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Stress incontinence is involuntary loss of urine that occurs during periods of increased intraabdominal pressure, such as sneezing, coughing or exercise. Retropubic Burch colposuspension has been considered by many to be the "gold standard" procedure for treatment of female stress urinary incontinence for almost 50 years. The firs reported retropubic surgery performed via the laparoscopic approach was described by Vancaillie and Schuessler in 1991. We present a clinical case of a female patient with stress incontinence who has been operated by laparoscopic approach by our team.

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For the past 15 years gynecological oncologists have been seeking ways to preserve woman's fertility when treating invasive cervical cancer. Many cases of cervical cancer are diagnosed in young woman who wish to preserve their fertility. As more women are delaying childbearing, fertility preservation has become an important consideration. The standard surgical treatment for stage IA2-IB1 cervical cancer is a radical hysterectomy and bilateral pelvic lymphadenectomy. This surgery includes removal of the uterus and cervix, radical resection of the parametrial tissue and upper vagina, and complete pelvic lymphadenectomy. Obviously, the standard treatment does not allow future childbearing. For some women with small localized invasive cervical cancers, there is hope for pregnancy after treatment. Radical trachelectomy is a fertility-sparing surgical approach developed in France in 1994 by Dr. Daniel Dargent for the treatment of early invasive cervical cancer. The radical trachelectomy operation has been described and performed abdominally, assisted vaginally by laparoscopy and robotically.

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In recent decades, interest in laparoscopic gynecological practice increase. This technic applied first as a diagnostic tool in women with infertility. Subsequently starts to be used to perform surgery in small region of the fallopian tubes and ovaries, being increasingly developed and today, it is considered that any gynecological operation can be performed laparoscopically.

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TSH or Thyroid Stimulating Hormone, is responsible for regulating the amount of thyroid hormones released by the body. The TSH is produced by the pituitary gland. If there is a thyroid problem or the thyroid gland is diseased, it may result in excess or reduced production of thyroid hormone, and these conditions are called hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism respectively. Normal thyroid function is needed for a successful pregnancy. In the general population, a TSH level between 0.45 and 4.5 mIU/l is considered normal and indicates euthyroidism. Studies, however, have suggested that the normal TSH level during pregnancy should be lower than this and have suggested using 2.5 mIU/l as the upper range cutoff. The risk for miscarriage and preterm delivery were increased when the level was higher. The presence of thyroid antibodies may further complicate this situation. Women with positive antibodies are at a 2-fold increased risk for miscarriage.

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An experiment was carried out with a total of 100 broiler chickens of the Plymouth Rock breed. From hatching up to the 56th day of age they were offered a maize-soybean ration that was balanced in terms of nutrients and exogenically supplemented with cadmium at various rates in the form of cadmium chloride. The birds were divided into five experimental groups. The first group was given the basic ration with 2.5 mg Cd per kg of feed. The second group was given the same ration with 5 mg Cd; the third group--the same feed with 10 mg Cd; and the fourth group--the same ration with 20 mg Cd. The morphologic studies revealed that the presence of Cd in the feed led to severe dystrophic and necrotic changes accompanied with hemorrhages in the kidneys, heart muscle, and liver. Besides, the birds of the second and third group showed thinning and prolongation of villi intestinales, and those of the fourth group--shortening and thickening of the villi in the small intestine. These changes were indicative of chronic toxic lesions.

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An experiment was carried out with 45 male broiler birds divided into three groups: I (controls), given a full-diet ration with 22.16 per cent protein; II, given a ration with 18.12 per cent protein; and III, fed a ration with 14.14 per cent protein. The chickens were given the respective ration mixture up to the age of 35 days. It was found that the group treated with the lowest amount of protein showed dependably lower absorption of 35S-thiamine as compared to the control group. The lower intake of dietary protein (groups II and III) was found to produce a negative effect on thiamine phosphates and the total and free thiamine in the liver. Protein deficiency led to a reliable drop of the cyclic adenosine 3', 5'-monophosphate in the jejunal mucosa and the liver tissue. The lower intake of protein with the ration produced an unfavourable effect on the respiratory activity of the intestinal mucosa. The birds of group III showed considerable disturbances in the ultrastructure of enterocytes. Discussed is the relation between the amount of dietary protein and the changes in the cAMP content and the 35S-thiamine absorption in the small intestine.

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Tested was the effect of continuous hypo- and hyperkinesia on the content of cyclic adenosine 3', 5'-monophosphate (cAMP) in some organs and tissues of rats. The experiment was carried out with a total of 18 rats, divided into three groups--control, hypokinetic, and hyperkinetic. The physical trainings were progressively prolonged. With the setting in of hypokinesia the rats were placed in cells by one for physical immobilization. The experimental period lasted 212 days. The content of cAMP was determined in samples of the liver, brain, and muscles (kept in liquid nitrogen), using the cyclic AMP assay kit--Amersham (England). It was established that continuous immobilization lowered the content of cAMP, the changes setting in being specific for the various tissues. In the liver cAMP was unreliably changed, while its level in the brain and the muscles was decreased by 28 and 36 per cent, respectively; the differences as against the data of the control group proved statistically significant. With the rats that were subjected to continuous hyperkinesia the cAMP dropped reliably in the liver (by 45 per cent) and the brain (by 53 per cent). The physical loading, however, had no effect on the level of cAMP in the skeletal muscles. The character of the changes in the cAMP content reflected to a various extent the effect of both the continuous hypokinesia and the hyperkinesia on the course of the metabolic processes in the investigated organs and tissues. Discussed is the relation between the effect of these factors on the body and the adaptational changes that set in with the adenylatecyclase--cAMP system.

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An experiment was carried out with a total of 21 hybrid Camborough pigs divided into three groups--group I, controls; group II, with 4 per cent of single-cell protein in the feed; and group III, with 8 per cent of such protein in the feed. The rations were balanced in terms of the basic feedstuffs. The pigs were kept under observation up to the age of 90 days. Three animals were periodically killed each time for investigation. Studied was the content of the total thiamine in the liver and the incorporation of the labelled 35s-thiamine in the jejunum. A histologic examination was also carried out of the jejunal mucosa and the liver. It was established that the inclusion of single-cell bacterial protein into the ration produced a positive effect on the total thiamine content of the liver. The group that was offered 8 per cent of this protein source showed reduced level of 35s-thiamine incorporation in the jejunum. Histologically, there were shortening and thickening of the intestinal villi along with signs of protein dystrophy in the liver epithelial cells in the case of animals given single-cell bacterial protein with the feed.

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Investigated were the structural changes in the epithelial resorptive cells of the duodenum and the jejunum of rats in the conditions of continuous and varying locomotor activity--intense locomotion, control, and immobilization. It was established that the microvilli in the immobilized animals were of a lower size, were irregularly distributed and lower in number. The inward bending of the lateral cell boundary was more slightly manifested. Disaggregations of the polysomes were also expressed. In rats loaded with higher locomotion activity there was more frequently a close association of the mitochondria with the granular endoplasmatic reticulum and the nucleus. The changes observed spoke of lowering of the active cell surface and lowering of the biosynthesis rate in the epithelial resorptive cells at immobilization and enhanced metabolic activity in locomotor loading.

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An experiment was carried out with a total of twenty rats of the Wistar line, divided into two groups: one that was physiologically immobilized for 425 days, and one consisting of control animals. Both groups were held on a common premise under equal conditions--temperature, humidity, light, and ventilation. The locomotor activity of the test animals was lowered to a minimum level. It was established that under the conditions of continuous hypokinesia the total lipid content in the brain of rats rose by 29.2 per cent (P less than 0.01). The level of cholesterol rose too as against its level in the controls. However, the relative share of phospholipids essentially dropped with regard to the total lipids as the result of immobilization. It is stated that under these experimental conditions the higher level of lipids in the brain of the test animals pointed to changes in the metabolism of lipids, which had an impact on both their synthesis and utilization.

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Studies have been carried on with the aim of investigating the effect of SH-groups on the absorption of 35S-thiamine in chicken's duodenum. The trial has been performed in chickens aged 56 days; as SH-groups releasing agents L-cysteine and SH-glutathion have been utilized; urea has been used in order to release SH-groups from protein molecules. The absorption of 35S-thiamine in duodenum is significantly increased in the presence of L-cysteine, SH-glutathion and urea. 35S-thiamine appears to be stored in the intestinal mucosa more conspicuously in the presence of urea. Concomitanly with the high levels of SH-groups in the duodenal mucosa, also the thiamine absorption results to be increased (P less than 0.001).

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A research was made to investigate how a male sexual gland extract and 4,4-dioxydiphenylhexane affect the absorption of thiamine in chicken's duodenum. A reduction was observed of thiamine conveyed to the intestine and of thiamine diphosphate concentration blood levels in duodenal artery and vein, as well as in liver. At the same time also a decrease of SH groups in duodenal mucosa was observed. The absorption of 35S-thiamine is increased after addition of SH-glutathione and L-cysteine, as free SH-groups releasing agents.

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