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Locked-in syndrome is a neurological condition characterized by tetraplegia, mutism, preservation of vertical eye movement, superior eyelid movement, and intact consciousness, making it impossible for the patient to communicate properly. We herein describe a case to analyze the practice of developing a method of communication for a patient with locked-in syndrome. Two communication boards were created, adapted to the Portuguese language, as well as a shortcut to inquire about the physical and emotional patient's well-being. We had difficulty with the initial communication board, due to the patient's low education level, so we adapted a new one to the patient's social context, including a shortcut to inquire about physical and emotional well-being. The communication board had a positive impact on treatment development and the patient's life.

A síndrome do encarceramento é uma condição neurológica caracterizada por tetraplegia, mutismo, preservação do movimento vertical dos olhos, movimento palpebral superior e consciência intacta, impossibilitando a comunicação adequada do paciente. Descrevemos um caso para analisar a prática de criação de um método de comunicação em um paciente com síndrome do encarceramento. Foram criadas duas pranchas de comunicação, adaptadas à língua portuguesa, e um atalho para indagar sobre o bem-estar físico e emocional do paciente. Tivemos dificuldade com a prancha de comunicação inicial em razão da baixa escolaridade do paciente, então criamos uma nova prancha de comunicação adaptada ao seu contexto social. A nova prancha tinha um atalho para indagar sobre o bem-estar físico e emocional do paciente. A prancha de comunicação teve impacto positivo no desenvolvimento do tratamento e na vida do paciente.

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Because the non-protein nitrogen sources can be an option for a ruminant diet to replace true-protein sources, we hypothesized that using extruded urea in increasing levels by reducing soybean meal in the diet can maintain or improve the productive performance of beef cattle in a feedlot. It was aimed to evaluate the effects of extruded urea levels on the productive performance and carcass and meat characteristics of Nellore steers in feedlot. Twenty-four Nellore steers, with an average age of 22 months and an average initial weight of 333.5 kg, were used. A completely randomized design was used with four treatments: 50, 60, 70, and 80 g/100 kg BW of extruded urea. There was no effect of extruded urea levels on nutrient intake. The final weight and average daily gain were adjusted by a quadratic equation, with maximum estimated values of 479.18 kg and 1.02 kg/day with the inclusion of 59.71, 54.14, and 54.16 g/100 kg BW of extruded urea, respectively. There was no effect (P > 0.05) of extruded urea levels on hot carcass weight (233.3 kg), carcass yield (53.2%), ribeye area (72.7 cm2), and subcutaneous fat thickness (5.3 mm). Likewise, there was no effect (P > 0.05) of extruded urea levels on meat chemical composition, shear force (8.9 KgF), cooking losses (28.2%), pH (5.6), and meat color parameters. We recommended the use of 70 g/100 kg BW of extruded urea in the diet for finishing Nellore steers in confinement.

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The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of corn hybrid and processing methods on intake and digestibility of nutrients, rumen fermentation and blood metabolites of steers fed no-forage finishing diets. Four ruminally fistulated Nellore castrated steers (502 ± 15 kg initial body weight) were distributed in a 4 × 4 Latin square design with a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement consisting of two corn hybrids (semi-dent and flint) and two processing methods (dry milled and high moisture grain). Interactions of hybrid and processing methods were observed on intake of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM) and crude protein (CP), as well as on digestibility of DM and CP, rumen pH and ammonia nitrogen (N-NH3 ). There was no interaction between hybrid and processing for the volatile fatty acids (VFA) total, acetate (C2), propionate (C3), isobutyric (iC4) and valeric (nC5) concentrations. VFA total concentration shown an average of 103.4 mmol/L. The C2 and C3 concentrations had no effect of the hybrid or processing with averages of 58.7 mmol/L for C2, and 31.3 mmol/l for C3. There was an effect of the processing method on starch consumption and fecal pH, the highest values were observed in grains with high moisture content. Starch digestibility was 0.89 g/g in dry milled and 0.96 g/g in high moisture corn. The greatest digestibility of starch in high moisture corn, irrespective of the corn hybrid, provided evidence of an increase in the energy supply, which may improve the feed efficiency and growth performance of cattle fed no-roughage finishing diets.

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ABSTRACT Locked-in syndrome is a neurological condition characterized by tetraplegia, mutism, preservation of vertical eye movement, superior eyelid movement, and intact consciousness, making it impossible for the patient to communicate properly. We herein describe a case to analyze the practice of developing a method of communication for a patient with locked-in syndrome. Two communication boards were created, adapted to the Portuguese language, as well as a shortcut to inquire about the physical and emotional patient's well-being. We had difficulty with the initial communication board, due to the patient's low education level, so we adapted a new one to the patient's social context, including a shortcut to inquire about physical and emotional well-being. The communication board had a positive impact on treatment development and the patient's life.

RESUMO A síndrome do encarceramento é uma condição neurológica caracterizada por tetraplegia, mutismo, preservação do movimento vertical dos olhos, movimento palpebral superior e consciência intacta, impossibilitando a comunicação adequada do paciente. Descrevemos um caso para analisar a prática de criação de um método de comunicação em um paciente com síndrome do encarceramento. Foram criadas duas pranchas de comunicação, adaptadas à língua portuguesa, e um atalho para indagar sobre o bem-estar físico e emocional do paciente. Tivemos dificuldade com a prancha de comunicação inicial em razão da baixa escolaridade do paciente, então criamos uma nova prancha de comunicação adaptada ao seu contexto social. A nova prancha tinha um atalho para indagar sobre o bem-estar físico e emocional do paciente. A prancha de comunicação teve impacto positivo no desenvolvimento do tratamento e na vida do paciente.

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Titanium (Ti) alloys used for narrow dental implants usually contain aluminum (Al) and vanadium (V) for improved resistance. However, those elements are linked to possible cytotoxic effects. Thus, this study evaluated the biomechanical behavior of narrow dental implants made with Al- and V-free Ti alloys by the finite element method. A virtual model of a partially edentulous maxilla received single implants (diameter: 2.7 and 2.9 mm; length: 10 mm) at the upper lateral incisor area, with respective abutments and porcelain-fused-to-metal crowns. Simulations were performed for each implant diameter and the following eight alloys (and elastic moduli): (1) Ti-6Al-4V (control; 110 GPa), (2) Ti-35Nb-5Sn-6Mo-3Zr (85 GPa), (3) Ti-13Nb-13Zr (77 GPa), (4) Ti-15Zr (113 GPa), (5) Ti-8Fe-5Ta (120 GPa), (6) Ti-26.88Fe-4Ta (175 GPa), (7) TNTZ-2Fe-0.4O (107 GPa), and (8) TNTZ-2Fe-0.7O (109 GPa). The implants received a labially directed total static load of 100 N at a 45° angle relative to their long axis. Parameters for analysis included the maximum and minimum principal stresses for bone, and von Mises equivalent stress for implants and abutments. Ti-26.88Fe-4Ta reaches the lowest maximum (57 MPa) and minimum (125 MPa) principal stress values, whereas Ti-35Nb-5Sn-6Mo-3Zr (183 MPa) and Ti-13Nb-13Zr (191 MPa) models result in the highest principal stresses (the 2.7 mm model surpasses the threshold for bone overload). Implant diameters affect von Mises stresses more than the constituent alloys. It can be concluded that the narrow implants made of the Ti-26.88Fe-4Ta alloy have the most favorable biomechanical behavior, mostly by mitigating stress on peri-implant bone.

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Our hypothesis is that crambe meal can totally substitute soybean meal and crude glycerin can partially replace the corn in the diet without leading to losses of nutrient intake and productive performance. Two assays were performed using heifers and steers. In the first assay, 24 Beefalo-Nellore heifers with 18 months old with 311.5 ± 5.5 kg, and in the second assay, 24 Beefalo-Nellore steers with 18 months old with 317.0 ± 6.4 kg were evaluated. The experiment was carried out in a randomized complete design, in a 2 × 2 factorial scheme, consisting of two energy sources (corn and crude glycerin) and two protein sources (soybean meal and crambe meal). Both assays had 104 experimental days of feedlot. There was no interaction between the variation sources. There was an effect of protein source on nutrient intake for heifers except to neutral detergent fiber intake, which presented effect of energy source. Heifers fed soybean meal showed higher results for total weight gain and daily weight gain. There was observed effect of energy source on rib eye area and subcutaneous fat thickness. Steers fed soybean meal showed higher neutral detergent fiber intake and non-fibrous carbohydrates. Steers fed corn + crude glycerin showed higher results for total weight gain and daily weight gain. The steers fed soybean meal showed higher averages for subcutaneous fat thickness. Crambe meal and crude glycerin can be used as alternative sources of energy and protein to replace 100% of soybean and 50% of corn, respectively, for finishing Beefalo-Nellore cattle in a feedlot.

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RESUMEN Objetivo: El propósito del presente estudio fue investigar biomecánicamente si el tratamiento con micro-osteoperforaciones (Mops) genera diferencias de desplazamiento y de tensiones a nivel óseo cuando se aplica una carga ortodóncica, mediante el uso de análisis de elementos finitos. Material y Método: Un modelo de mandíbula dentada donde se eliminó el segundo premolar fue utilizado para el análisis. Posteriormente, se dividieron en 3 muestras dependiendo de la posición de las Mops: 1) Sin Mops (control); 2) Mops 1 mm adyacentes al primer molar; 3) Mops a 4 mm del molar. Para la simulación, se aplicó una carga estática horizontal de 150 gr (1,5N), simulando un resorte cerrado de Nitinol, tanto a nivel molar en dirección mesial como a nivel interproximal entre canino e incisivo lateral en dirección distal. Resultados: A pesar que se observó una ligera tendencia a aumentar el desplazamiento del molar con la presencia de Mops, no existieron mayores variaciones en relación a las magnitudes de desplazamiento ni tensiones entre los diferentes modelos. Conclusiones: Desde el punto de vista biomecánico no existen diferencias evidentes en los valores de tensiones ni de desplazamiento entre los modelos analizados.

ABSTRACT: Objective: The purpose of the present study was to biomechanically investigate if the treatment with micro-osteoperforations (Mops) generates displacement and tensions differences at bone level when an orthodontic load is applied, through the use of finite element analysis. Material and Method: A toothed jaw model where the second premolar was removed was used for the analysis. Subsequently, they were divided into 3 samples depending on the position of the Mops: 1) Without Mops (control); 2) Mops adjacent 1 mm to the first molar; 3) Mops 4 mm to molar. To simulate a closed Nitinol spring, an horizontal static load of 150 gr (1.5N) was applied, both at molar level in the mesial direction and at interproximal level between the canine and the lateral incisor in the distal direction. Results: Although a slight tendency to increase the displacement of the molar with the presence of Mops was observed, there were no major variations in relation to the magnitudes of displacement or tensions between the different models. Conclusions: From the biomechanical point of view, there are no obvious differences in the values of stresses or displacement between the models analyzed.

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Protodioscin poisoning of Brachiaria spp. has been a serious problem for lambs in grazing systems. The defoliation process can stimulate the appearance of new leaves and, the younger leaves have a lower concentration of protodioscin. Thus, it was aimed to assess the effect of different leaf offerings on the protodioscin content in forage and if protodioscin can interfere with the dry matter intake (DMI) and on metabolic and productive parameters of lambs. Twelve tester lambs (average weight 17.5 ± 3.48 kg) were divided into four groups of different levels of dry leafy matter (60, 75, 90, or 105 g/kg body weight). In addition to these, 33 regulator lambs were used as needed to adjust the leaf offerings of pasture. The animals were divided and kept in 12 paddocks, each with a tester lamb. The DMI was estimated using chromic oxide as an external marker. In vitro digestibility and degradation kinetics and ruminal, blood, and urinary parameters were measured in the forage sampled by the hand plucking method. The protodioscin concentration in forage was determined by high-performance liquid chromatography. The DMI increased linearly as a result of the supply of leaves. However, the protodioscin content and its consumption showed a quadratic behavior. There was no effect of leaf supply on in vitro digestibility, in vitro degradation kinetics of forage, and on ruminal, blood, and urinary parameters of lambs. However, a negative correlation was observed between the DMI and the concentration of protodioscin at the highest level of leaf supply. This is due to the fact that in the most intense grazing, there is a stimulus for greater regrowth; therefore, there was an increase in the concentration of protodioscin in forages in older forages. Protodioscin poisoning was confirmed by urinary and blood parameters.

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We hypothesized that by-products from biodiesel production like crambe meal (Crambe abyssinica) totally replace soybean meal (Glycine max) and crude glycerin could partially replace corn (Zea mays). Our aim was to evaluate different supplements with combinations of crambe meal and crude glycerin replacing soybean meal or corn on performance and carcass traits of finishing heifers. Sixty Nellore heifers 18 months old were used, and 298.96 ± 21.99 kg of body weight allotted in Brachiaria brizantha pastures. All heifers were distributed in a randomized complete block design, with four treatments being the following supplements: corn + soybean meal (CS), corn + crambe meal (CCr), corn + soybean meal + crude glycerin (CSG), corn + crambe meal + crude glycerin + (CCrG). The animals were distributed in four paddocks of 13 hectares each, in a continuous grazing system. We evaluated pasture characteristics, intake, performance, carcass traits, characteristics, and centesimal composition of Longissimus thoracis muscle. There was an effect (P < 0.05) of inclusion of crambe meal on the performance of the animals for slaughter weight and daily gain. The supplement containing corn + soybean meal (CS) presented better conversion rates and food efficiency. There was an effect of inclusion of crambe meal and crude glycerin on the centesimal composition of Longissimus thoracis muscle. The use of crambe meal and crude glycerin as alternative sources from the agro-industry of biodiesel in concentrate supplement for finishing heifers in pastures can promote positive effects related to productive performance and carcass characteristics.

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The aim of this is study was to test the hypothesis that corn can be partially replaced by crude glycerin (at a level of 50%) without affecting performance, ingestive behavior, ruminal parameters, meat composition, and fatty acids profile on the meat of heifers. Sixty-four intact plus four rumen cannulated Angus × Nellore heifers (359.0 ± 12.15 kg BW) were used. The cannulated animals received the same diets as the intact ones to determine the ruminal N-NH3 concentration, pH, and chewing activity weekly. All heifers were maintained in Brachiaria brizantha pasture and supplemented with a concentrate containing corn, soybean meal, urea, premixed minerals, and glycerin partially replacing corn. A completely randomized experimental design was used, with two treatments (corn ground or glycerin + corn ground). The inclusion of crude glycerin (high fat) decreased nutrients intake and ruminal N-NH3 concentration in the rumen but increased lipid intake. Inclusion of glycerin had no effect (P > 0.05) on ruminal pH, daily gain, performance, time spent eating, rumination, idling, or water intake. The moisture, ash, and protein contents of meat were not affected (P > 0.05) by crude glycerin intake. Crude glycerin increased saturated fatty acids (C14:0, C16:0, and C18:0) and decreased unsaturated fatty acids (C18:2n6c and C20:1) in meat. Despite the reduction in nutrient intake, we recommend crude glycerin to replace corn in concentrate because glycerin did not impair the performance, meat composition, and ruminal pH. Therefore, crude glycerin is a by-product that can partially replace corn in diets efficiently.

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We evaluated the lipid level effects in the diet on performance, carcass, and meat characteristics of forty-eight steers and heifers, F1 Beefalo (Bostaurus taurus × Bison bison hybrid) × Nellore (Bos taurus indicus), 22 months old, being 24 steers (393.2 ± 15 kg) and 24 heifers (278.4 ± 8 kg). The animals were distributed in a completely randomized design in a 4 × 2 factorial scheme (lipid levels in diet 55-, 65-, 75-, and 85-g/kg dry matter obtained by whole sunflower grain Helianthus annuus and two sexes). Increased amounts of sunflower grain in diet linearly reduce the proportion of saturated fatty acids (FA) in longissimus thoracis. Diets containing up to 85 g/kg of lipid can be used without negative effects on intake, carcass, and meat quality of Beefalo-Nellore steers and heifers and can be an effective strategy to reduce the proportion of saturated FA and increase unsaturated FA on the meat, which can be beneficial for human consumption.

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Rumen micro-organisms are capable of producing microbial protein from ammonia and carbon skeleton, and non-protein nitrogen (NPN) may be one of the sources of ammonia. Alternative source of NPN is the slow release of ammonia sources in which the product is the extrusion of starch with urea. This work aimed to determine the effects on nutrient intake, ingestive behaviour, digestibility, nitrogen balance, ruminal pH, rumen ammonia nitrogen, volatile fatty acids (VFA) and blood parameters with increased levels of extruded urea (50, 60, 70 and 80 g/100 kg of body weight [BW]) in beef cattle diet. Four rumen cannulated crossbred steers with initial mean weight of 336 ± 47 kg in a 4 × 4 Latin square design were distributed. Diets were formulated with 400:600 g/kg roughage:concentrate ratio on dry matter based and provided once per day, being used whole corn silage as roughage. There were no effects on nutrient intake (kg/day), ingestive behaviour, apparent digestibility, nitrogen balance, volatile fatty acid (VFA) and blood parameters in extruded urea treatment groups. Similar results were observed on time spent on feeding, rumination and idleness. There were positive linear effects (p = 0.022) on rumen pH in the time of 8 hr after feeding and also on plasma concentration of the extruded urea levels (p = 0.039); whereas a linear negative effect (p = 0.030) was observed on ammonia nitrogen for the collection time of 2 hr after feeding. Increased levels of extruded urea could maintain nutrient intake, digestibility, ingestive behaviour, rumen pH and blood parameters in normal conditions. In conclusion, we recommend the extruded urea use with values up to 80 g/100 kg BW in confined beef cattle that receive balanced diets with 140 g/kg of crude protein.

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The aim of this study was to analyze the influence of three different transmucosal heights of the abutments in single and multiple implant-supported prostheses through the finite element method. External hexagon implants, MicroUnit, and EsthetiCone abutments were scanned and placed in an edentulous maxillary model obtained from a tomography database. The simulations were divided into two groups: (1) one implant with 3.75 × 10 mm placed in the upper central incisor, simulating a single implant-supported fixed prosthesis with an EsthetiCone abutment; and (2) two implants with 3.75 × 10 mm placed in the upper lateral incisors with MicroUnit abutments, simulating a multiple implant-supported prosthesis. Subsequently, each group was subdivided into three models according to the transmucosal height (1, 2, and 3 mm). A static oblique load at an angle of 45 degrees to the long axis of the implant in palatal-buccal direction of 150 and 75 N was applied for multiple and single implant-supported prosthesis, respectively. The implants and abutments were assessed according to the equivalent Von Mises stress analyses while the bone and ceramics were analyzed through maximum and minimum principal stresses. The total deformation values increased in all models, while the transmucosal height was augmented. The transmucosal height of the abutments influences the stress values at the bone, ceramics, implants, and abutments of both the single and multiple implant-supported prostheses, with the transmucosal height of 1 mm showing the lowest stress values.

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Agroindustrial co-products are a viable alternative for use in animal nutrition. Tests were conducted using eight different types of co-products and feed to evaluate the chemical composition, in vitro digestibility of dry matter, crude protein and neutral detergent fiber, and gas production by them. The co-products tested were: coffee hulls; pelleted citrus pulp; grape residue; soybean hulls; cottonseed; cassava foliage; and foods usually supplied to ruminants: corn silage and ground corn concentrate. Data of in vitro digestibility of dry matter, crude protein and neutral detergent fiber were tested by analysis of variance using the least square method; the results of gas production were interpreted by a non-linear regression by the Gauss-Newton method; and the effects of treatments were evaluated by the Tukeys test. The coefficients of in vitro digestibility of dry matter, crude protein and neutral detergent fiber of co-products were different. Gas production was also different between co-products and feeds evaluated for the volume of gas produced from the fast and slow degradation fractions, degradation rate, bacterial colonization time, and the total volume of gas produced. The evaluated co-products exhibited greater in vitro dry matter digestibility compared to corn silage, except for cottonseed, grape residue, and cassava foliage. Co-products showed higher values of in viof in vitrom crude protein digestibility compared to corn silage, and a reduced in vitro digestibility of neutral detergent fiber, except for pelleted citrus pulp and soybean hulls. Corn silage produced larger volume of gas from the fast degradation fraction compared to the co-products and corn concentrate. Co-products analyzed had appropriate nutritional characteristics according to the techniques applied and can be included in ruminant diets.

Os coprodutos da agroindústria constituem uma alternativa para a utilização na nutrição animal.Foram realizados ensaios com oito tipos de coprodutos e alimentos para avaliar a composição bromatológica, a digestibilidade in vitro da matéria seca, a proteína bruta e a fibra em detergente neutro, bem como a produção de gases gerados por eles. Os coprodutos utilizados neste estudo foram: casca de café; polpa cítrica peletizada; resíduo de uva; casca de grão de soja; caroço de algodão; rama de mandioca e alimentos tradicionalmente empregados na alimentação de ruminantes: silagem de milho e concentrado de grão de milho moído. Os dados de digestibilidade in vitro da matéria seca, da proteína bruta e da fibra em detergente neutro foram interpretados por uma análise de variância, utilizando o método de quadrados mínimos; os resultados da produção de gás foram interpretados por uma regressão não linear pelo método de Gauss-Newton; e os efeitos de tratamentos foram avaliados por teste de médias (Teste de Tukey). Os coeficientes da digestibilidade in vitro da matéria seca, da proteína bruta e da fibra em detergente neutro dos alimentos analisados foram distintos. A produção de gases também foi distinta para os coprodutos e alimentos avaliados em relação ao volume de gás produzido nas frações de degradação rápida e lenta, taxa de degradação e para o tempo de colonização das bactérias e para o volume de gás total produzido. Os coprodutos avaliados apresentaram maior digestibilidade in vitro da matéria seca em relação à silagem de milho, com exceção do caroço de algodão, do resíduo de uva e da rama de mandioca.

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Agroindustrial co-products are a viable alternative for use in animal nutrition. Tests were conducted using eight different types of co-products and feed to evaluate the chemical composition, in vitro digestibility of dry matter, crude protein and neutral detergent fiber, and gas production by them. The co-products tested were: coffee hulls; pelleted citrus pulp; grape residue; soybean hulls; cottonseed; cassava foliage; and foods usually supplied to ruminants: corn silage and ground corn concentrate. Data of in vitro digestibility of dry matter, crude protein and neutral detergent fiber were tested by analysis of variance using the least square method; the results of gas production were interpreted by a non-linear regression by the Gauss-Newton method; and the effects of treatments were evaluated by the Tukeys test. The coefficients of in vitro digestibility of dry matter, crude protein and neutral detergent fiber of co-products were different. Gas production was also different between co-products and feeds evaluated for the volume of gas produced from the fast and slow degradation fractions, degradation rate, bacterial colonization time, and the total volume of gas produced. The evaluated co-products exhibited greater in vitro dry matter digestibility compared to corn silage, except for cottonseed, grape residue, and cassava foliage. Co-products showed higher values of in viof in vitrom crude protein digestibility compared to corn silage, and a reduced in vitro digestibility of neutral detergent fiber, except for pelleted citrus pulp and soybean hulls. Corn silage produced larger volume of gas from the fast degradation fraction compared to the co-products and corn concentrate. Co-products analyzed had appropriate nutritional characteristics according to the techniques applied and can be included in ruminant diets.(AU)

Os coprodutos da agroindústria constituem uma alternativa para a utilização na nutrição animal.Foram realizados ensaios com oito tipos de coprodutos e alimentos para avaliar a composição bromatológica, a digestibilidade in vitro da matéria seca, a proteína bruta e a fibra em detergente neutro, bem como a produção de gases gerados por eles. Os coprodutos utilizados neste estudo foram: casca de café; polpa cítrica peletizada; resíduo de uva; casca de grão de soja; caroço de algodão; rama de mandioca e alimentos tradicionalmente empregados na alimentação de ruminantes: silagem de milho e concentrado de grão de milho moído. Os dados de digestibilidade in vitro da matéria seca, da proteína bruta e da fibra em detergente neutro foram interpretados por uma análise de variância, utilizando o método de quadrados mínimos; os resultados da produção de gás foram interpretados por uma regressão não linear pelo método de Gauss-Newton; e os efeitos de tratamentos foram avaliados por teste de médias (Teste de Tukey). Os coeficientes da digestibilidade in vitro da matéria seca, da proteína bruta e da fibra em detergente neutro dos alimentos analisados foram distintos. A produção de gases também foi distinta para os coprodutos e alimentos avaliados em relação ao volume de gás produzido nas frações de degradação rápida e lenta, taxa de degradação e para o tempo de colonização das bactérias e para o volume de gás total produzido. Os coprodutos avaliados apresentaram maior digestibilidade in vitro da matéria seca em relação à silagem de milho, com exceção do caroço de algodão, do resíduo de uva e da rama de mandioca.(AU)

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The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of supplementation with three formulations of nutritional blocks and its consumption by 60 sheep from the Pantaneiro genetic group. The animals were weighed (35 kg ± 4.69) and separated into three groups of 20 each: G1 (control block), G2 (block with palatalising), and G3 (block + garlic extract). The solidified mineral supplement of silage of pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum) provided ad libitum had an estimated consumption of 0.6%/kg/day. The sheep were kept in pastures in a grazing system cultivated with the grass Brachiaria brizantha Marandu. The best performance was obtained by G2 (P < 0.05) for weight gain, with 105 g of feed conversion ratio 75% more efficient than G1 and 107% more efficient than G3. The provision of multinutrient blocks for sheep kept in pastures of U. brizantha Marandu contributed to the improvement of the animal"s nutritional status. Among the formulations tested, the block with palatalising showed the highest rate of food conversion. The block with garlic extract had an inhibitory effect on reinfection by gastrointestinal nematodes after 30 days.

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The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of supplementation with three formulations of nutritional blocks and its consumption by 60 sheep from the Pantaneiro genetic group. The animals were weighed (35 kg ± 4.69) and separated into three groups of 20 each: G1 (control block), G2 (block with palatalising), and G3 (block + garlic extract). The solidified mineral supplement of silage of pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum) provided ad libitum had an estimated consumption of 0.6%/kg/day. The sheep were kept in pastures in a grazing system cultivated with the grass Brachiaria brizantha Marandu. The best performance was obtained by G2 (P < 0.05) for weight gain, with 105 g of feed conversion ratio 75% more efficient than G1 and 107% more efficient than G3. The provision of multinutrient blocks for sheep kept in pastures of U. brizantha Marandu contributed to the improvement of the animal"s nutritional status. Among the formulations tested, the block with palatalising showed the highest rate of food conversion. The block with garlic extract had an inhibitory effect on reinfection by gastrointestinal nematodes after 30 days.(AU)

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This study aimed to evaluate the performance and economic viability of including the aerial parts of cassava (PAM) in the feed of semi-confined lambs for partial reduction of food concentrates. Fifty-six sheep, including males and females of the Pantaneira genetic group weighing 18.84 ± 2.02 kg on an average were used. The experiment was conducted in a factorial randomized complete block design with four treatments, each with seven females and seven males. Each group of 14 animals received one of four treatments: control, 10% of food concentrate in diet replaced with PAM, 20% replaced with PAM, and 30% replaced with PAM. The average total gain in weight (GWT) of the male lambs was 26.89% higher than the gains observed in females. Based on the cost analysis, we observed a linear effect (P < 0.01), i.e., a decrease in the feed cost for male and female groups with increase in PAM content. For the study period, the expenditure for the control male group was the highest at $ 17.60 per animal. Expenditure for the PAM 30 male group was the lowest at $ 12.74 per animal. These figures reflect the actual operating costs (COE), i.e., the power is 75.78% and 74.77%, for male and female groups respectively. The total cost, decreased linearly (P < 0.05) with PAM 30 treatment costing the least at $ 47.90, which was $ 7.02 lower than the control. When assessing the net margin per kilogram among the female groups, we observed a quadratic effect (P < 0.01) with a maximum gain of 23.98% when adding PAM and $ 0.50 kg-1. Our results show that the raising of lambs in semi-confinement was economically viable, and the addition of the aerial part of processed cassava in the feed presented a higher economic return. Further, the addition of aerial parts of cassava did not affect the performance of the lambs.(AU)

Objetivou-se avaliar o desempenho produtivo e viabilidade econômica da inclusão da parte aérea de mandioca in natura na ração de cordeiros semi-confinados, em busca da redução parcial de alimentos concentrados. Foram utilizados 56 ovinos da raça Pantaneira, sendo 28 machos e 28 fêmeas, com idade média de 75 dias, pesos médios de 18,84kg ± 2,02, avaliados durante os meses de janeiro a março de 2015, totalizando 65 dias. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos inteiramente casualizados com quatro tratamentos, cada um com 7 fêmeas e 7 machos, sendo que foram divididos de forma que os pesos e os animais fossem o mais homogêneos. Cada grupo de 14 animais recebeu um dos quatro tratamentos: Controle; tratamento com adição de 10% PAM em substituição ao concentrado; tratamento com adição de 20% de PAM em substituição ao concentrado e tratamento com adição de 30% de PAM em substituição ao concentrado. O valor de ganho médio total (GPT) dos cordeiros machos foi 26,89% superior aos ganhos observados no grupamento de fêmeas. Com base no centro de custos foi observado efeito linear (P < 0,01) decrescente no valor da alimentação para os grupamentos de macho e fêmea. Sendo o tratamento controle o maior dispêndio no período com R$ 56,86 animal-1 e o tratamento PAM 30 o menor valor com R$ 41,17 animal-1 no grupamento de machos. Estes valores refletiram no custo operacional efetivo (COE), ou seja, a alimentação representa 75,78% e 74,77%, do COE para os grupamentos de macho e fêmea respectivamente. O custo total apresentou efeito linear (P < 0,05) decrescente, o tratamento PAM 30 o menor valor apurado R$ 154,72. Resultando em redução no custo total em R$ 22,69 em relação ao tratamento controle (R$ 177,41). Ao se avaliar a margem liquida por quilo dentre o grupamento de fêmeas observou efeito quadrático (P < 0,01) com ponto de máxima em 23,98% de adição de PAM e valor em R$ 1,61 Kg ganho-1. [...](AU)

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

This study aimed to evaluate the performance and economic viability of including the aerial parts of cassava (PAM) in the feed of semi-confined lambs for partial reduction of food concentrates. Fifty-six sheep, including males and females of the Pantaneira genetic group weighing 18.84 ± 2.02 kg on an average were used. The experiment was conducted in a factorial randomized complete block design with four treatments, each with seven females and seven males. Each group of 14 animals received one of four treatments: control, 10% of food concentrate in diet replaced with PAM, 20% replaced with PAM, and 30% replaced with PAM. The average total gain in weight (GWT) of the male lambs was 26.89% higher than the gains observed in females. Based on the cost analysis, we observed a linear effect (P < 0.01), i.e., a decrease in the feed cost for male and female groups with increase in PAM content. For the study period, the expenditure for the control male group was the highest at $ 17.60 per animal. Expenditure for the PAM 30 male group was the lowest at $ 12.74 per animal. These figures reflect the actual operating costs (COE), i.e., the power is 75.78% and 74.77%, for male and female groups respectively. The total cost, decreased linearly (P < 0.05) with PAM 30 treatment costing the least at $ 47.90, which was $ 7.02 lower than the control. When assessing the net margin per kilogram among the female groups, we observed a quadratic effect (P < 0.01) with a maximum gain of 23.98% when adding PAM and $ 0.50 kg-1. Our results show that the raising of lambs in semi-confinement was economically viable, and the addition of the aerial part of processed cassava in the feed presented a higher economic return. Further, the addition of aerial parts of cassava did not affect the performance of the lambs.

Objetivou-se avaliar o desempenho produtivo e viabilidade econômica da inclusão da parte aérea de mandioca in natura na ração de cordeiros semi-confinados, em busca da redução parcial de alimentos concentrados. Foram utilizados 56 ovinos da raça Pantaneira, sendo 28 machos e 28 fêmeas, com idade média de 75 dias, pesos médios de 18,84kg ± 2,02, avaliados durante os meses de janeiro a março de 2015, totalizando 65 dias. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos inteiramente casualizados com quatro tratamentos, cada um com 7 fêmeas e 7 machos, sendo que foram divididos de forma que os pesos e os animais fossem o mais homogêneos. Cada grupo de 14 animais recebeu um dos quatro tratamentos: Controle; tratamento com adição de 10% PAM em substituição ao concentrado; tratamento com adição de 20% de PAM em substituição ao concentrado e tratamento com adição de 30% de PAM em substituição ao concentrado. O valor de ganho médio total (GPT) dos cordeiros machos foi 26,89% superior aos ganhos observados no grupamento de fêmeas. Com base no centro de custos foi observado efeito linear (P < 0,01) decrescente no valor da alimentação para os grupamentos de macho e fêmea. Sendo o tratamento controle o maior dispêndio no período com R$ 56,86 animal-1 e o tratamento PAM 30 o menor valor com R$ 41,17 animal-1 no grupamento de machos. Estes valores refletiram no custo operacional efetivo (COE), ou seja, a alimentação representa 75,78% e 74,77%, do COE para os grupamentos de macho e fêmea respectivamente. O custo total apresentou efeito linear (P < 0,05) decrescente, o tratamento PAM 30 o menor valor apurado R$ 154,72. Resultando em redução no custo total em R$ 22,69 em relação ao tratamento controle (R$ 177,41). Ao se avaliar a margem liquida por quilo dentre o grupamento de fêmeas observou efeito quadrático (P < 0,01) com ponto de máxima em 23,98% de adição de PAM e valor em R$ 1,61 Kg ganho-1. [...]

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RESUMEN

The objective of evaluating sources of non-protein nitrogen (NPN) combined for supplementation of Nelore steers in deferred pasture. After  the deferral of four pickets of Brachiaria brizantha cv. MG4 (20 ha each) of 60 days, 80 Nellore steers, with average body weight 280.40 ± 19.59 kg, were evaluated for 120 days. The management adopted was rotational grazing, with pickets changes every 15 days. We evaluated four treatments with different combinations of NNP sources: Urea +Urea extruded + Urea coated; Urea + Urea coated; Urea + Urea extruded and Urea extruded. In all treatments were provided protein supplement-mineral energy ad libitum, with 30% of crude protein and 40% of total digestibility nutrient. When evaluated individually, the NPN sources presented different solubility in water and buffer, and lowest value observed for coated urea (P 0.05).The animals of the treatments Urea + Ureaextruded + Urea coated and Urea extruded showed average daily gain (0.4 kg/day; P 0.05) of animals treatments Urea + Urea extrudedthe animals(0.34 kg/day).The animals of the Urea extruded treatment higher carcass gain (1.71 @/animal) compared to other (P 0.05).The net margin of the Urea extruded treatment (R $ 158,20/animal) was superior in 10.8%, 8.2% and 35.8% to treatments Urea + Urea + Urea coated, Urea + Ureaextruded and Urea + Ureacoated, respectively. It is recommended t

Objetivou-se avaliar fontes de nitrogênio não-proteico (NNP) combinadas para suplementação de novilhos Nelore na recria mantidos em pastagens diferidas. Após o deferimento de quatro piquetes de Brachiaria brizantha cv. MG4 por 60 dias (20 ha cada) 80 novilhos Nelore castrados, com peso corporal médio de 280,40±19,59kg, foram avaliados durante 120 dias. O manejo adotado foi pastejo rotacionado, com mudanças de piquetes a cada 15 dias. Foram avaliados quatro tratamentos com diferentes combinações de fontes de NNP: Ureia + Ureia extrusada + Ureia revestida; Ureia + Ureia revestida; Ureia + Ureia extrusada; Ureia extrusada. Em todos os tratamentos foram fornecidos suplemento proteico-energético-mineral ad libitum, com 30% de proteína bruta e 40% de nutrientes digestíveis totais.Quando avaliadas individualmente, as fontes de NNP apresentaram solubilidades distintas em água e solução tampão, sendo o menor valor observado para ureia revestida (P 0,05). Os animais dos tratamentos Ureia + Ureia extrusada + Ureia revestida e Ureia extrusa da apresentaram ganho médio diário superior (0,4kg/dia; P 0,05) aos animais dos tratamentos Ureia + Ureia extrusada (0,34kg/dia). Os animais do tratamento Ureia extrusada apresentaram maior ganho de carcaça (1,71 @/animal) em relação aos demais (P 0,05). A margem líquida do tratamento Ureia extrusada (R$ 158,20/animal) foi superior em 10

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