RESUMEN
The need for harmonisation of the procedures for internal dose assessment has been recognised within an EU research project under the 5th Framework Programme. The aim of the IDEAS project was to develop general guidelines for standardising assessments of intakes and internal doses. It started in October 2001 and ended in June 2005. The project is closely related to some goals of the work of Committee 2 of the International Commission on Radiological Protection and since 2003 there has been close co-operation between the two groups. The general philosophy of the guidelines is focusing on the principles of harmonisation, accuracy and proportionality. The proposed system of 'level of task' to structure the approach of internal dose evaluation is also reported. Some details of the internal structure of the guidelines for the different pathways of intake are provided.
Asunto(s)
Algoritmos , Bioensayo/métodos , Modelos Biológicos , Guías de Práctica Clínica como Asunto , Radiometría/métodos , Simulación por Computador , Unión Europea , Humanos , Dosis de Radiación , Efectividad Biológica RelativaRESUMEN
As part of the EU Fifth Framework Programme IDEAS project 'General Guidelines for the Evaluation of Incorporation Monitoring Data', and in collaboration with the International Atomic Energy Agency, a new intercomparison exercise for the assessment of doses from intakes of radionuclides was organised. Several cases were selected, to cover a wide range of practices in the nuclear fuel cycle and medical applications. The cases were: (1) acute intake of HTO, (2) acute inhalation of the fission products 137Cs and 90Sr, (3) acute inhalation of 60Co, (4) repeated intakes of 131I, (5) intake of enriched uranium and (6) single intake of Pu isotopes and 241Am. This intercomparison exercise especially focused on the effect of the Guidelines proposed by the IDEAS project for harmonisation of internal dosimetry.
Asunto(s)
Bioensayo/métodos , Guías de Práctica Clínica como Asunto , Radiometría/métodos , Carga Corporal (Radioterapia) , Europa (Continente) , Adhesión a Directriz , Dosis de Radiación , Sensibilidad y EspecificidadRESUMEN
In recent major international intercomparison exercises on intake and internal dose assessments from monitoring data, the results calculated by different participants varied significantly. Based on this experience the need for harmonisation of the procedures has been formulated within an EU 5th Framework Programme research project. The aim of the project, IDEAS, is to develop general guidelines for standardising assessments of intakes and internal doses. The IDEAS project started in October 2001 and ended in June 2005. The project is closely related to some goals of the work of Committee 2 of the ICRP and since 2003 there has been close cooperation between the two groups. To ensure that the guidelines are applicable to a wide range of practical situations, the first step was to compile a database of well-documented cases of internal contamination. In parallel, an improved version of an existing software package was developed and distributed to the partners for further use. A large number of cases from the database was evaluated independently by the partners and the results reviewed. Based on these evaluations, guidelines were drafted and discussed with dosimetry professionals from around the world by means of a virtual workshop on the Internet early in 2004. The guidelines have been revised and refined on the basis of the experiences and discussions in this virtual workshop. The general philosophy of the Guidelines is presented here, focusing on the principles of harmonisation, optimisation and proportionality. Finally, the proposed Levels of Task to structure the approach of internal dose evaluation are reported.
Asunto(s)
Adhesión a Directriz/normas , Guías como Asunto , Modelos Biológicos , Exposición Profesional/análisis , Monitoreo de Radiación/normas , Protección Radiológica/normas , Administración de la Seguridad/normas , Algoritmos , Simulación por Computador , Europa (Continente) , Humanos , Exposición Profesional/prevención & control , Estándares de Referencia , Efectividad Biológica Relativa , Medición de Riesgo/normasRESUMEN
In the scope of the IDEAS project to develop General Guidelines for the Assessment of Internal Dose from Monitoring data, two databases were compiled. The IDEAS Bibliography database contains references dealing with problems related to cases of internal contamination. The IDEAS Internal Contamination Database now contains more than 200 cases of internal contamination. In the near future, the IDEAS Internal Contamination database will be made available to the internal dosimetry community. The database has several potential applications, including: training, testing biokinetic models, testing software for calculating intakes and doses from bioassay data, comparison of data from a new accidental intake with that from previous exposures to similar materials. The database is by no means complete, and this presentation is also an appeal for internal contamination cases to extend and update it.
Asunto(s)
Bioensayo/métodos , Bases de Datos Factuales , Exposición a Riesgos Ambientales/análisis , Modelos Biológicos , Monitoreo de Radiación/métodos , Protección Radiológica/métodos , Radioisótopos/farmacocinética , Simulación por Computador , Humanos , Internacionalidad , Dosis de Radiación , Reproducibilidad de los Resultados , Sensibilidad y EspecificidadRESUMEN
This paper provides guidance on the most appropriate monitoring procedures and intervals, the likely uncertainties in the assessment of intake and recommendations on appropriate investigation levels for repeated exposures to uranium trioxide, octoxide and dioxide of natural composition.
Asunto(s)
Contaminantes Radiactivos del Aire/farmacocinética , Heces/química , Riñón/metabolismo , Pulmón/metabolismo , Radiometría/métodos , Compuestos de Uranio/análisis , Compuestos de Uranio/farmacocinética , Absorción , Administración por Inhalación , Contaminantes Radiactivos del Aire/análisis , Animales , Humanos , Exposición por Inhalación/análisis , Tasa de Depuración Metabólica , Especificidad de Órganos , Dosis de Radiación , Tórax/metabolismo , Compuestos de Uranio/administración & dosificación , Compuestos de Uranio/orinaRESUMEN
Exposure limits for workers and the public are based on both chemical toxicity and radiation dose. As a consequence of the different procedures used in their calculation they are incompatible, and adherence to one limit may result in a serious breach of the other. This paper explores the background to these limits, the problems posed by their application and proposes how best to achieve compliance with both limits.
Asunto(s)
Contaminantes Radiactivos del Aire/farmacocinética , Exposición por Inhalación/análisis , Riñón/metabolismo , Exposición Profesional/análisis , Radiometría/métodos , Medición de Riesgo/métodos , Uranio/farmacocinética , Contaminantes Radiactivos del Aire/análisis , Concentración Máxima Admisible , Dosis de Radiación , Reproducibilidad de los Resultados , Sensibilidad y Especificidad , Uranio/análisisRESUMEN
When a set of bioassay data is given to two different dosimetrists, it is likely that these data will be interpreted differently, that different methods and dosimetric models will be applied and therefore different numerical values will be obtained. Thus, it is important for laboratories dealing with internal dosimetry to undergo performance testing procedures such as interlaboratory comparisons of bioassay data interpretation. Several intercomparison exercises have already been organised at national and international levels. The largest one so far was the 3rd European Intercomparison Exercise on Internal Dose Assessment, which has been organised in the framework of the EULEP/EURADOS Action Group, 'Derivation of parameter values for application to the new model of the human respiratory tract for occupational exposure'. The most important lesson learned from these intercomparison exercises was the need to develop agreed guidelines for internal dose evaluation procedures to promote harmonisation of assessments between organisations and countries.
Asunto(s)
Benchmarking/métodos , Modelos Biológicos , Protección Radiológica/normas , Radioisótopos/análisis , Radioisótopos/farmacocinética , Radiometría/métodos , Radiometría/estadística & datos numéricos , Simulación por Computador , Conducta Cooperativa , Europa (Continente) , Humanos , Relaciones Interinstitucionales , Variaciones Dependientes del Observador , Exposición Profesional/análisis , Dosis de Radiación , Protección Radiológica/métodos , Protección Radiológica/estadística & datos numéricos , Contaminantes Radiactivos/análisis , Radiometría/normas , Reproducibilidad de los Resultados , Sensibilidad y EspecificidadRESUMEN
The costs of monitoring for internal exposure in the workplace are usually significantly greater than the equivalent costs for external exposure. Therefore, there is a need to ensure that resources are employed with maximum effectiveness. The EC-funded OMINEX (optimisation of monitoring for internal exposure) project is developing methods for optimising the design and implementation of internal exposure monitoring programmes. Current monitoring programmes are being critically reviewed, the major sources of uncertainty in assessed internal dose investigated, and guidance formulated on factors such as programme design, choice of method/techniques, monitoring intervals, and monitoring frequency. OMINEX will promote a common, harmonised approach to the design and implementation of internal dose monitoring programmes throughout the EU.
Asunto(s)
Exposición Profesional/análisis , Radiometría/métodos , Proyectos de Investigación , Sociedades Científicas/organización & administración , Carga Corporal (Radioterapia) , Monitoreo del Ambiente/métodos , Monitoreo del Ambiente/normas , Unión Europea , Humanos , Cooperación Internacional , Organizaciones , Dosis de Radiación , Radiometría/normasRESUMEN
Several international inter-comparison exercises on intake and internal dose assessments from monitoring data led to the conclusion that the results calculated by different participants varied significantly, mainly due to the broad variety of methods and assumptions applied in the assessment procedure. Based on these experiences, the need of harmonisation of the procedures has been formulated as an EU research project under the 5th Framework Programme, with the aim of developing general guidelines for standardising assessments of intakes and internal doses. In the IDEAS project, eight institutions from seven European countries are participating, also using inputs from internal dosimetry professionals from across Europe to ensure broad consensus in the outcome of the project. To ensure that the guidelines are applicable to a wide range of practical situations, the first step will be to compile a database on well documented cases of internal contamination. In parallel, an improved version of existing software will be developed and distributed to the partners for further use. Many cases from the database will be evaluated independently by more partners using the same software and the results will be discussed and the draft guidelines prepared. The guidelines will then be revised and refined on the basis of the experiences and discussions of two workshops, and an intercomparison exercise organised in the frame of the project which will be open to all internal dosimetry professionals.