RESUMEN

A survey was conducted on Guyana's main staple foods, rice, cassava meal and cassava bread to determine the presence and concentration of aflatoxins (AFs) using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with fluorescence detection for concurrence. Aflatoxins are secondary metabolites of the fungus Aspergillus and can be a health risk to humans and animals. Results were compared with European Union Commission (EUC) maximum levels of total aflatoxins of 10 µg/kg. Various types of rice (paddy, steamed paddy, cargo rice, white rice and parboiled rice) were randomly collected either directly from the field and rice mills in Guyana during the November 2015/March 2016 season. Of the total 186 composite samples of rice fractions collected from field and mills, 10% (19) had AF concentrations greater than the maximum EUC level of 10 µg/kg. Fifteen samples had aflatoxin concentrations ranging from 10 to 171 µg/kg, mean 54.4 µg/kg; four samples were outliers. Since Guyanese consume mainly white and parboiled rice, composite samples were taken along the marketing chain at points of sale to determine the presence of AFs. Of the sixty samples of white rice collected, 6.7% (4) had AF concentrations greater than the EUC regulatory limits ranging from 31.9 to 131 µg/kg, mean 80.8 µg/kg. For the 57 samples of parboiled rice, 3.5% (2) samples exceeded the limit with values of 72.6 and 407 µg/kg. Forty (40) samples each of cassava meal and cassava bread were analysed fresh and after 2 months of storage, and no sample exceeded the ELISA detection limit of 0.5 µg/kg.

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

The individual and combined effects of dietary aflatoxin B(1 )(AFB(1)) and fumonisin B(1) (FB(1)) on liver pathology, serum levels of aspartate amino-transferase (AST) and plasma total protein (TP) of broilers were evaluated from 8 to 41 days of age. Dietary treatments included a 3 × 3 factorial arrangement with three levels of AFB(1 )(0, 50 and 200 µg AFB(1)/kg), and three levels of FB(1 )(0, 50 and 200 mg FB(1)/kg). At 33 days post feeding, with the exception of birds fed 50 mg FB(1 )only, concentrations of AST were higher (p < 0.05) in all other treatment groups when compared with controls. Plasma TP was lower (p < 0.05) at six days post feeding in groups fed 200 µg AFB(1)/kg alone or in combination with FB(1). At day 33 days post feeding, with the exception of birds fed the highest combination of AFB(1 )and FB(1 )which had higher plasma TP than control birds(, )plasma TP of birds fed other dietary treatments were similar to controls. Broilers receiving the highest levels of AFB(1) and FB(1) had bile duct proliferation and trabecular disorder in liver samples. AFB(1) singly or in combination with FB at the levels studied, caused liver damage and an increase in serum levels of AST.

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

O objetivo do presente trabalho foi estudar o efeito da fumonisina B1 (FB1) sobre o peso corpóreo e as vísceras (fígado, rim e coração) de codorna poedeira japonesa (Coturnix coturnix japonica), devido ao escasso dado toxicológico nesta espécie. Quatro grupos, sendo cada um constituído de 32 codornas de linhagem comercial, receberam ração contendo FB1 nas concentrações de 0 (controle), 10, 50 e 250mg kg-1, durante 28 dias. Observou-se uma redução (P<0,05) no peso corpóreo das aves submetidas ao tratamento 250mg kg-1 de FB1. Os pesos relativos do rim e do coração mantiveram-se semelhantes em todos os tratamentos (P>0,05), porém as aves do grupo 50 e 250mg kg-1 apresentaram aumento no peso relativo de fígado (P<0,05). Alterações histológicas foram constatadas apenas no fígado das aves alimentadas com ração contendo 50 e 250mg kg-1 de FB1, caracterizadas por hiperplasia moderada de ductos biliares e múltiplas áreas de necrose focal, indicando que a FB1 seja tóxica a partir de 50mg kg-1 para codornas de postura.

This research was aimed at evaluating the effect of fumonisin B1 (FB1) on body weight and viscera (liver, kidney and heart) of laying Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica), due to the little toxicological data on this species. Four experimental groups of 32 commercial quails were designed and exposed to ingestion test with feed containing 0 (controls), 10, 50 or 250mg FB1 kg-1 feed, during 28 days. Birds of group 250mg FB1 kg-1 showed lower body weight (P<0.05). Relative weights of kidney and heart were similar (P>0.05) among treatments. However, the relative weight of liver increased (P<0.05) in quail of groups received 50 and 250mg FB1/kg. Histological changes were observed only in the liver of groups receiving 50 and 250mgFB1 kg-1, which caused moderate biliary duct hyperplasia and multiple foci of hepatic necrosis. The data indicated that AFB1 at levels above 50mg kg-1 in laying Japanese quail.

RESUMEN

This research was aimed at evaluating the effect of fumonisin B1 (FB1) on body weight and viscera (liver, kidney and heart) of laying Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica), due to the little toxicological data on this species. Four experimental groups of 32 commercial quails were designed and exposed to ingestion test with feed containing 0 (controls), 10, 50 or 250mg FB1 kg-1 feed, during 28 days. Birds of group 250mg FB1 kg-1 showed lower body weight (P 0.05). Relative weights of kidney and heart were similar (P>0.05) among treatments. However, the relative weight of liver increased (P 0.05) in quail of groups received 50 and 250mg FB1/kg. Histological changes were observed only in the liver of groups receiving 50 and 250mgFB1 kg-1, which caused moderate biliary duct hyperplasia and multiple foci of hepatic necrosis. The data indicated that AFB1 at levels above 50mg kg-1 in laying Japanese quail.

O objetivo do presente trabalho foi estudar o efeito da fumonisina B1 (FB1) sobre o peso corpóreo e as vísceras (fígado, rim e coração) de codorna poedeira japonesa (Coturnix coturnix japonica), devido ao escasso dado toxicológico nesta espécie. Quatro grupos, sendo cada um constituído de 32 codornas de linhagem comercial, receberam ração contendo FB1 nas concentrações de 0 (controle), 10, 50 e 250mg kg-1, durante 28 dias. Observou-se uma redução (P 0,05) no peso corpóreo das aves submetidas ao tratamento 250mg kg-1 de FB1. Os pesos relativos do rim e do coração mantiveram-se semelhantes em todos os tratamentos (P>0,05), porém as aves do grupo 50 e 250mg kg-1 apresentaram aumento no peso relativo de fígado (P 0,05). Alterações histológicas foram constatadas apenas no fígado das aves alimentadas com ração contendo 50 e 250mg kg-1 de FB1, caracterizadas por hiperplasia moderada de ductos biliares e múltiplas áreas de necrose focal, indicando que a FB1 seja tóxica a partir de 50mg kg-1 para codornas de postura.

RESUMEN

This research was aimed at evaluating the effect of fumonisin B1 (FB1) on body weight and viscera (liver, kidney and heart) of laying Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica), due to the little toxicological data on this species. Four experimental groups of 32 commercial quails were designed and exposed to ingestion test with feed containing 0 (controls), 10, 50 or 250mg FB1 kg-1 feed, during 28 days. Birds of group 250mg FB1 kg-1 showed lower body weight (P 0.05). Relative weights of kidney and heart were similar (P>0.05) among treatments. However, the relative weight of liver increased (P 0.05) in quail of groups received 50 and 250mg FB1/kg. Histological changes were observed only in the liver of groups receiving 50 and 250mgFB1 kg-1, which caused moderate biliary duct hyperplasia and multiple foci of hepatic necrosis. The data indicated that AFB1 at levels above 50mg kg-1 in laying Japanese quail.

O objetivo do presente trabalho foi estudar o efeito da fumonisina B1 (FB1) sobre o peso corpóreo e as vísceras (fígado, rim e coração) de codorna poedeira japonesa (Coturnix coturnix japonica), devido ao escasso dado toxicológico nesta espécie. Quatro grupos, sendo cada um constituído de 32 codornas de linhagem comercial, receberam ração contendo FB1 nas concentrações de 0 (controle), 10, 50 e 250mg kg-1, durante 28 dias. Observou-se uma redução (P 0,05) no peso corpóreo das aves submetidas ao tratamento 250mg kg-1 de FB1. Os pesos relativos do rim e do coração mantiveram-se semelhantes em todos os tratamentos (P>0,05), porém as aves do grupo 50 e 250mg kg-1 apresentaram aumento no peso relativo de fígado (P 0,05). Alterações histológicas foram constatadas apenas no fígado das aves alimentadas com ração contendo 50 e 250mg kg-1 de FB1, caracterizadas por hiperplasia moderada de ductos biliares e múltiplas áreas de necrose focal, indicando que a FB1 seja tóxica a partir de 50mg kg-1 para codornas de postura.

RESUMEN

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos da aflatoxina B1 (AFB1) e da fumonisina B1 (FB1) sobre o hemograma e o leucograma de frangos alimentados com ração contendo as toxinas isoladamente e em associação, nos níveis de 0, 50 e 200mig de AFB1/kg, e/ou 0, 50 e 200mg de FB1/kg. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 3x3, com 9 tratamentos e 12 repetições, totalizando 108 aves. Os frangos foram alimentados com as rações contaminadas do 8° até o 41° dia de vida. As aves de todos os grupos alimentados com micotoxinas apresentaram redução (P<0,05) nos valores de hematócrito, hemoglobina e número de hemácias, caracterizando um quadro de anemia, sendo que os grupos mais afetados foram os que receberam as maiores concentrações das toxinas em associação. Observou-se um menor (P<0,05) número de leucócitos em todos os tratamentos, porém esta redução foi mais intensa nos grupos tratados com 200mig/kg de AFB1, com ou sem FB1. Conclui-se que a AFB1 e a FB1, isoladas ou em associação, nos níveis utilizados no estudo, podem afetar negativamente os parâmetros hematológicos de frangos de corte.

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of dietary aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and fumonisin B1 (FB1) on the hemogram and leucogram of broilers. The mycotoxins were added to rations, singly and in combination, at levels of 0, 50 and 200mug AFB1/kg, and/or 0, 50 and 200mg FB1/kg. A completely randomized 3 x 3 factorial design was used, with 9 treatments and 12 replications per treatment (total: 108 birds). Broilers were fed the contaminated rations from day-old 8 to 41. All the mycotoxin-treated groups had decreased (P<0.05) values of hematocrit, hemoglobin concentration and erythrocyte counts, which are common characteristics of anemia. The most affected birds were from groups receiving the highest levels of the combined mycotoxins. Lower (P<0.05) white blood cells counts were also noted in all groups fed mycotoxin-contaminated feeds, however, this reduction was more severe in broilers fed 200mug AFB1/kg, alone or in association with FB1. The conclusion is that both AFB1 and FB1, singly or in combination at the levels studied, can negatively affect the hematological parameters of broiler chicks.

RESUMEN

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of dietary aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and fumonisin B1 (FB1) on the hemogram and leucogram of broilers. The mycotoxins were added to rations, singly and in combination, at levels of 0, 50 and 200mug AFB1/kg, and/or 0, 50 and 200mg FB1/kg. A completely randomized 3 x 3 factorial design was used, with 9 treatments and 12 replications per treatment (total: 108 birds). Broilers were fed the contaminated rations from day-old 8 to 41. All the mycotoxin-treated groups had decreased (P 0.05) values of hematocrit, hemoglobin concentration and erythrocyte counts, which are common characteristics of anemia. The most affected birds were from groups receiving the highest levels of the combined mycotoxins. Lower (P 0.05) white blood cells counts were also noted in all groups fed mycotoxin-contaminated feeds, however, this reduction was more severe in broilers fed 200mug AFB1/kg, alone or in association with FB1. The conclusion is that both AFB1 and FB1, singly or in combination at the levels studied, can negatively affect the hematological parameters of broiler chicks.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos da aflatoxina B1 (AFB1) e da fumonisina B1 (FB1) sobre o hemograma e o leucograma de frangos alimentados com ração contendo as toxinas isoladamente e em associação, nos níveis de 0, 50 e 200mig de AFB1/kg, e/ou 0, 50 e 200mg de FB1/kg. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 3x3, com 9 tratamentos e 12 repetições, totalizando 108 aves. Os frangos foram alimentados com as rações contaminadas do 8° até o 41° dia de vida. As aves de todos os grupos alimentados com micotoxinas apresentaram redução (P 0,05) nos valores de hematócrito, hemoglobina e número de hemácias, caracterizando um quadro de anemia, sendo que os grupos mais afetados foram os que receberam as maiores concentrações das toxinas em associação. Observou-se um menor (P 0,05) número de leucócitos em todos os tratamentos, porém esta redução foi mais intensa nos grupos tratados com 200mig/kg de AFB1, com ou sem FB1. Conclui-se que a AFB1 e a FB1, isoladas ou em associação, nos níveis utilizados no estudo, podem afetar negativamente os parâmetros hematológicos de frangos de corte.

RESUMEN

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of dietary aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and fumonisin B1 (FB1) on the hemogram and leucogram of broilers. The mycotoxins were added to rations, singly and in combination, at levels of 0, 50 and 200mug AFB1/kg, and/or 0, 50 and 200mg FB1/kg. A completely randomized 3 x 3 factorial design was used, with 9 treatments and 12 replications per treatment (total: 108 birds). Broilers were fed the contaminated rations from day-old 8 to 41. All the mycotoxin-treated groups had decreased (P 0.05) values of hematocrit, hemoglobin concentration and erythrocyte counts, which are common characteristics of anemia. The most affected birds were from groups receiving the highest levels of the combined mycotoxins. Lower (P 0.05) white blood cells counts were also noted in all groups fed mycotoxin-contaminated feeds, however, this reduction was more severe in broilers fed 200mug AFB1/kg, alone or in association with FB1. The conclusion is that both AFB1 and FB1, singly or in combination at the levels studied, can negatively affect the hematological parameters of broiler chicks.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos da aflatoxina B1 (AFB1) e da fumonisina B1 (FB1) sobre o hemograma e o leucograma de frangos alimentados com ração contendo as toxinas isoladamente e em associação, nos níveis de 0, 50 e 200mig de AFB1/kg, e/ou 0, 50 e 200mg de FB1/kg. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 3x3, com 9 tratamentos e 12 repetições, totalizando 108 aves. Os frangos foram alimentados com as rações contaminadas do 8° até o 41° dia de vida. As aves de todos os grupos alimentados com micotoxinas apresentaram redução (P 0,05) nos valores de hematócrito, hemoglobina e número de hemácias, caracterizando um quadro de anemia, sendo que os grupos mais afetados foram os que receberam as maiores concentrações das toxinas em associação. Observou-se um menor (P 0,05) número de leucócitos em todos os tratamentos, porém esta redução foi mais intensa nos grupos tratados com 200mig/kg de AFB1, com ou sem FB1. Conclui-se que a AFB1 e a FB1, isoladas ou em associação, nos níveis utilizados no estudo, podem afetar negativamente os parâmetros hematológicos de frangos de corte.