RESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To describe the development of a capstone course using qualitative results of focus groups and to determine the impact of the course using a pre- and postcourse surveys. DESIGN: A course titled Advanced Patient Care was developed using themes emerged from 3 stakeholder focus groups and implemented with case-based sessions, interactive exercises, and Objective Structured Clinical Examinations (OSCEs). Pre- and postcourse surveys were conducted to assess the students' confidence and knowledge in managing 8 commonly-encountered conditions. ASSESSMENT: During the 2-year course implementation, a total of 169 students participated in the pre- and postcourse surveys (87.6% response rate). The mean total confidence score increased significantly from 54.3 (±9.2) to 69.0 (±8.6, p < 0.001), and the total mean knowledge score increased significantly from 6.3 to 6.9 (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: The capstone course, fueled by focus group findings and implemented using interactive sessions and simulations, positively impacted students' confidence and knowledge for clinical practice experiences and professional practice.
Asunto(s)
Curriculum/tendencias , Educación en Farmacia/tendencias , Grupos Focales , Atención al Paciente/tendencias , Farmacia/tendencias , Estudiantes de Farmacia , Adolescente , Adulto , Anciano , Educación en Farmacia/métodos , Femenino , Grupos Focales/métodos , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Atención al Paciente/métodos , Farmacia/métodos , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
PURPOSE: A systematic review examining the economic effects of pharmacist-provided direct patient care on health outcomes in the United States was conducted. METHODS: A comprehensive literature search was conducted using 13 academic and medical databases. Studies were included in the analysis if they described pharmacist-provided direct patient care, used comparison groups, evaluated economic outcomes, and were conducted in the United States. Outcome results were categorized as (1) favorable, indicating significant improvement as a result of pharmacists' interventions or services, (2) not favorable, indicating significant improvement as a result of nonpharmacist care, (3) mixed, having favorable results on one measure of a study variable but not favorable results or no effect on another, (4) having no effect, indicating no significant difference between pharmacists' interventions or services and the comparison, or (5) unclear, indicating the outcome could not be determined based on presented data. RESULTS: Of the 56,573 citations considered, a total of 126 studies met the criteria for inclusion in this systematic review. Results favoring pharmacist-provided care were found in 20 studies (15.9%), mixed results were seen in 53 studies (42.1%), no effect was found in 6 studies (4.8%), and unclear results were found in 47 studies (37.3%). CONCLUSION: A majority of studies examining the economic effects of pharmacist-provided direct patient care in the United States were limited by their partial cost analyses, study design, and other analysis considerations. A majority of the 20 studies that found positive economic benefits examined pharmacists' interventions involving technical methods or multimodal approaches.