RESUMEN
Coracoid fractures are a frequent presentation in wild birds, commonly caused by collisions with motor vehicles, windows, or other obstacles such as pylons. Despite this, there are few reports of outcomes, and those published consist of small numbers of birds with conflicting results when comparing conservative management with surgical intervention. To determine outcome success of conservative management in a larger population of wild birds, records of 232 adult wild birds in the United Kingdom (UK) with closed unilateral coracoid fractures confirmed on radiography and surviving more than 48 hours after admission were retrospectively analyzed. Conservative management had a high success rate, with 75% (n = 174/232; 95% confidence limits [CL]: 69%, 80%) of all birds successfully released back to the wild. The proportion of raptors successfully returned to the wild was even higher at 97% (n = 34/35; 95% CL: 85%, 99%). A significant difference of 26% (95% CL: 18%, 34%, Fisher exact test, P < .001) was demonstrated when comparing the outcome success of raptors (97%, n = 34/35) to nonraptors (71%, n = 140/198). The median time in captive care until released back to the wild was 30 days (95% CL: 27, 33). Conservative management of coracoid fractures in wild birds in the UK, and in particular in raptors, appears to result in good outcomes. The approach is low cost and noninvasive, in contrast to surgery, and is recommended as the first-line approach of choice in these cases.
Asunto(s)
Columbiformes/lesiones , Apófisis Coracoides/lesiones , Fracturas Óseas/veterinaria , Rapaces/lesiones , Pájaros Cantores/lesiones , Animales , Animales Salvajes/lesiones , Animales Salvajes/fisiología , Columbiformes/fisiología , Vuelo Animal/fisiología , Fracturas Óseas/rehabilitación , Fracturas Óseas/terapia , Rapaces/fisiología , Estudios Retrospectivos , Pájaros Cantores/fisiología , Factores de Tiempo , Resultado del Tratamiento , Reino Unido , Grabación en VideoRESUMEN
Inhibitory receptors of the human leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor family are constitutively expressed on all myeloid cell types and regulate their functional activity. We demonstrate that ligation of the human leukocyte antigen class I-specific receptor LILRB1, during the differentiation of monocytes to dendritic cells in vitro, results in increased expression of the nuclear factor κB inhibitor protein ABIN1 (also known as TNIP1). Similarly increased expression of ABIN1/TNIP1 was observed in the "immunosuppressive" monocyte populations of patients with non-Hodgkin lymphoma ex vivo. Reducing expression of ABIN1/TNIP1 using small interfering ribonucleic acid allows dendritic cells and immunosuppressive monocytes to respond to stimulation by allowing nuclear factor κB translocation to the nucleus (P < 0.001), increasing cell surface expression of antigen presentation and costimulatory molecules (P < 0.01), increasing phagocytic capacity (P < 0.001), secreting proinflammatory cytokines (P < 0.01), and an increasing ability to stimulate T cell responses (P < 0.05). Our study, therefore, identifies an important functional role for ABIN1/TNIP1 in mediating the effects of LILRB1 ligation-induced inhibitory effects on immune responses. Our findings suggest that inhibiting the LILRB1-ABIN1/TNIP1 pathway in antigen-presenting cells could be a therapeutic approach to stimulate antitumor immune responses. Conversely, stimulation of the pathway may also ameliorate autoimmune diseases in which TNIP1 is a susceptibility gene.
Asunto(s)
Antígenos CD/fisiología , Proteínas de Unión al ADN/biosíntesis , Células Dendríticas/citología , Monocitos/citología , Mielopoyesis/fisiología , FN-kappa B/metabolismo , Receptores Inmunológicos/fisiología , Presentación de Antígeno , Núcleo Celular/metabolismo , Células Cultivadas , Citocinas/metabolismo , Proteínas de Unión al ADN/genética , Células Dendríticas/inmunología , Regulación de la Expresión Génica/inmunología , Factor Estimulante de Colonias de Granulocitos y Macrófagos/farmacología , Humanos , Interleucina-4/farmacología , Receptor Leucocitario Tipo Inmunoglobulina B1 , Linfoma no Hodgkin/sangre , Monocitos/efectos de los fármacos , Monocitos/metabolismo , Fagocitosis , Transporte de Proteínas , Interferencia de ARN , ARN Interferente Pequeño/genética , Proteínas Recombinantes/farmacología , Linfocitos T/inmunologíaRESUMEN
Bilateral internal auditory canal (IAC) tumours are almost exclusively associated with bilateral vestibular schwannomas, and there is very little, if anything, that can mimic this appearance. We present a very rare case of a 75-year-old gentleman who initially presented with bilateral IAC tumours and later diagnosed as an isolated primary CNS myeloma without systemic involvement. This is a very rare presentation and has important diagnostic and therapeutic implications. He was treated with a combination of lenalidomide and dexamethasone. The treatment was well tolerated but with limited response. Although rare, metastasis should be considered as a differential diagnosis of IAC lesions.