RESUMEN
In order to systematize the modern literature data on the effectiveness of biofeedback in the treatment of patients with depressive disorders, clinical efficacy and prospects for use in psychiatric practice, publications in the MEDLINE / PubMed, eLibrary databases from 2013 to 2023, as well as relevant references in the reference lists of the analyzed articles, were selected by the keywords «biofeedback¼, «depression¼, «depression therapy¼, «electroencephalogram¼, «non-drug treatments for depression¼. The analysis of data has shown that the biofeedback method demonstrates a certain therapeutic potential in the treatment of depression. It can be used to augment therapy in case of insufficient therapeutic effect, with low patient compliance, as well as poor tolerability of psychopharmacotherapy and in the presence of residual symptoms after pharmacological treatment. The method allows the correction of the psycho-emotional state, improves the balance between the parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system, and contributes to a more stable clinical effect. At the same time, further studies are needed, with the inclusion of large samples of patients from various nosological groups and with an analysis of the comparability of the effects of various biofeedback protocols.
Asunto(s)
Biorretroalimentación Psicológica , Depresión , Humanos , Depresión/terapia , Biorretroalimentación Psicológica/métodos , Emociones , Sistema Nervioso AutónomoRESUMEN
We analyzed the relationships between morphometric characteristics of brain gray matter and schizotypy. Mentally healthy subjects (n=164, age 18-35 years) completed Russian version of SPQ-74 test and underwent high-field 3T MRI. Cortical thickness in the right frontal pole (determined with FreeSurfer 6.0.0) positively correlated with negative schizotypy factor. The revealed features can reflect the protective mechanisms (resilience) against the development of mental disorders and also can be a result of individual ontogenesis trajectories manifested in deceleration of the decrease of the cortex thickness during first 3 decades of life.
Asunto(s)
Sustancia Gris , Trastorno de la Personalidad Esquizotípica , Humanos , Adolescente , Adulto Joven , Adulto , Sustancia Gris/diagnóstico por imagen , Trastorno de la Personalidad Esquizotípica/diagnóstico por imagen , Voluntarios Sanos , Imagen por Resonancia Magnética , Lóbulo FrontalRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To establish the structural features of the brain (cortical and subcortical) in depressive patients at clinical risk for psychosis. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Nineteen right-handed male patients with youth depression, who were assessed for high risk of psychotic manifestation, and 20 healthy controls underwent MRI and clinical examination. T1-weighted images were processed in FreeSurfer 7.1.1. For each subject average values for the cortex thickness and area, volumes of subcortical structures, and separately volumes of the amygdala nuclei were obtained. Intergroup comparisons and correlations with clinical scales (SOPS, HDRS) were calculated. RESULTS: Patients showed decreased gray matter thickness in the left (p=0.002) and right (p=0.003) postcentral gyri and increased thickness in the right posterior cingulate cortex (p=0.003) and rostral anterior cingulate cortex (p=0.001). CONCLUSION: These findings may reflect cortical changes at early stages of the psychotic process, including the gray matter loss in some areas and the opposite phenomena in others (it cannot be ruled out that the latter may be the result of altered ontogenesis and/or certain compensatory changes).
Asunto(s)
Depresión , Trastornos Psicóticos , Humanos , Adolescente , Masculino , Depresión/diagnóstico por imagen , Encéfalo/diagnóstico por imagen , Trastornos Psicóticos/diagnóstico por imagen , Sustancia Gris/diagnóstico por imagen , Amígdala del CerebeloRESUMEN
We analyzed morphometric MRI parameters indirectly attesting to structural changes in the supragranular layer in 33 non-converted individuals at clinical high risk for endogenous psychosis (follow-up period of 6.7±0.6 years) and in 34 sex- and age-matched healthy controls. In the group of clinical high-risk individuals, changes indicative of potential predominance of supragranular thinning in comparison with a decrease of infragranular cortical layer thickness were revealed. The results are discussed in the context of the concepts of resilience and risk markers of developing endogenous psychosis.
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Corteza Cerebral/diagnóstico por imagen , Imagen por Resonancia Magnética , Trastornos Psicóticos/diagnóstico , Adolescente , Adulto , Biomarcadores/análisis , Corteza Cerebral/patología , Estudios de Seguimiento , Humanos , Masculino , Neuroimagen/métodos , Síntomas Prodrómicos , Trastornos Psicóticos/etiología , Trastornos Psicóticos/patología , Medición de Riesgo , Factores de Riesgo , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
Rhythmic transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) has long been actively used in the treatment of depressive disorders in various mental illnesses. At the same time, the question of the predictability of the results of this method for an individual patient remains open. Based on the existing ideas about the relationship of rTMS mechanisms with changes in the state of neural networks, one of the most perspective line is the search for prognostically significant neurophysiological markers. The study analyzed a wide range of EEG characteristics and evoked potentials recorded before treatment in the groups of responders and nonresponders in patients with depressive symptoms in schizophrenia, who have completed a course of rhythmic transcranial magnetic stimulation. The study revealed associations between an unfavorable treatment outcome and greater coherence in the alpha range (mainly in the caudal regions bilaterally) and less coherence in the beta1 range (involving temporal leads and left-hemisphere asymmetry). At the same time, such indicators as the amplitude of the N100 wave and the negativity of the mismatch were uninformative in terms of predicting the effectiveness of therapy.
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Esquizofrenia , Estimulación Magnética Transcraneal , Depresión , Electroencefalografía , Potenciales Evocados , Humanos , Esquizofrenia/terapia , Resultado del TratamientoRESUMEN
The present study analyzed diffusion characteristics of white matter tracts and grey matter anatomy in 48 mentally healthy participants, including first-degree relatives of patients with schizophrenia (N=13) and affective spectrum disorders (N=13). The subgroup with familial risk of schizophrenia displayed abnormalities in the structural connectivity and increased cortical thickness in the superior frontal gyrus. No differences in the analyzed characteristics were revealed in the subgroup with familial risk for affective disorders. The results are discussed within the framework of the concepts of endophenotypes and processes reflecting compensatory and protective mechanisms.
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Predisposición Genética a la Enfermedad/genética , Imagen por Resonancia Magnética/métodos , Trastornos Mentales/metabolismo , Esquizofrenia/diagnóstico por imagen , Esquizofrenia/genética , Adulto , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Trastornos Mentales/genética , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To determine neurophysiological characteristics of patients with long-term follow up (>20 years) and to find correlations between neurophysiological parameters and clinical features of schizophrenia. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The patients were divided into three groups: with predomination of personality changes (group 1, n=17), with negative disorders (group 2, n=23) and with positive and negative disorders (group 3, n=40). A psychopathological method and electroencephalography with evoked potentials testing were used. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: In group 3, the statistically significant higher frequencies of theta-rhythm and lower of alpha-rhythm were found. Also, theta frequency correlated with PANSS positive scores. The significant intergroup differences by auditory oddball P300 were lacked. The findings are discussed in view of the hypothesis of theta-rhythm as a marker of hippocampal-prefrontal connectivity.
Asunto(s)
Esquizofrenia/fisiopatología , Adolescente , Electroencefalografía , Potenciales Relacionados con Evento P300 , Potenciales Evocados Auditivos , Estudios de Seguimiento , Humanos , Ritmo TetaRESUMEN
The present study was aimed at the assessment of effects of anxiolytic Selank and nootropic Semax on the whole-brain resting-state functional connectivity (FC) of each of the predefined regions of interest (ROIs) in 52 healthy participants. The ROIs included amygdala (one of the key regions for the regulation of anxiety) and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC; the key region for executive functions, including working memory) in the right and left hemisphere. Resting-state fMRI was carried out three times, namely before, after 5 and 20 min of the injection of either Semax, or Selank, or placebo. Between-group alongwith between-condition differences were revealed in FC between the right amygdala and a region in fusiform, inferior and middle temporal as well as parahippocampal gyri in the right hemisphere. Post hoc analysis allowed us to define both general and specific effects of Selank and Semax on FC between the right amygdala and the right temporal cortex for the first time.
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Hormona Adrenocorticotrópica/análogos & derivados , Ansiolíticos/farmacología , Encéfalo/efectos de los fármacos , Nootrópicos/farmacología , Oligopéptidos/farmacología , Fragmentos de Péptidos/farmacología , Hormona Adrenocorticotrópica/farmacología , Adulto , Amígdala del Cerebelo/efectos de los fármacos , Amígdala del Cerebelo/fisiología , Encéfalo/fisiología , Conectoma , Femenino , Humanos , Imagen por Resonancia Magnética , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Corteza Prefrontal/efectos de los fármacos , Corteza Prefrontal/fisiologíaRESUMEN
AIM: To determine neuroanatomical peculiarities of grey matter in some regions of the prefrontal cortex and several subcortical structures in patients with juvenile shift like schizophrenia (F20 ICD-10). MATERIAL AND METHODS: Forty-three young male patients and 54 mentally healthy men without family history of mental diseases underwent structural MRI with T1 high resolution images. RESULTS: As compared to mentally healthy subjects, there was a decrease of grey matter thickness in all tested regions of the prefrontal cortex in patients. No between-group differences in subcortical structures volumes were found. No correlations between structural changes and psychopathological symptoms were observed. CONCLUSION: Structural abnormalities of the frontal lobes in juvenile shift like schizophrenia are not associated with severity of psychopathological symptoms.
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Sustancia Gris , Corteza Prefrontal , Esquizofrenia , Adolescente , Sustancia Gris/anomalías , Sustancia Gris/diagnóstico por imagen , Humanos , Procesamiento de Imagen Asistido por Computador , Imagen por Resonancia Magnética , Masculino , Corteza Prefrontal/anomalías , Corteza Prefrontal/diagnóstico por imagen , Esquizofrenia/diagnóstico por imagenRESUMEN
AIM: To search for neurophysiological predictors of the effectiveness of rhythmic transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) of the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in patients with depressive disorder of various nosology. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Thirty-four young male patients with protracted treatment resistant depression were studied using psychopathological, psychometric methods and encephalography. A search for predictors of therapeutic efficacy was carried out in a wide range of neurophysiological indicators using different high-frequency rTMS protocols (10 Hz and 20 Hz).. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The most significant changes were obtained using rTMS with a frequency of 20 Hz. A favorable effect of treatment was correlated with higher spectral power of the alpha- and beta 1-rhythm bands in EEG.
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Trastorno Depresivo/terapia , Estimulación Magnética Transcraneal , Adolescente , Humanos , Masculino , Corteza Prefrontal , Resultado del TratamientoRESUMEN
The effects of nootropic drug Semax on the neuronal network of the brain were studied by the resting state functional magnetic-resonance imaging (resting state fMRI). The study was carried out on two groups of healthy volunteers (11 men and 13 women aged 43.9±9.5 years). Resting state fMRI was carried out 3 times: directly before and 5 and 20 min after intranasal 1% Semax (14 subjects) or placebo (10 subjects). The topography of the resting state default mode network was studied. A greater volume of the default mode network rostral (medial frontal cortex) subcomponent was detected in the Semax group in comparison with controls. Resting state fMRI confirmed Semax effects on the neuronal network of the brain and demonstrated topography of these effects.
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Hormona Adrenocorticotrópica/análogos & derivados , Red Nerviosa/efectos de los fármacos , Nootrópicos/farmacología , Fragmentos de Péptidos/farmacología , Corteza Prefrontal/efectos de los fármacos , Administración Intranasal , Hormona Adrenocorticotrópica/farmacología , Adulto , Mapeo Encefálico , Esquema de Medicación , Femenino , Voluntarios Sanos , Humanos , Imagen por Resonancia Magnética , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Red Nerviosa/diagnóstico por imagen , Corteza Prefrontal/diagnóstico por imagen , Descanso/fisiologíaRESUMEN
AIM: To study the mechanism of the development of amblyopia using the analysis of brain grey matter parameters. The areas primarily associated with visual cortex in children with amblyopia were analyzed. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study group comprised 8 right-handed children with left-sided amblyopia. MRI images were obtained by 1.5T Toshiba scanner with 3D MP-RAGE. T1-images were processed with FreeSurfer (5.3.0 version, http://surfer.nmr.mgh.harvard.edu/). RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: No significant interhemisphere differences by cortical thickness were identified in all tested regions of interest. In correlation analysis, only the positive correlation between visual acuity in the left eye and cortical thickness in the left pericalcarine as well as the positive correlation between visual acuity in the left eye and cortical thickness in the left V1 area obtained using another anatomical atlas survived multiple comparison correction. The findings support the hypothesis that pathological ontogenetic processes in children with amblyopia lead to the structural abnormalities of the primary visual cortex.
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Ambliopía , Corteza Visual , Ambliopía/patología , Niño , Humanos , Imagen por Resonancia Magnética , Agudeza Visual , Corteza Visual/patologíaRESUMEN
Diffusion parameters of brain tracts (n=18) were studied in 27 men with ultra-high risk of endogenous attack-like psychoses and 27 mentally healthy men of the same age group (fractional anisotropy; and average, radial, and axial diffusion). Correlation analysis was performed between these parameters and severity of mental disorders (SOPS scale). The indexes of radial diffusion and axial diffusion were shown to change in the left anterior thalamic radiation and right posterior cingulum bundle, respectively. Our results are consistent with published data that disturbances in the frontal and temporal lobes play an important role in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. The degree of mental disorders correlated with diffusion parameters in the left and right anterior cingulum bundle.
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Cuerpo Calloso/patología , Lóbulo Frontal/patología , Trastornos Psicóticos/patología , Esquizofrenia/patología , Lóbulo Temporal/patología , Sustancia Blanca/patología , Adolescente , Adulto , Anisotropía , Estudios de Casos y Controles , Cuerpo Calloso/fisiopatología , Imagen de Difusión por Resonancia Magnética , Lóbulo Frontal/fisiopatología , Humanos , Masculino , Trastornos Psicóticos/diagnóstico , Trastornos Psicóticos/fisiopatología , Esquizofrenia/diagnóstico , Esquizofrenia/fisiopatología , Índice de Severidad de la Enfermedad , Lóbulo Temporal/fisiopatología , Tálamo/patología , Tálamo/fisiopatología , Sustancia Blanca/fisiopatologíaRESUMEN
The MEGA-PRESS pulse sequence was used for determination of overlapping signals in the (1)H-MRS spectra of the human brain. For the first time, the balance of GABA glutamate/glutamine concentrations was estimated quantitatively in the human brain of patients with ultra-high risk of schizophrenia. It was found that GABA concentration and GABA/GLX ratios were significantly reduced in the left frontal lobe of UHR subjects.
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Lóbulo Frontal/metabolismo , Ácido Glutámico/metabolismo , Glutamina/metabolismo , Espectroscopía de Protones por Resonancia Magnética/métodos , Esquizofrenia/metabolismo , Ácido gamma-Aminobutírico/metabolismo , Adolescente , Adulto , Creatina/metabolismo , Lóbulo Frontal/diagnóstico por imagen , Lateralidad Funcional , Humanos , Masculino , Síntomas Prodrómicos , Riesgo , Esquizofrenia/diagnóstico por imagen , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
13 male patients with schizophrenia and 18 age-matched healthy men underwent structural magnetic reso- nance imaging and completed the Stroop task which included the switching condition. As compared to con- trols, the patients showed slowing of color naming in the neutral condition and a reduction ofgray matter vol- ume and thickness in the frontal and temporal areas. In healthy subjects, the time of color naming was neg- atively correlated with gray matter volume in the left cuneus. In the schizophrenia group, there was a positive correlation between the time of color naming and cortical thickness in the middle and inferior frontal gyri of the right hemisphere. These results indicate a change in structural-functional relationships at the early stages of schizophrenia.
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Cerebro/fisiopatología , Percepción de Color , Función Ejecutiva , Lóbulo Frontal/fisiopatología , Sustancia Gris/fisiopatología , Esquizofrenia/fisiopatología , Adulto , Mapeo Encefálico , Estudios de Casos y Controles , Cerebro/diagnóstico por imagen , Cerebro/patología , Lóbulo Frontal/diagnóstico por imagen , Lóbulo Frontal/patología , Sustancia Gris/diagnóstico por imagen , Sustancia Gris/patología , Humanos , Imagen por Resonancia Magnética , Masculino , Pruebas Neuropsicológicas , Lóbulo Occipital/diagnóstico por imagen , Lóbulo Occipital/patología , Lóbulo Occipital/fisiopatología , Reconocimiento Visual de Modelos , Tiempo de Reacción/fisiología , Esquizofrenia/diagnóstico por imagen , Esquizofrenia/patología , Lóbulo Temporal/diagnóstico por imagen , Lóbulo Temporal/patología , Lóbulo Temporal/fisiopatologíaRESUMEN
We studied the features of cognitive functions of attention and decision making in 18 healthy subjects and 15 patients with schizophrenia with the use of pairs of two short visual stimuli (double step). In the group of patients with schizophrenia, we observed a higher number of errors and higher frequency of modified saccadic pattern--two saccades to each stimulus instead of only one saccade to the second stimulus. In these patients, the latency period of the first saccade was shorter, while the latency period of a single saccade to the second stimulus was longer as compared with healthy subjects. The lateral differences in the saccade latency in schizophrenic and healthy subjects are opposite. The data provide an evidence of disorders in the cognitive control and prognostic processes of saccade programming in schizophrenic patients.
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Tiempo de Reacción/fisiología , Movimientos Sacádicos/fisiología , Esquizofrenia/fisiopatología , Adulto , Estudios de Casos y Controles , Electroencefalografía , Electrooculografía , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Estimulación Luminosa , Factores Sexuales , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
Specific features of diffusion in the cerebral corticospinal tract of patients with early stages of schizophrenia were studied using methods of diffusion tensor magnetic-resonance imaging and magnetic resonance spectroscopy. A decrease in the coefficient of fractional anisotropy in the posterior limb of the internal capsule and an increase in diffusion coefficient in the radiate crown and motor cortex were observed. The results reflect different mechanisms of changes in water diffusion in various areas of the corticospinal tract: changes in nerve fiber microstructure in the internal capsule of the left hemisphere and a decrease in their density in the motor cortex and radiate crown.
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Imagen de Difusión Tensora , Tractos Piramidales/metabolismo , Esquizofrenia/metabolismo , Adolescente , Adulto , Anisotropía , Agua Corporal , Pedúnculo Cerebral/metabolismo , Pedúnculo Cerebral/patología , Difusión , Humanos , Cápsula Interna/metabolismo , Cápsula Interna/patología , Masculino , Bulbo Raquídeo/metabolismo , Bulbo Raquídeo/patología , Corteza Motora/metabolismo , Corteza Motora/patología , Fibras Nerviosas/metabolismo , Fibras Nerviosas/patología , Tractos Piramidales/patología , Esquizofrenia/patología , Sustancia Blanca/metabolismo , Sustancia Blanca/patología , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: The search of the structural and functional brain characteristics is one of the most studied directions in the modern biological psychiatry. However, in spite of the numerous studies the results are still controversial. As the necessity of the shift of the current paradigm in schizophrenia research evolves it has been suggested to discriminate not only abnormal but stable functioning neuronal circuits as well. Consequently, the aim is formulated as the search of the minimal brain damage sufficient for disease development. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Author analyzed the auditory oddball P300 latency (as a marker of information processing speed), N-acetylaspartate level in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (as a marker of neuronal integrity in this brain area) and fractional anisotropy of the fasciculus uncindtus which connects the frontal and temporal lobes (as a marker of white matter bundles microstructure) in 30 patients with schizophrenia and 27 healthy people. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: The findings showed that all the tested characteristics are not "obligatory" for schizophrenia.
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Investigación Biomédica/métodos , Mapeo Encefálico/métodos , Encéfalo/patología , Encéfalo/fisiopatología , Imagen de Difusión por Resonancia Magnética/métodos , Procesos Mentales/fisiología , Esquizofrenia/diagnóstico , Adolescente , Adulto , Potenciales Evocados Auditivos , Femenino , Estudios de Seguimiento , Humanos , Masculino , Corteza Prefrontal/patología , Corteza Prefrontal/fisiopatología , Esquizofrenia/fisiopatología , Lóbulo Temporal/patología , Lóbulo Temporal/fisiopatología , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: Functional and structural brain abnormalities in people at high risk for psychosis is a subject of intensive studies in biological psychiatry over the last decades. We studied correlations between neurophysiological and neuroimaging parameters in ultra-high risk patients. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Fifty-six patients, aged 17-25 years, with nonpsychotic mental disorders were examined. The control group included 30 age- and sex-matched healthy people. Neurophysiological study measured sensory gating. Proton MR-spectroscopy was used to study metabolic processes in the brain (index for glutamate/glutamine, N-acetylaspartate and choline containing compounds in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and thalamus of both hemispheres as well as in the genu and splenium of the corpus callosum). RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: We found the abnormality of sensory gating in patients at ultra-high risk for endogenous psychosis that was not correlated with the metabolic parameters. The latter were normal or were normalized during treatment.