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INTRODUCTION: The respiratory tract is constantly exposed to various environmental and endogenous microbes; however, unlike other similar mucosal surfaces, there has been limited investigation of the microbiome of the respiratory tract. AREAS COVERED: In this review, we summarize the current state of knowledge of the bacterial, fungal, and viral respiratory microbiomes during HIV infection and how the microbiome might relate to HIV-associated lung disease. Expert commentary: HIV infection is associated with alterations in the respiratory microbiome. The clinical implications of lung microbial dysbiosis are however currently unknown. Mechanistic studies are needed to establish causality between shifts in the respiratory microbiome and pulmonary complications in HIV-infected individuals.
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Infecciones por VIH/microbiología , Microbiota , Mucosa Respiratoria/microbiología , Sistema Respiratorio/microbiología , Infecciones Oportunistas Relacionadas con el SIDA/inmunología , Infecciones Oportunistas Relacionadas con el SIDA/microbiología , Fármacos Anti-VIH/administración & dosificación , Fármacos Anti-VIH/uso terapéutico , Terapia Antirretroviral Altamente Activa , Infecciones por VIH/tratamiento farmacológico , Infecciones por VIH/inmunología , Infecciones por VIH/virología , Humanos , Microbiota/genética , Micobioma/genética , Neumonía Bacteriana/inmunología , Neumonía Bacteriana/microbiología , Mucosa Respiratoria/inmunología , Mucosa Respiratoria/virología , Sistema Respiratorio/inmunología , Sistema Respiratorio/virologíaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: In Western Africa, women continue performing heavy physical work that includes carrying loads on their heads during pregnancy. Women may adapt to pregnancy related body changes by modifying their postures to perform such tasks. OBJECTIVE: The objectives of this biomechanical task analysis study were to 1) determine sagittal plane postures of the trunk and upper extremities at specific events during the task of lifting and lowering a load to be carried on the head, 2) compare postures of pregnant and non-pregnant participants, 3) evaluate risk for musculo-skeletal disorders (MSD) with the rapid entire body assessment (REBA) criteria. PARTICIPANTS: Twenty-six pregnant (26 ± 5 years, 159 ± 9 cm, 63 ± 15 kg, 25 ± 9 weeks of pregnancy) and 25 paired non-pregnant retail merchants were recruited in Porto-Novo (Benin). METHODS: Participants were recorded on video in a laboratory setting while they lifted a tray (20% body weight) from a stool to their head and then put it back down. Trunk inclination and knee, shoulder and elbow flexion angles were determined using Dartfish® software. RESULTS: The trunk was bent by more than 80° at pick-up and set-down and knees were moderately flexed, significantly less (< 11°) for pregnant women, possibly because it was harder to lift the trunk, or for stability. For all postures analysed, the majority of trials were classified as "high" risk or "very high risk" for MSD. CONCLUSIONS: Future research should investigate prevalence of MSDs in this population to confirm the results of this study.
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Elevación , Postura/fisiología , Embarazo/fisiología , Adulto , Fenómenos Biomecánicos , Articulación del Codo/fisiología , Femenino , Cabeza , Humanos , Articulación de la Rodilla/fisiología , Elevación/efectos adversos , Enfermedades Musculoesqueléticas/etiología , Medición de Riesgo , Articulación del Hombro/fisiología , Torso/fisiología , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: The objective of this exploratory study was to investigate and underline the contrasts between African and Canadian pregnant women, and their living conditions. We also intended to evaluate how they compared on low back pain, a condition that seems common across all pregnant women everywhere in the world. SUBJECTS AND METHOD: Thirty Beninese and 50 Canadian women were surveyed with demographic disability questionnaires O.D.I at approximately 25 weeks of pregnancy. RESULTS: There were large differences between the two groups due to the differences between the life style. Beninese women were more likely to be self-employed or housewives, while Canadian women were more likely to be employed. Beninese women worked for 18hours more per week, and had on average one more child at home. A higher percentage of Beninese women reported back pain, 83% versus 58% for Canadian women, but the disability scores were in the "moderate disability" range for both groups. A higher percentage of Beninese women also reported at least severe disability, 33% versus 14% for Canadian women. CONCLUSION: The results suggest that the higher percentages of Beninese women affected by back pain and by severe back pain is related to the longer hours worked and more strenuous physical work performed.
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Dolor de Espalda/epidemiología , Empleo , Complicaciones del Embarazo/epidemiología , Adulto , Benin/epidemiología , Canadá/epidemiología , Composición Familiar , Femenino , Humanos , Embarazo , Índice de Severidad de la Enfermedad , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
AIMS: To evaluate the risk of disruption of distal airways in children exposed to pollutants automobiles. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Study included 156 children selected assigned in groups "Most Exposed" and "Less Exposed" separated respectively 15 meters and 150 meters of road traffic. Children in both groups were subjected to lung function tests before and after an exercise test that was to perform a series of flexion / extension of the knees to the fatigue. FEV and MEF(25) were parameters selected. RESULTS: Change in FEV post exercise of each group is below 5%. The group "Less Exposed" presented a mean value of MEF(25) before exercise similar to that recorded after exercise. Within the group "Most Exposed", the mean value of MEF(25) post exercise is significantly lower than that observed at rest of 8.65%. CONCLUSION: The fact of living permanently near the traffic, poses serious risks of disruption of the distal airways.
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Contaminantes Atmosféricos/toxicidad , Exposición a Riesgos Ambientales/efectos adversos , Pruebas de Función Respiratoria , Emisiones de Vehículos/toxicidad , Benin , Niño , Femenino , Humanos , MasculinoRESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: Asthma is a world wide public health problem. It is the most commom chronic disease of school age children. Its severity is in constant increase. The frequency of the hospitalizations for asthma increased in practically all countries. Physical exercises and sport are used more and more as therapeutic means, in northern deveopped countries of where it was very early understood that it is necessary to integrate the asthmatic subjects into a program of specific physical training. This study undertaken in south saharian african country considers also assiduity in a physical training program as the factor of increase in the expiratory peak flow, of reinforcement of some principal muscles necessary to the improvement, and of the respiratory function of the asthmatic subject. Physical exercise is used as a non pharmacological therapy of asthma. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This transversal study was carried out on fourteen asthmatic subjects of colleges in Porto-Novo's town, aged 15 years old to 25 years, of the two sexes. RESULTS: The results showed that: the Expiratory Peak Flow of Point (EPF) of the subjects at the beginning of the program is lower than the minimal average value of the group whatever the sex; the subjects average EPF increased from approximately 35% compared to the average at the beginning of the program; the subjects from family with asthmatic line, are much more inclined with respiratory embarrassments post-exercises than those who did not come from it; the respiratory embarrassments post-exercises noticed in the first weeks, grew blurred before the end of the program. This study suggests physical exercise adapted to the asthmatic subjects for the improvement of their health.
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Asma/terapia , Ejercicio Físico , Ápice del Flujo Espiratorio/fisiología , Adolescente , Adulto , Asma/fisiopatología , Benin , Estudios Transversales , Femenino , Humanos , MasculinoRESUMEN
Previous studies have considered the effects of the superimposition of electrical stimulation (ES) upon maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) under isometric conditions. This investigation considered these effects using isokinetic muscle action. Eleven males, non athletes, volunteered for the experiment. Isokinetic torque for extension of the right knee was measured by means of a Cybex 340 using two speeds of movement, 12 degrees/s and 30 degrees/s. Torque was measured at 5 degrees increments (from 100 degrees flexion to full extension) under conditions of MVC alone and MVC+ES. Stimulation was provided by means of a bi-phasic, symmetrical, square wave with a pulse width of 600 mu. Frequency of stimulation was either 30 Hz or 80 Hz. It was found that the pattern of torque production was unaffected by the application of ES. Peak torque values at both speeds were significantly lower when ES was applied at both frequencies compared to MVC alone. This inhibitory effect was found to extend throughout the middle range of movement. This tended to be more pronounced with the 80 Hz frequency. In general these findings were in agreement with those reported previously for isometric conditions. Possible explanations for these results include the inability of ES to recruit more motor units than MVC alone; the limitations of the subjects to tolerate a current of a sufficiently high intensity to elicit a stronger contraction, possibly due to lack of familiarization with these forms of muscle action; and the characteristics, especially pulse width, of the stimulating current.