RESUMEN
Octanoic acid (OA) precipitation has long been used in protein purification. Recently, we reported a new cell culture clarification method for immunoglobulin G (IgG) purification, employing an advance elimination of chromatin heteroaggregates with a hybrid OA-solid phase system. This treatment reduced DNA more than 3 logs, histone below the detection limit (LOD), and non-histone host cell proteins (nh-HCP) by 90 % while conserving more than 90 % of the IgG monomer. In this study, we further investigated the conservation of IgG monomer and antibody light chain (LC) to the addition of OA/OA-solid phase complex, with or without histone and DNA in different combinations. The results showed that highly basic histone protein was the prime target in OA/OA-solid phase precipitation system for IgG purification, and the selective conservation of IgG monomer in this system was histone dependent. Our findings partially support the idea that OA works by sticking to electropositive hydrophobic domains on proteins, reducing their solubility, and causing them to agglomerate into large particles that precipitate from solution. Our findings also provide a new perspective for IgG purification and emphasize the necessity to re-examine the roles of various host contaminants in IgG purification.
Asunto(s)
Caprilatos/metabolismo , Precipitación Química , Cromatografía , Inmunoglobulina G/aislamiento & purificación , Factores Inmunológicos/aislamiento & purificación , Heterocromatina/aislamiento & purificación , Histonas/aislamiento & purificación , Proteínas Recombinantes/aislamiento & purificaciónRESUMEN
Chromatin released from dead host cells during in vitro production of IgG monoclonal antibodies exists mostly in complex hetero-aggregates consisting of nucleosomal arrays (DNA+histone proteins), non-histone proteins, and aberrant forms of IgG. They bind immobilized protein A more aggressively than IgG, through their nucleosomal histone components, and hinder access of IgG to Fc-specific binding sites, thereby reducing dynamic binding capacity. The majority of host cell contaminants in eluted IgG are leachates from chromatin hetero-aggregates that remain bound to protein A. Formation of turbidity in eluted IgG during pH titration is caused by neutral-pH insolubility of chromatin hetero-aggregates. NaOH is required at 500 mM to remove accumulated chromatin. A chromatin-directed clarification method removed 99% of histones, 90% of non-histone proteins, achieved a 6 log reduction of DNA, 4 log reduction of lipid-enveloped virus, and 5 log reduction of non-enveloped retrovirus, while conserving 98% of the native IgG. This suspended most of performance compromises imposed on protein A. IgG binding capacity increased ~20%. Host protein contamination was reduced about 100-fold compared to protein A loaded with harvest clarified by centrifugation and microfiltration. Aggregates were reduced to less than 0.05%. Turbidity of eluted IgG upon pH neutralization was nearly eliminated. Column cleaning was facilitated by minimizing the accumulation of chromatin.
Asunto(s)
Cromatina/metabolismo , Cromatografía de Afinidad , Inmunoglobulina G/aislamiento & purificación , Proteína Estafilocócica A/metabolismo , Animales , Sitios de Unión , Células Cultivadas , Cromatina/química , ADN/química , ADN/aislamiento & purificación , Histonas/aislamiento & purificación , Inmunoglobulina G/metabolismo , Proteínas/química , Proteínas/aislamiento & purificaciónRESUMEN
We observed that IgM monoclonal antibodies and aggregates in mammalian cell culture supernatants were associated nonspecifically with nucleosomes, DNA, and histone proteins derived from nuclei of host cells that died during antibody production. A series of multimodal sample treatments were evaluated for their ability to selectively remove these contaminants without significant antibody loss. The first consisted of adding 2,5-dioxo-4-imidazolidinyl urea (allantoin) and the DNA intercalating agent 7-ethoxyacridine-3,9-diamine (ethacridine), then flowing the supernatant through a column of mixed porous particles bearing metal affinity, anion exchange, and cation exchange functionalities. A one-step variant of the method was to mix chromatography particles with the allantoin-ethacridine-treated supernatant. An alternative one-step treatment consisted of passing untreated cell supernatant through a chelating monolith in tandem with an anion exchange monolith. All methods eliminated high molecular weight aggregates, and reduced smaller aggregates to 2-4%. They also achieved 98% DNA reduction, 99% reduction of nucleosomes and histones, 30-70% reduction of general host proteins, and 98% IgM recovery. Size exclusion chromatography analysis indicated that IgG monoclonal antibodies benefit similarly from treatment. Subsequent IgM purification reduced DNA levels beneath the level of detectability by fluorescent dye intercalation, histones to less than 10 parts per million by ELISA, and aggregates to less than 0.05% by size exclusion chromatography. The results point to chromatin catabolites as promoters of antibody aggregate formation.
Asunto(s)
Anticuerpos Monoclonales/aislamiento & purificación , Cromatina/aislamiento & purificación , Inmunoglobulina M/aislamiento & purificación , Animales , Anticuerpos Monoclonales/metabolismo , Células Cultivadas , Cromatina/metabolismo , Cromatografía en Gel/métodos , Cromatografía por Intercambio Iónico/métodos , Cromatografía Liquida , ADN , Durapatita , Histonas , Humanos , Inmunoglobulina M/metabolismo , Ratones , Células MadreRESUMEN
We describe a new variant of anion exchange chromatography in columns packed with porous particles that embody charged low-density polymer zones supported by a higher density polymer skeleton. IgG defies the norms of anion exchange and is excluded to the void volume at pH 3-10 and 0-4M NaCl. Void exclusion also occurs with Fab, F(ab')2, and IgM. Host cell protein contaminants mostly follow the usual norms of anion exchange and bind more strongly with increasing pH and decreasing conductivity. Sample buffer composition has no impact on partitioning so long as applied sample volume does not exceed the interparticle void volume of the column. Void-excluded antibody elutes in equilibration buffer. This seemingly conflicted collection of behaviors is reconciled by a variable size exclusion function mediated through the low-density polymer zones, the charge properties of the antibody species, and the pH and conductivity of the equilibration buffer. Current-generation porous particle anion exchangers that employ grafting techniques to achieve high charge density mediate void exclusion to varying degrees, with the best-suited achieving complete exclusion, and others as little as 65%. Perfusive and non-grafted particle-based exchangers mediate as little as 50% exclusion. Monoliths mediate no exclusion, due to their lack of an interparticle void volume. On qualified exchangers, the technique supports greater than 99% reduction of host proteins, DNA, and endotoxin. Virus is reduced more than 99.9%, and aggregates are reduced to less than 0.05%. The method supports better process control than other anion exchange formats because pH excursions in conjunction with changes in salt concentration do not occur until after the antibody has eluted from the column.
Asunto(s)
Anticuerpos Monoclonales/aislamiento & purificación , Cromatografía por Intercambio Iónico/métodos , Inmunoglobulina M/aislamiento & purificación , Animales , Aniones/química , Anticuerpos Monoclonales/química , Células CHO , Cromatografía en Gel , Cricetinae , Cricetulus , Humanos , Hibridomas , Concentración de Iones de Hidrógeno , Inmunoglobulina M/química , Porosidad , Proteínas/química , Ratas , Cloruro de Sodio/químicaRESUMEN
We introduce a chromatography method for purification of large proteins and viruses that works by capturing them at a non-reactive hydrophilic surface by their mutual steric exclusion of polyethylene glycol (PEG). No direct chemical interaction between the surface and the target species is required. We refer to the technique as steric exclusion chromatography. Hydroxyl-substituted polymethacrylate monoliths provide a hydrophilic surface and support convective mass transport that is unaffected by the viscosity of the PEG. Elution is achieved by reducing PEG concentration. Selectivity correlates with molecular size, with larger species retained more strongly than smaller species. Retention increases with PEG size and concentration. Salts weaken retention in proportion to their concentration and Hofmeister ranking. Retention is enhanced near the isoelectric point of the target species. Virus binding capacity was measured at 9.9×10(12) plaque forming units per mL of monolith. 99.8% of host cell proteins and 93% of DNA were eliminated. Mass recovery exceeded 90%. IgM capacity was greater than 60 mg/mL. 95% of host cell proteins were eliminated from IgM produced in protein-free media, and mass recovery was up to 90%. Bioactivity was fully conserved by both viruses and antibodies. Process time ranged from less than 30 min to 2 h depending on the product concentration in the feed stream.