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A capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) method based on systematic one-variable-at-a time approach was developed for the analysis of four important bioactive components (geniposidic acid, ursolic acid, quercetin and p-coumaric acid) in the extract of Hedyotis diffusa (HD). Separations were carried out in a fused-silica capillary tube with peak detection at 214 nm. Good separation was achieved using a 20 mM borate buffer containing 5% acetonitrile as organic modifier and pH adjusted to 10.0. Operating voltage was 15 kV and temperature was maintained at 25 degrees C while hydrodynamic injection was 5s. A good linearity, with correlation coefficients in the ranges of 0.997-0.999 was obtained in the calibration curves of each standard. Relative standard deviation (R.S.D.) of migration time was between 0.32 and 0.70% and deviation of corrected peak area was between 8.84 and 11.99%. These results indicate that this method could be used for rapid and simultaneous analysis of the bioactive components in HD and other herbal products.

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With auditing of teaching and learning in earnest by the Quality Assurance Agency for the Higher Education Funding Council, the nature of quality in education is top on the agenda for educational stakeholders. However, the nature of quality is difficult to define and measure. This is because quality is essentially a subjective perception and can mean different things to different individuals. Therefore, attempt to quantify and measure quality is difficult and problematic but is necessary for personal, professional, bureaucratic, political and stakeholder demands for accountability, and demonstration of efficiency, effectiveness and value for money. Using a total quality management framework, the internal controls of quality in the ophthalmic nursing course and at the faculty level are considered. The wider contexts of quality control from the institutional, political and at the customer's levels are explored. This paper concludes that the various methods used to control and measure quality may provide useful information for service clarity and a basis for service development. However, such information needs to be treated with caution and interpreted in the context and environment in which this information is generated. Ultimately, the issues of quality in teaching and learning may be addressed by the teacher's commitment to be developed as a reflective practitioner.

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The objective of this research study was to evaluate the nursing care processes and patient satisfaction with the new day-surgery services. Forty-five adult day-surgery eye patients were selected at random to take part in a telephone survey. The response rate was 84.4% (38). Patients were contacted 48 hours post-surgery to obtain their view of the entire surgical experience. The research result found that the majority of the patients were satisfied with the day-surgery services. The main problems experienced by patients were long waiting times to see the doctor during pre-operation assessment, unsatisfactory journeys to and from theatre, and difficulty in remembering verbal advice. Twenty-eight (73.6%) of the day-surgery patients would prefer day-surgery again for a similar operation, but 10 (26.3%) would prefer a longer stay in hospital. The main implications for practice are that realistic assessment time should be allocated to reduce waiting time, verbal advice should be accompanied by written leaflets or audio-tape, and patients should be encouraged to make an informed choice about day or in-patient surgery. A regular survey of day-surgery eye patients should be part of a general audit.

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Over the past 7 years, acute food poisoning arising from the consumption of methamidophos-tainted vegetables has occurred sporadically in Hong Kong. To enable prompt remedial and regulatory actions to be taken, a simple and rapid gas chromatographic method was developed to determine methamidophos residues in food remnants. Samples were homogenized and extracted with acetone. Acetone in the resultant extract was removed by rotary evaporation, leaving behind an aqueous solution. After washing with petroleum ether and addition of sodium sulphate, the aqueous solution was re-extracted with chloroform. The chloroform extract was concentrated to dryness and the residue was reconstituted in absolute ethanol for determination by gas chromatography with flame photometric detection. The method was found to be applicable also to the determination of acephate, dimethoate, omethoate and trichlorfon. Mean recoveries of the five organo-phosphorus pesticides at two fortification levels, viz. 1 mg/kg and 10 mg/kg, ranged from 74 to 113%. Relative standard deviations lay between 1.3 and 6.1%. Method detection limits ranged from 0.02 to 0.04 mg/kg. In 1994, 75 food poisoning cases in Hong Kong were suspected to be related to the consumption of methamidophos-tainted vegetables; 13 food remnants were received for analysis, four of them were found to contain high concentrations of methamidophos.

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A cosmid clone (CosHcol.11) containing the alpha 2(XI) collagen gene (COL11A2) has been isolated. The gene contains conserved DNA and amino-acid sequences characteristic of fibril forming collagen, which is in accordance with the classification of type XI collagen as a fibrillar collagen. The genomic clone containing the alpha 2(XI) gene has been used as probe in the Southern blot analysis of DNA from a panel of human/hamster somatic cell hybrids containing different numbers and combinations of human chromosomes. Synteny analysis revealed that only chromosome 6 showed complete concordant segregation with COL11A2. Furthermore, the gene was regionally mapped to the short arm of chromosome 6 by using a hybrid which contained only the long arm of the chromosome.

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A protein (Rp66) of 66 kDa was shown by DNA-binding protein blot assay to bind to a human repetitive DNA sequence (low-repeat sequence; LRS) in each of 10 transformed human cell lines examined. This protein-DNA interaction was not observed in 11 normal human cell cultures or in the Chinese hamster cell line CHO-K1. Gel retardation assay confirmed the specificity of the protein-DNA binding between Rp66 and LRS. In a histiocytic lymphoma human cell line, U937, that can be induced to differentiate in the presence of phorbol ester, this binding disappeared after cell differentiation. These together with other results cited suggest a regulatory role for these repetitive sequences in the human genome, with particular application to cancer.

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By low stringency hybridization we have isolated from a human cosmid genomic library sequences homologous with a probe from the Drosophila engrailed gene. Partial nucleotide sequence analysis shows a consensus splice acceptor site followed by an open reading frame (ORF) that can encode 104 amino acids; the first 94 amino acids have 71% identity with the Drosophila engrailed protein. The shared region contains a homeo domain and is within the region of engrailed shared with the Drosophila invected gene and the mouse En-1 and En-2 genes. At the amino acid level, the human sequence is 85% identical with the mouse En-1 gene and 100% identical with the mouse En-2 gene. Hybridization against a panel of human-hamster somatic cell hybrids maps this human En-2 gene to chromosome 7, and regional mapping by in situ hybridization to human chromosomes localizes it to region 7q36 at the end of the long arm.

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Cloned cDNAs have been identified as corresponding to a new brain Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase. On the basis of structural and immunological features, we refer to this new kinase as CaM Kinase IV. Two cDNA clones were used to identify CaM Kinase IV: The downstream clone, lambda ICM-1, contains the sequence encoding the calmodulin-binding site and the second clone, lambda ICM-2, encodes a partial amino acid sequence similar to the catalytic domain of several known protein kinases. Within the calmodulin-binding site a stretch of 8 amino acids (and 9 of 10) is identical to the corresponding site in the subunits of CaM Kinase II. Southern blot analysis shows the CaM Kinase IV gene is single copy in the mouse and human genomes. Synteny analysis of Southern blot data of DNA from hamster--human hybrid cells shows that the gene is present in human chromosome 5. Hybridization of cDNA probes to metaphase spreads of human chromosomes indicates that the gene is most likely located within the region of bands q21 to q23 of chromosome 5.

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The human gene coding for lactate dehydrogenase C (LDHC), a testis-specific isozyme, has been assigned to a refined region of chromosome 11, p14.3-p15.5, in which the lactate dehydrogenase A gene (LDHA) also resides, by using somatic cell hybrids and in situ chromosome hybridization. This assignment clearly indicates the close physical proximity of the LDHC and LDHA genes and supports the evolutionary closeness of these two isozymes.

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Previous characterization of GLI, a gene found to be amplified and expressed in a subset of human brain tumors, revealed the presence of five tandem zinc fingers related to those of Krüppel (Kr), a Drosophila segmentation gene of the gap class. We have used the GLI cDNA as a molecular probe to isolate related sequences from the human genome. Partial characterization of six related loci, including sequence determination, expression studies, and chromosome localization, revealed that each locus could encode a separate finger protein. The predicted proteins all had similar H-C links, i.e., a conserved stretch of 9 amino acids connecting the C-terminal histidine of one finger to the N-terminal cysteine of the next. On the basis of amino acid sequence and intron-exon organization, the genes could be placed into one of two subgroups: the GLI subgroup (with the consensus finger amino acid sequence [Y/F]XCX3GCX3[F/Y]X5LX2HX3-4H[T/S]GEKP) or the Kr subgroup (with the consensus finger amino acid sequence [Y/F]XCX2CX3FX5LX2HXRXHTGEKP). Unlike GLI or Kr, most of the newly isolated genes were expressed in many adult tissues. The predicted proteins probably control the expression of other genes and, by analogy with Kr and GLI, may be important in human development, tissue-specific differentiation, or neoplasia.

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Using human hemopexin cDNA clones isolated from lambda gt11 cDNA library as probes, we have carried out Southern blot analysis of a series of human-Chinese hamster somatic cell hybrids containing different combinations of human chromosomes. Synteny analysis revealed 100% concordance between the hemopexin gene and human chromosome 11. In situ hybridization of 3H-labeled hemopexin cDNA to metaphase chromosomes prepared from human lymphocytes further localized the gene to the region p15.4-p15.5, the same location as the beta-globin gene cluster.

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Sphingolipid activator protein SAP-1 is required for the enzymatic hydrolysis of GMI ganglioside and sulfatide. The gene coding for SAP-1 was previously mapped to human chromosome 10 using monospecific antibodies prepared against SAP-1 in synteny analysis of somatic cell hybrids. In this study, we used a cDNA probe for SAP-1 and in situ hybridization to regionally localize the SAP1 gene to the long arm of chromosome 10, region q21-22. Additional mapping data using cell hybrids containing partial chromosome 10 and skin fibroblasts with trisomy 10p are consistent with the in situ hybridization mapping results.

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A 2.2-kilobase clone comprising a major portion of the coding sequence of the Na+,K+-ATPase alpha subunit was cloned from human placenta and its sequence was identical to that encoding the alpha subunit of human kidney and HeLa cells. Transfer blot analysis of the mRNA products of the Na+,K+-ATPase gene from various human tissues and cell lines revealed only one band (approximately 4.7 kilobases) under low and high stringency washing conditions. The levels of expression in the tissues were intestine greater than placenta greater than liver greater than pancreas, and in the cell lines the levels were human erythroleukemia greater than butyrate-induced colon greater than colon greater than brain greater than HeLa cells. mRNA was undetectable in reticulocytes, consistent with our failure to detect positive clones in a size-selected (greater than 2 kilobases) lambda gt11 reticulocyte cDNA library. DNA analysis revealed a polymorphic EcoRI band and chromosome localization by flow sorting and in situ hybridization showed that the alpha subunit is on the short arm (band p11-p13) of chromosome 1.

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The crystallins are highly conserved structural proteins universally found in the eye lens of all vertebrate species. In mammals, three immunologically distinct classes are present, alpha-, beta-, and gamma-crystallins, and each class represents a multigene family. The alpha-crystallin gene family consists of alpha 1-crystallin (CRYA1) and alpha 2-crystallin (CRYA2) genes (previously designated alpha A- and alpha B-crystallin, respectively), which show extensive sequence homology. We constructed a synthetic oligonucleotide probe of 25 bases corresponding to a specific region of the human alpha 1-crystallin gene sequence. This 25-mer probe bears little sequence homology to human alpha 2-crystallin gene and does not cross-hybridize to alpha 2-crystallin sequences in Southern blot analysis. Using this unique synthetic probe, we have demonstrated the identity of the alpha 1-crystallin gene in human genomic DNA. In addition, we have also confirmed its chromosomal location on human chromosome 21. Finally, we have regionally localized the gene to q22.3 by using both Southern blot analysis of a panel of cell hybrids containing different parts of human chromosome 21, and in situ hybridization to metaphase chromosomes. The use of synthetic oligonucleotide probes specific for individual genes should be useful in identifying and mapping members of multigene families.

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Progesterone is involved in the development and progression of breast cancers, and progesterone receptors (PR) are important markers of hormone dependence and disease prognosis. We have used a human PR cDNA probe, genomic DNA blotting of a series of Chinese hamster-human cell hybrids, and in situ hybridization to map the human PR gene to chromosome 11, band q13. This band also contains the human homolog of the mouse mammary tumor virus integration site, int-2, which surrounds a protooncogene thought to be involved in the development of murine mammary cancers. That these two genes share the same chromosomal location raises important questions about their possible linkage and about the relationship between the mammary-specific oncogene and the steroid hormone in the development, growth, and hormone dependence of human breast cancers.

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A gene, termed gli, was identified that is amplified more than 50-fold in a malignant glioma. The gene is expressed at high levels in the original tumor and its derived cell line and is located at chromosome 12 position (q13 to q14.3). The gli gene is a member of a select group of cellular genes that are genetically altered in primary human tumors.

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Activity of RNA polymerases I, II and III (distinguished using alpha-amanitin) and activity of DNA polymerases alpha and beta (distinguished using N-ethylmaleimide) were assayed for varying intervals and at varying substrate (UTP or dTTP) concentrations in the purified nuclear fraction from corneal epithelium of carbamylcholine-treated and control eyes of rabbits with resurfacing acid burn defects. Incorporation was linear with time for all enzymes up to 30 min. In 10 min assays at varying substrate concentrations, all polymerases from carbamylcholine-treated eyes had significantly elevated Vmax compared to corresponding control enzymes. The drug also increased apparent affinity of RNA polymerase II for UTP and apparent affinity of DNA polymerases alpha and beta for dTTP. Results are discussed in relation to potential mechanisms by which effects of carbamylcholine on polymerase activity may be mediated.

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Microextraction of DNA from dried blood specimens would ease specimen transport to centralized laboratory facilities for recombinant DNA diagnosis in the same manner as use of dried blood spots allowed the broad application of screening tests to newborn populations. A method is described which reproducibly yields 0.5 microgram DNA from the dried equivalent of 50 microliters whole blood. Though DNA yields decreased with storage of dried specimens at room temperature, good-quality DNA was still obtained. Sufficient DNA was routinely obtained for Southern blot analysis using repetitive and unique sequences. This microextraction procedure will allow immediate application of molecular genetic technology to direct newborn screening follow-up of disorders amenable to DNA diagnosis, such as sickle cell anemia, and may eventually permit primary DNA screening for specific mutations.

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