RESUMEN
Exposure to community violence is a risk factor for internalizing and externalizing problems; however, resources within the family can decrease the likelihood that adolescents will experience internalizing and externalizing problems as a result of such exposure. This study investigates the potential moderating effects of kinship support (i.e., emotional and tangible support from extended family) and parental involvement on the relation between exposure to community violence (i.e., witnessing violence and violent victimization) and socioemotional adjustment (i.e., internalizing and externalizing problems) in low-income adolescents. The sample included 312 (50 % female; 71 % African American and 29 % White) low-income youth who participated in a longitudinal investigation when adolescents were age 14 (M age = 14.49 years) and again when they were 16 (M age = 16.49 years). Exposure to community violence at age 14 was related to more internalizing and externalizing problems at age 16. High levels of kinship support and parental involvement appeared to function as protective factors, weakening the association between exposure to violence and externalizing problems. Contrary to prediction, none of the hypothesized protective factors moderated the association between exposure to violence and internalizing problems. The results from this study suggest that both kinship support and parental involvement help buffer adolescents from externalizing problems that are associated with exposure to community violence.
Asunto(s)
Familia/psicología , Pobreza/psicología , Factores Protectores , Características de la Residencia , Apoyo Social , Violencia/psicología , Adolescente , Negro o Afroamericano/psicología , Agresión/psicología , Niño , Hijo de Padres Discapacitados/psicología , Víctimas de Crimen/psicología , Femenino , Humanos , Control Interno-Externo , Estudios Longitudinales , Masculino , Relaciones Padres-Hijo , Embarazo , Embarazo en Adolescencia/psicología , Efectos Tardíos de la Exposición Prenatal , Factores de Riesgo , Trastornos Relacionados con Sustancias/psicología , Población Blanca/psicologíaRESUMEN
The objective of this study was to estimate whether maternal history of childhood maltreatment was associated with pre-pregnancy obesity or excessive gestational weight gain. Pregnant women (n = 472) reported pre-pregnancy weight and height and gestational weight gain and were followed up to 16 years post-partum when they reported maltreatment on the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ). CTQ score ranged from no maltreatment (25) to severe maltreatment (125). Prenatal mental health modified the association between CTQ score and maternal weight (P < 0.15), and thus stratified models are presented. After adjusting for race, prenatal tobacco, marijuana and alcohol use, a one standard deviation (1 SD) increase in CTQ score was associated with a 45% increase in the risk of pre-pregnancy obesity among the 141 women with elevated anxiety (≥75th percentile on the State Trait Anxiety Inventory) [relative risk, RR (95% confidence interval, CI): 1.45 (1.12, 1.88)], but was not associated among less anxious (<75th percentile) women [RR (95% CI): 1.10 (0.81, 1.51)]. Risk of excessive gestational weight gain was higher [adjusted RR (95% CI): 1.21 (1.07, 1.37)] with every 1 SD increase in CTQ score for anxious women. No association was observed for less anxious women [adjusted RR (95% CI): 0.89 (0.78, 1.02)]. Prenatal depression similarly modified the association between maltreatment and weight gain. Factors such as psychological status and traumatic experiences in early childhood may contribute to pre-pregnancy obesity and excessive gestational weight gain.
Asunto(s)
Adultos Sobrevivientes del Maltrato a los Niños/psicología , Obesidad/epidemiología , Obesidad/psicología , Aumento de Peso , Adulto , Ansiedad/epidemiología , Índice de Masa Corporal , Niño , Maltrato a los Niños/psicología , Femenino , Estudios de Seguimiento , Humanos , Periodo Posparto , Embarazo , Prevalencia , Estudios Retrospectivos , Medición de Riesgo , Factores de Riesgo , Encuestas y Cuestionarios , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: This study examines whether exposure to community violence is indirectly related to academic performance through anxious/depressed symptoms and delinquent behaviors. METHODS: Three hundred eighteen mothers and adolescents who participated in a longitudinal investigation were interviewed when adolescents were age 10, 14, and 16. RESULTS: Community violence exposure at age 14 was significantly related to anxious/depressed symptoms and delinquent behaviors. Delinquent behaviors (but not anxious/depressed symptoms) were significantly associated with academic performance at age 16. Exposure to community violence was indirectly related to academic performance through delinquent behaviors. There was no significant indirect effect of exposure to community violence on academic performance through anxious/depressed symptoms. Covariates included sociodemographics and exposure to child abuse. Age 10 anxious/depressed symptoms, age 10 delinquent behaviors, and age 14 academic performance were also included in the model to control for preexisting differences in socioemotional adjustment and academic performance. CONCLUSIONS: Results suggest that exposure to community violence may initiate a cascade of problems that spread from behavior problems to declines in academic performance. Our results highlight the need for schools to consider exposure to community violence as one form of trauma and to transform in ways that make them more trauma-sensitive. The use of trauma-sensitive practices that address the effects of violence exposure on youth may help limit the progression of adverse effects from delinquent behavior to other domains of functioning.
RESUMEN
This study evaluated whether exposure to maternal pre- or postnatal depression or anxiety symptoms predicted psychopathology in adolescent offspring. Growth mixture modeling was used to identify trajectories of pre- and postnatal depression and anxiety symptoms in 577 women of low socioeconomic status selected from a prenatal clinic. Logistic regression models indicated that maternal pre- and postnatal depression trajectory exposure was not associated with offspring major depression, anxiety, or conduct disorder, but exposure to the high depression trajectory was associated with lower anxiety symptoms in males. Exposure to medium and high pre- and postnatal anxiety was associated with the risk of conduct disorder among offspring. Male offspring exposed to medium and high pre- and postnatal anxiety had higher odds of conduct disorder than did males with low exposure levels. Females exposed to medium or high pre- and postnatal anxiety were less likely to meet conduct disorder criteria than were females with lower exposure. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to examine the effect of pre- and postnatal anxiety trajectories on the risk of conduct disorder in offspring. These results suggest new directions for investigating the etiology of conduct disorder with a novel target for intervention.
Asunto(s)
Trastornos de Ansiedad/etiología , Ansiedad/complicaciones , Hijo de Padres Discapacitados/psicología , Trastorno de la Conducta/etiología , Depresión Posparto/complicaciones , Depresión/complicaciones , Trastorno Depresivo Mayor/etiología , Efectos Tardíos de la Exposición Prenatal/etiología , Adolescente , Conducta del Adolescente/psicología , Adulto , Ansiedad/psicología , Trastornos de Ansiedad/psicología , Trastorno de la Conducta/psicología , Depresión/psicología , Depresión Posparto/psicología , Trastorno Depresivo Mayor/psicología , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Relaciones Madre-Hijo , Madres/psicología , Embarazo , Efectos Tardíos de la Exposición Prenatal/psicología , Factores de RiesgoRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the association between prenatal alcohol exposure and the rate of conduct disorder in exposed compared with unexposed adolescents. METHOD: Data for these analyses are from a longitudinal study of prenatal substance exposures. Women were interviewed at their fourth and seventh prenatal months, and with their children, at birth, 8 and 18 months, 3, 6, 10, 14, and 16 years postpartum. Offspring were interviewed with the Diagnostic Interview Schedule-IV; maternal and adolescent diagnoses were made using DSM-IV criteria at age 16 years. The sample was 592 adolescents and their mothers or caretakers. RESULTS: Prenatal alcohol exposure is significantly associated with an increased rate of conduct disorder in the adolescents. This effect was detected above an average exposure of one or more drinks per day in the first trimester. The effect remained significant after controlling for other significant variables including measures of the environment, maternal psychopathology, and other prenatal exposures. CONCLUSION: Prenatal alcohol use in the first trimester is a risk factor for conduct disorder in the exposed offspring.
Asunto(s)
Consumo de Bebidas Alcohólicas/efectos adversos , Trastornos Relacionados con Alcohol/complicaciones , Trastorno de la Conducta , Primer Trimestre del Embarazo/efectos de los fármacos , Adolescente , Adulto , Consumo de Bebidas Alcohólicas/epidemiología , Consumo de Bebidas Alcohólicas/psicología , Trastornos Relacionados con Alcohol/diagnóstico , Trastornos Relacionados con Alcohol/epidemiología , Trastornos Relacionados con Alcohol/psicología , Niño , Preescolar , Trastorno de la Conducta/diagnóstico , Trastorno de la Conducta/epidemiología , Trastorno de la Conducta/etiología , Trastorno de la Conducta/prevención & control , Trastorno de la Conducta/psicología , Manual Diagnóstico y Estadístico de los Trastornos Mentales , Femenino , Trastornos del Espectro Alcohólico Fetal/epidemiología , Trastornos del Espectro Alcohólico Fetal/etiología , Humanos , Lactante , Recién Nacido , Estudios Longitudinales , Intercambio Materno-Fetal , Embarazo , Primer Trimestre del Embarazo/psicología , Mujeres Embarazadas/psicología , Efectos Tardíos de la Exposición Prenatal/diagnóstico , Efectos Tardíos de la Exposición Prenatal/epidemiología , Efectos Tardíos de la Exposición Prenatal/etiología , Efectos Tardíos de la Exposición Prenatal/psicología , Factores de RiesgoRESUMEN
Study aims were to examine the relations between multiple forms of childhood maltreatment (CM) and adult violent victimization (AVV) and to explore other significant covariates of the relations between CM and AVV. Data were collected from women (n = 477) who participated in two longitudinal studies in the Maternal Health Practices and Child Development Project. Women with a history of CM were more than twice as likely to experience AVV as women with no history of CM. Those who experienced one or two forms of CM were significantly more likely to report any AVV compared to women with no CM. The relationship between CM and AVV remained significant after controlling for illicit drug use at baseline. Among low-income women, a history of CM exposure increased the risk of AVV. Having had any CM exposure was more important that the specific form or combination of forms, of CM exposure (e.g., sexual abuse or physical abuse).
Asunto(s)
Maltrato a los Niños , Víctimas de Crimen , Violencia Doméstica , Pobreza , Autoinforme , Población Urbana , Adolescente , Adulto , Niño , Maltrato a los Niños/estadística & datos numéricos , Preescolar , Víctimas de Crimen/estadística & datos numéricos , Femenino , Humanos , Lactante , Estudios Longitudinales , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To identify factors that predict or are correlated with symptoms of depression and anxiety in 10-year-olds. METHOD: Women and their offspring were followed from the fourth prenatal month through 10 years. There were 636 mother-child pairs at 10 years, a follow-up rate of 83% of the birth cohort. Cognitive, psychological, sociodemographic, and environmental factors were measured at each phase. High depression and anxiety were defined as having a number of symptoms >1 SD above the mean for each measure. These measures were combined to represent high depression and/or anxiety (D/A) at 10 years of age. RESULTS: Predictors from the prenatal period of D/A at 10 years were more maternal depression symptoms, African American race, less social support, greater household density, and prenatal marijuana exposure. From 18 months through 6 years, lower child IQ, child injuries at age 3, and attention problems predicted symptoms of D/A at age 10. Across all study phases, lower child IQ, household density during pregnancy, attention problems, early childhood injuries, and prenatal marijuana exposure predicted D/A. Maternal psychological and sociodemographic factors were not significant in the final model. CONCLUSIONS: Factors from gestation and early childhood predict high symptom levels of depression and anxiety at age 10. When gestational exposure, early environmental factors, and child characteristics were considered, maternal depression and socioeconomic status were not significantly associated with early onset D/A. Marijuana exposure during gestation marginally predicted depression/anxiety at age 10.