , Humanos , Neoplasias Pulmonares/enzimología , Neoplasias Pulmonares/genética , Neoplasias Pulmonares/patología , Ratones Endogámicos BALB C , Ratones Desnudos , Proteínas Proto-Oncogénicas c-akt/genética , Proteínas Proto-Oncogénicas c-akt/metabolismo , Interferencia de ARN , Sirtuina 1/genética , Sirtuina 1/metabolismo , Factores de Tiempo , Transfección , Ensayos Antitumor por Modelo de XenoinjertoRESUMEN
We studied the action potential of Primo-vessels in rats to determine the electrophysiological characteristics of these structures. We introduced a mathematical analysis method, a normalized Fourier transform that displays the sine and cosine components separately, to compare the action potentials of Primo-vessels with those for the smooth muscle. We found that Primo-vessels generated two types of action potential pulses that differed from those of smooth muscle: (1) Type I pulse had rapid depolarizing and repolarizing phases, and (2) Type II pulse had a rapid depolarizing phase and a gradually slowing repolarizing phase.
RESUMEN
Thioacetamide (TA) is a commonly used drug that can trigger acute hepatic failure (AHF) through generation of oxidative stress. Vitamin D3 upregulated protein 1 (VDUP1) is an endogenous inhibitor of thioredoxin, a ubiquitous thiol oxidoreductase, that regulates cellular redox status. In this study, we investigated the role of VDUP1 in AHF using a TA-induced liver injury model. VDUP1 knockout (KO) and wild-type (WT) mice were subjected to a single intraperitoneal TA injection, and various parameters of hepatic injury were assessed. VDUP1 KO mice displayed a significantly higher survival rate, lower serum alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase levels, and less hepatic damage, compared to WT mice. In addition, induction of apoptosis was decreased in VDUP1 KO mice, with the alteration of caspase-3 and -9 activities, Bax-to-Bcl-2 expression ratios, and mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway. Importantly, analysis of TA bioactivation revealed lower plasma clearance of TA and covalent binding of [¹4C]TA to liver macromolecules in VDUP1 KO mice. Furthermore, the level of oxidative stress was significantly less in VDUP1 KO mice than in their WT counterparts, as evident from lipid peroxidation assay. These results collectively indicate that VDUP1 deficiency protects against TA-induced acute liver injury via lower bioactivation of TA and antioxidant effects.