RESUMEN
The authors summarize some most significant results of investigations and works in the field of cosmic medicine performed in military-and-medical institutions of the USSR during preparation of man's first space flights. It is shown that our first program of medical-and-biological support of piloted space flights--the program "Vostok"--was formed and practically realized with undoubted leading role of military-and-medical institutions together with the USSR Academy of sciences.
Asunto(s)
Medicina Aeroespacial/historia , Astronautas/historia , Medicina Militar/historia , Vuelo Espacial/historia , Historia del Siglo XX , Humanos , U.R.S.S.RESUMEN
One of the actual and difficulty solved problems of the adaptation period to microgravitation is space motion sickness (MS) that has the negative influence on well-being and performance of crewmembers in the initial and highly crucial phase of the orbital flight. Among the prophylactic measures for decrease of the unfavourable influence of space MS the preflight training is of great importance, and its role in perspective undoubtedly will grow in connection with increase of the number of crewmembers. During the last years several authors received experimental materials evidenced that as a base of more effective increase of resistance to space MS there may be used adequate modelling of the main physiological effects of the adaptation period to microgravitation. In the most investigations the main attention is paid to modelling of "conflicting" vestibular-visual (VV) impacts. In other hand, in connection with the contradictory materials about the role of hemodynamic component in the development of space MS this effect of microgravitation conditions, as a rule, is not modelled in the methods of resistance enhancement to space MS. Hence in this work there was put a task to investigate the efficiency of application of different combination of VV-impacts and creation of redistribution of liquid medium of an organism in the cranial direction for increase of man resistance to space MS. For resolving this task there was used the specially developed stand, made in two modifications. This stand provided redistribution of liquid medium of an organism in the cranial direction by putting the investigated individual into the antiorthostatic position (AOP). During the rotation around the vertical axis individual was placed in such supine position on the turn table that labyrinth of the inner ear should be displaced by 8-10 centimeters from the axis of rotation to the head edge of the turn table. This increased the adequacy of vestibular apparatus irritation by gravitation and inertia forces with regard to microgravitation conditions.
Asunto(s)
Adaptación Fisiológica/fisiología , Nistagmo Optoquinético/fisiología , Reflejo Vestibuloocular/fisiología , Mareo por Movimiento Espacial/prevención & control , Adulto , Astronautas/educación , Entrenamiento Autogénico/educación , Circulación Cerebrovascular/fisiología , Humanos , Masculino , Psicofisiología , Rotación , Mareo por Movimiento Espacial/fisiopatología , Mareo por Movimiento Espacial/psicologíaRESUMEN
Vestibular illusions (incidence, pattern, manifestation, negative effect on pilot's activity) that occur in the atmospheric flight were studied. A special questionnaire was used to interview anonymously 484 flying crewmembers. Spatial illusions were detected in 71.1% of the crewmembers; they developed in 50.6% when turns were performed and they were perceived in 76.2% as a false bank. Over 50% (54.3%) of the crewmembers interviewed reported that spatial illusions adversely affected pilot's performance and 3.6% of them indicated that they adversely influenced the flight program as a whole. Spatial illusions can be generated by various factors which should be taken into account in order to improve countermeasures against spatial illusions in the flying personnel.
Asunto(s)
Medicina Aeroespacial , Ilusiones/fisiología , Percepción Espacial/fisiología , Vestíbulo del Laberinto/fisiología , Adulto , Humanos , Masculino , Percepción de Movimiento/fisiología , Orientación/fisiología , Encuestas y CuestionariosRESUMEN
Time-course variations in coronary circulation and cardiac output were measured in 29 healthy test subjects who performed tests with a continuous cumulation of Coriolis accelerations and in 12 healthy test subjects who were exposed to Coriolis accelerations combined with acute hypoxia. Adaptive changes in coronary circulation were seen. It is recommended to monitor coronary circulation during vestibulometric tests as part of medical expertise of the flying personnel.