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A recent publication in the Nederlands Tijdschrift Voor Tandheelkunde (Dutch Journal of Dentistry) suggests botulinum toxin as a primary treatment for bruxism, especially for severe complaints of teeth grinding or jaw clenching. However, in the opinion of Lobbezoo et al., some outdated views on bruxism are used, and botulinum toxin is incorrectly classified as safe, according to them. In this Vision article, the authors describe the current insights into bruxism; they indicate how the presence of bruxism can be assessed in the clinic; when and how bruxism is treated; and finally, what the role of botulinum toxin is: an ultimum refugium. Therefore, regarding the use of botulinum toxin within the discipline of orofacial pain and dysfunction Lobbezoo et al. recommend: think twice!

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Dental pain is a common reason for patients to visit the dentist. This type of pain is usually easy to diagnose and treat. However, diagnosing and treating other forms of orofacial pain remains complicated. One of the most challenging types of orofacial pain to diagnose and treat is neuropathic orofacial pain: pain resulting from damage to nerve tissue. Recognizing this type of pain in a timely manner can prevent unnecessary invasive dental treatments and disappointment for patients who seek help for this type of pain. There are relatively simple tools for dentists to distinguish neuropathic pain from other types of orofacial pain. The treatment of neuropathic pain is primarily focused on symptom relief through medication.

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BACKGROUND: Vitamin C deficiency, or scurvy, is rare but poses risks for children with poor diets, limited resources, or malabsorption issues. It may also be common in children with restrictive or selective dietary habits in children with global developmental delay, autism spectrum disorder, and physical disabilities. Symptoms include fatigue, irritability, joint and muscle pain, joint swellings, edema, swollen gums, easy bruising, and delayed wound healing. Early recognition and prompt intervention are essential to prevent the progression of symptomatic vitamin C deficiency in children. CASE PRESENTATION: We present a case of a 13-year-old boy with developmental delay secondary to Lennox Gastaut syndrome referred for suspected recurrent, severe, and atypical IgA vasculitis. He presented with irritability, loss of appetite, petechial and ecchymotic lower limb lesions, unilateral gum swelling, severe arthritis, peripheral oedema, severe weight loss, anaemia, and raised inflammatory markers. Multiple investigations were performed before the diagnosis of scurvy was made. A surgical finding of friable gingival tissue with multiple loose teeth, a skin biopsy with follicular hyperkeratosis and extravasated perifollicular red blood cells, and a typical X-ray finding led to the diagnosis of scurvy. CONCLUSION: Scurvy should be given careful consideration as a differential diagnosis in patients presenting with musculoskeletal issues, mucocutaneous complaints, and constitutional symptoms such as malaise, asthenia, irritability, and loss of appetite. A focused and detailed dietary history looking for a lack of good sources of vitamin C can be an easy indicator of this differential. Imaging studies revealing the typical features can also help make the diagnosis. Pathology of the skin revealing pathognomonic features can add to the certainty of the diagnosis. In the absence of all else, the rapid response to treatment with an appropriate dose of vitamin C has a diagnostic and therapeutic role.

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Ballistic shields protect users from a variety of threats, including projectiles. Shield back-face deformation (BFD) is the result of the shield deflecting or absorbing a projectile and deforming toward the user. Back-face deformation can result in localized blunt loading to the upper extremity, where the shield is supported by the user. Two vulnerable locations along the upper extremity were investigated-the wrist and elbow-on eight postmortem human subjects (PMHS) using a pneumatic impacting apparatus for investigating the fracture threshold as a result of behind shield blunt trauma (BSBT). Impacting parameters were established by subjecting an augmented WorldSID anthropomorphic test device (ATD) positioned behind a ballistic shield to ballistic impacts. These data were used to form the impact parameters applied to PMHS, where the wrist most frequently fractured at the distal radius and the elbow most frequently fractured at the radial head. The fracture threshold for the wrist was 5663±1386 N (mean±standard deviation), higher than the elbow at 4765±894 N (though not significantly, p = 0.15). The failure impact velocity for wrist impacts was 17.7±2.1 m/s, while for the elbow, the failure impact velocity was 19.5±0.9 m/s. An approximate 10% risk of fracture threshold was identified on the modified WorldSID ATD (no flesh analogue included) to inform future protective standards.

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Introduction: Suture tension has a direct influence on the sutured tissue. For abdominal wall closure, suture tension should be optimal without causing tissue necrosis, which can result in surgical site infection or incisional hernia. The purpose of the present study is to evaluate a device that can measure suture tension in-situ and in real-time. Materials and methods: A cheap, commercially available analog-to-digital converter was used, in conjunction with a force sensing resistor. A sensor probe housing was designed and 3D-printed. In order to test the sensor, a mechanical, computer controlled human abdominal wall model called the AbdoMAN was used. Results: An implantable suture tension sensor was developed, keeping cost-effectiveness in mind. This sensor can translate tension in the suture into a downward force, applied to the force sensing resistor. The sensor's raw readout was characterized using a set of weights, from which a formula correlating the readout to a specific force, was derived. Preliminary validation was successfully performed using the AbdoMANmodel, which showed a progressive rise in suture tension when the intra-abdominal pressure was artificially increased over time. Conclusion: The implantable suture tension sensor appeared to be capable of recording real time changes in suture tension, and the. validation process of this sensor has been initiated. With the information from devices like this, a much better understanding of the issues at play in the development of incisional hernia can be gained.

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Genomic instability arising from defective responses to DNA damage1 or mitotic chromosomal imbalances2 can lead to the sequestration of DNA in aberrant extranuclear structures called micronuclei (MN). Although MN are a hallmark of ageing and diseases associated with genomic instability, the catalogue of genetic players that regulate the generation of MN remains to be determined. Here we analyse 997 mouse mutant lines, revealing 145 genes whose loss significantly increases (n = 71) or decreases (n = 74) MN formation, including many genes whose orthologues are linked to human disease. We found that mice null for Dscc1, which showed the most significant increase in MN, also displayed a range of phenotypes characteristic of patients with cohesinopathy disorders. After validating the DSCC1-associated MN instability phenotype in human cells, we used genome-wide CRISPR-Cas9 screening to define synthetic lethal and synthetic rescue interactors. We found that the loss of SIRT1 can rescue phenotypes associated with DSCC1 loss in a manner paralleling restoration of protein acetylation of SMC3. Our study reveals factors involved in maintaining genomic stability and shows how this information can be used to identify mechanisms that are relevant to human disease biology1.

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Ballistic shields protect users from a variety of threats, including projectiles. Shield back-face deformation (BFD) is the result of the shield absorbing energy from a projectile and deforming towards the user. Back-face deformation can result in localized blunt loading to the upper extremity, where the shield is supported by the user and may cause injury through behind armour blunt trauma (BABT) mechanisms. Post-mortem human subject (PMHS) responses are critical to identify the injury risk in these high-rate scenarios and are used to quantify the injury tolerance. Two vulnerable locations along the upper extremity were investigated-the hand and forearm-using eight PMHS to identify the fracture threshold resulting from shield BABT loading conditions. Impacts delivered to the hand at 16.4 ± 0.8 m/s resulted in failure loads of 3818 ± 897 N, whilst the forearm impacts delivered at a similar velocity of 16.9 ± 1.9 m/s had lower failure loads at 3011 ± 656 N. The corresponding 10% risk of hand and forearm fractures (as measured on a modified WorldSID Anthropomorphic Test Device) were identified as 11.0 kN and 8.1 kN, respectively, which should be used when evaluating future designs of composite ballistic shields. This study is the first known investigation of the upper extremity to this high loading rate scenario and provides the foundation for future biomechanical research in the area of behind shield blunt trauma.

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A recent survey indicates 49% of this journal's subscribers endorse the administration of cosmetic injectables by properly trained dentists. Given the surging demand for cosmetic treatments, it's essential to establish clear guidelines and conventions defining the roles of the various healthcare professionals in various situations. There is, however, considerable discussion still and from a legal standpoint, the role of dentists within cosmetic medicine remains ambiguous. Under the Dutch Individual Healthcare Professions Act (Wet BIG), dentists are authorized to administer cosmetic injectables exclusively for dental purposes. However, based on the content of current dental training, one might argue that dentists' authorization could be extended to include facial injectable treatments in the entire face, in future. Presently, it is prudent for general practice dentists to abstain from cosmetic procedures with cosmetic injectables without a specific (aesthetic) dental objective.

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Objective: To assess the 5-year recurrence rate of incisional hernia repair in Ventral Hernia Working Group (VHWG) 3 hernia with a slowly resorbable mesh. Summary Background Data: Incisional hernia recurs frequently after initial repair. In potentially contaminated hernia, recurrences rise to 40%. Recently, the biosynthetic Phasix mesh has been developed that is resorbed in 12-18 months. Resorbable meshes might be a solution for incisional hernia repair to decrease short- and long-term (mesh) complications. However, long-term outcomes after resorption are scarce. Methods: Patients with VHWG grade 3 incisional midline hernia, who participated in the Phasix trial (Clinilcaltrials.gov: NCT02720042) were included by means of physical examination and computed tomography (CT). Primary outcome was hernia recurrence; secondary outcomes comprised of long-term mesh complications, reoperations, and abdominal wall pain [visual analogue score (VAS): 0-10]. Results: In total, 61/84 (72.6%) patients were seen. Median follow-up time was 60.0 [interquartile range (IQR): 55-64] months. CT scan was made in 39 patients (68.4%). A recurrence rate of 15.9% (95% confidence interval: 6.9-24.8) was calculated after 5 years. Four new recurrences (6.6%) were found between 2 and 5 years. Two were asymptomatic. In total, 13/84 recurrences were found. No long-term mesh complications and/or interventions occurred. VAS scores were 0 (IQR: 0-2). Conclusions: Hernia repair with Phasix mesh in high-risk patients (VHWG 3, body mass index >28) demonstrated a recurrence rate of 15.9%, low pain scores, no mesh-related complications or reoperations for chronic pain between the 2- and 5-year follow-up. Four new recurrences occurred, 2 were asymptomatic. The poly-4-hydroxybutyrate mesh is a safe mesh for hernia repair in VHWG 3 patients, which avoids long-term mesh complications like pain and mesh infection.

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A young woman, known to have glycogen storage disease type 1B (GSD1B) presents with severe periodontitis. GDS1B causes decreased hepatic and renal glucose production and in many cases neutropenia and neutrophil dysfunction leading to recurrent infections. It was decided to treat the patient by extraction of the most affected teeth and retention of the remaining teeth through periodontal treatment, both with antibiotic prophylaxis. After a follow-up period of 1.5 years, during which there was no visible improvement, it was decided to do a full dental extraction and fabricate complete dentures. Due to subsequent bone resorption in both jaws, the dentures were not functional. After consulting the internist and the oral and maxillofacial surgeon, the decision was then made to place dental implants in both the upper and lower jaw for implant-supported prosthetics. After successful treatment and an osseointegration period, the prosthetics were placed. 1 year after placement, there is a stable implantological situation, without pockets or apparent bone loss. The start of SGLT2 medication may have played a significant role in this.

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Introduction: Endoscopic vacuum therapy (EVT) has emerged as a promising treatment option for upper gastrointestinal wall defects, offering benefits such as evacuation of secretions and removal of wound debris by suction, and reduction and healing of wound cavities to improve clinical outcomes. In contrast, covered stents have a high rate of migration and lack functional drainage, while endoluminal EVT devices obstruct the GI tract. The VACStent is a novel device that combines the benefits of EVT and stent placement. Its design features a fully covered Nitinol-stent within a polyurethane sponge cylinder, enabling EVT while maintaining stent patency. Methods: This study analyzes the pooled data from three different prospective study cohorts to assess the safe practicality of VACStent placement, complete leak coverage, and effective suction-treatment of esophageal leaks. By pooling the data, the study aims to provide a broader base for analysis. Results: In total, trans-nasal derivation of the catheter, suction and drainage of secretion via vacuum pump were performed without any adversity. In the pooled study cohort of 92 VACStent applications, the mean stent indwelling time was 5.2 days (range 2-8 days) without any dislocation of the device. Removal of the VACStent was done without complication, in one case the sponge was lost but subsequently fully preserved. Minor local erosions and bleeding and one subsequent hemostasis were recorded unfrequently during withdrawal of the device (5.4%, 5/92) but no perforation or pressure ulcer. Despite a high heterogeneity regarding primary disease and pretreatments a cure rate of 76% (38/50 patients) could be achieved. Discussion: In summary, insertion and release procedure was regarded as easy and simple with a low potential of dislocation. The VACStent was well tolerated by the patient while keeping the drainage function of the sponge achieving directly a wound closure by continuous suction and improving the healing process. The implantation of the VACStent provides a promising new procedure for improved clinical treatment in various indications of the upper gastrointestinal wall, which should be validated in larger clinical studies.Clinical Trial Registration: Identifier [DRKS00016048 and NCT04884334].

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AIM: To assess the added value of Near InfraRed Fluorescence (NIRF) imaging during laparoscopic cholecystectomy. METHODS: This international multicentre randomized controlled trial included participants with an indication for elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Participants were randomised into a NIRF imaging assisted laparoscopic cholecystectomy (NIRF-LC) group and a conventional laparoscopic cholecystectomy (CLC) group. Primary end point was time to 'Critical View of Safety' (CVS). The follow-up period of this study was 90 postoperative days. An expert panel analysed the video recordings after surgery to confirm designated surgical time points. RESULTS: A total of 294 patients were included, of which 143 were randomized in the NIRF-LC and 151 in the CLC group. Baseline characteristics were equally distributed. Time to CVS was on average 19 min and 14 s for the NIRF-LC group and 23 min and 9 s for the CLC group (p 0.032). Time to identification of the CD was 6 min and 47 s and 13 min for NIRF-LC and CLC respectively (p < 0.001). Transition of the CD in the gallbladder was identified after an average of 9 min and 39 s with NIRF-LC, compared to 18 min and 7 s with CLC (p < 0.001). No difference in postoperative length of hospital stay nor occurrence of postoperative complications was found. ICG related complications were limited to one patient who developed a rash after injection of ICG. CONCLUSION: Use of NIRF imaging in laparoscopic cholecystectomy provides earlier identification of relevant extrahepatic biliary anatomy: earlier achievement of CVS, cystic duct visualisation and visualisation of both cystic duct and cystic artery transition into the gallbladder.

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BACKGROUND: Endoscopic treatment of esophageal leaks, mostly by covered stents or endoscopic vacuum therapy (EVT), has largely improved the clinical outcome in the last decade. However, both techniques suffer from significant limitations. Covered stents are hampered by a high rate of migration and missing functional drainage, whereas endoluminal EVT devices are limited by obstruction of the GI tract. The new design of the VACStent makes it a fully covered stent within a polyurethane sponge cylinder, allowing EVT while stent passage is still open. Initial clinical applications have demonstrated the fundamental concept of the VACStent. METHOD: A prospective multicenter open-label study was performed with the primary endpoint safe practicality, complete leak coverage, and effective suction-treatment of esophageal leaks. Secondary endpoints were prevention of septic conditions, successful leak healing, and complications, in particular stent-migration, local erosions and bleeding. RESULTS: Fifteen patients with different, mostly postoperative anastomotic leaks were enrolled in three centers. A total of 41 VACStents were implanted. The mean number of VACStents per patient was 2.7, with a mean duration of VACStent treatment of 15 days. The primary endpoint was met in all VACStent applications (41/41 implants), resulting in a leak healing rate of 80% (12/15 patients). Septic episodes were prevented in 93% (14/15 patients) and there was no mortality. There were no severe device-related adverse events (SADE) nor significant local bleeding or erosion. Minor stent-dislocation and migration, respectively, was observed in 7%. Oral intake of liquids or food was documented in 87% (13/15 patients). One anastomotic stenosis was seen during follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: VACStent treatment is a safe and effective treatment in esophageal leaks which can be covered by the sponge cylinder. Its application was described as easy and resembling that of conventional GI stents, with an impressive clinical success rate comparable to EVT outcomes. The VACStent offers a new option for clinical treatment of critical situations in esophageal perforations and anastomotic sutureline failures.

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Shield back-face deformation (BFD) is the result of composite ballistic shields deflecting or absorbing a projectile's energy and deforming towards the user. BFD can result in localized loading to the upper extremity, where the shield is secured to the user. An augmented anthropomorphic test device upper extremity was used to quantify this applied load. Four locations along the upper extremity were tested-the hand, wrist, forearm, and elbow-for investigating differing boundary conditions and their effect on resultant load. Varying stand-off distances, the distance between the back of the shield and the force sensor, were investigated. Digital image correlation was also conducted to measure the dynamic displacement of the shield. The mean peak back-face velocity of the shield was 208.4 ± 38.8 m/s, while the average affected area was 1505 ± 158.3 mm2. Impulse was not significantly affected by anatomical location for the same stand-off distance; however, as stand-off distance decreased, the measured force significantly increased (p < 0.05). Notably, impact duration did not differ significantly for any of the impact scenarios. This is the first step in developing injury criteria for this region resulting from behind shield blunt trauma, and these data will be used for developing injury thresholds in post-mortem human surrogates.

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The aim of this study was to compare the effects of maxillomandibular advancement (MMA) on respiratory function between obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) patients with and without maxillomandibular deficiency, and to compare the changes in facial aesthetics after MMA between the two groups. MMA-treated patients who had both baseline and follow-up polysomnography (PSG) data and lateral cephalograms were enrolled in this retrospective study. In addition to PSG and cephalometric data, patient satisfaction with postoperative breathing and facial aesthetics, and overall satisfaction with the treatment were assessed. Twenty-one patients were classified as not having maxillomandibular deficiency (without-deficiency group) and 40 patients as having maxillomandibular deficiency (with-deficiency group). The improvements in respiratory parameters (e.g., apnoea-hypopnoea index) and patient satisfaction with postoperative breathing were comparable in the two groups (P = 0.094-0.713). The changes in facial profile measurements (e.g., nasal prominence, nasolabial angel, and lip positions relative to the true vertical line) and patient satisfaction with postoperative facial aesthetics were also comparable in the two groups (P = 0.148-0.983). In conclusion, no significant difference in the effects of MMA on respiratory function and facial aesthetics between OSA patients with and without maxillomandibular deficiency was observed.

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A 49-year-old woman who suffered from severe obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) was referred to the department of Oral-, Maxillofacial Surgery department due to progressive limitation of the mouth opening and chronic pain in both temporomandibular joints. Based on clinical and radiological examinations, the patient was diagnosed with recurrent ankylosis of the temporomandibular joints. The patient was treated with 2 patient-specific implants of the temporomandibular joint combined with a Le Fort I osteotomy, and a genioplasty including a genioglossus advancement. This treatment may have advantages for the patient such as a lower recurrence rate of ankylosis, improved maximal mouth opening, pain reduction and improved aesthetic results.

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Surprisingly little is known about tooth removal procedures. This might be due to the difficulty of gaining reliable data on these procedures. To improve our understanding of these procedures, machine learning techniques were used to design a multiclass classification model of tooth removal based on force, torque, and movement data recorded during tooth removal. A measurement setup consisting of, among others, robot technology was used to gather high-quality data on forces, torques, and movement in clinically relevant dimensions. Fresh-frozen cadavers were used to match the clinical situation as closely as possible. Clinically interpretable variables or "features" were engineered and feature selection took place to process the data. A Gaussian naive Bayes model was trained to classify tooth removal procedures. Data of 110 successful tooth removal experiments were available to train the model. Out of 75 clinically designed features, 33 were selected for the classification model. The overall accuracy of the classification model in 4 random subsamples of data was 86% in the training set and 54% in the test set. In 95% and 88%, respectively, the model correctly classified the (upper or lower) jaw and either the right class or a class of neighboring teeth. This article discusses the design and performance of a multiclass classification model for tooth removal. Despite the relatively small data set, the quality of the data was sufficient to develop a first model with reasonable performance. The results of the feature engineering, selection process, and the classification model itself can be considered a strong first step toward a better understanding of these complex procedures. It has the potential to aid in the development of evidence-based educational material and clinical guidelines in the near future.

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OBJECTIVE: Germline genetic testing is increasingly offered to patients with epithelial ovarian cancer by non-genetic healthcare professionals, so called mainstream genetic testing. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of implementing a mainstream genetic testing pathway on the percentage of newly diagnosed patients with epithelial ovarian cancer to whom genetic testing was offered and the genetics-related healthcare costs. METHODS: The possible care pathways for genetic counseling and testing and their associated costs were mapped. Patient files from all newly diagnosed patients with epithelial ovarian cancer before (March 2016 - September 2017) and after (April 2018 - December 2019) implementing our mainstream genetic testing pathway were analyzed. Based on this analysis, the percentage of newly diagnosed patients to whom genetic testing was offered was assessed and genetics-related healthcare costs were calculated using a healthcare payer perspective based on a Diagnosis-Related Group financing approach. RESULTS: Within six months after diagnosis, genetic testing was offered to 56% of patients before and to 70% of patients after implementation of our mainstream genetic testing pathway (p = 0.005). Genetics-related healthcare costs decreased from €3.511,29 per patient before implementation to €2.418,41 per patient after implementation of our mainstream genetic testing pathway (31% reduction, p = 0.000). CONCLUSION: This study shows that mainstream genetic testing leads to a significantly higher proportion of newly diagnosed patients with epithelial ovarian cancer being offered germline genetic testing. In addition, it significantly reduces genetics-related healthcare costs per patient.

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BACKGROUND: Inguinal hernia (IH) repair is a common surgical procedure. Focus has shifted from recurrences to chronic postoperative inguinal pain (CPIP). To assess the natural course of CPIP and identify patient factors influencing the onset of CPIP, an observational registry-based study was performed. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Data prospectively collected from the Club-Hernie national database was retrieved from 2011 until 2021. Patients who underwent elective surgery for inguinal hernia were divided in an irrelevant pain group and relevant pain group. Relevant pain at one year and two years were compared with patients with irrelevant pain at all-time points (preoperatively, one month, one year and two years). Quality of life questions were compared between relevant pain at one year and two years. RESULTS: 4.016 patients were included in the analysis. Mean age was 65.1 years, 90.3% of patients was male. Factors correlated with CPIP onset were age, gender, ASA, recurrent surgery, surgical technique, nerve handling and fixation type. Relevant pain at one month was a greater risk for CPIP than preoperative pain (12.3% vs 3.6%). In the majority of patients (83.2%) CPIP was ameliorated at two years. Hernia related complaints differed significantly between CPIP at one year and two years. CONCLUSION: Postoperative pain after one month was a greater risk factor for CPIP development than preoperative pain. CPIP at one year seems to have a different pain etiology than CPIP at two years. Patient and surgical factors influence the onset of CPIP at one year, however the natural course of these complaints shows great decline at two years, largely without reinterventions.

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INTRODUCTION: Post-traumatic neuropathic pain is a major factor affecting the quality of life after finger trauma and is reported with considerable variance in the literature. This can partially be attributed to the different methods of determining neuropathic pain. The Douleur Neuropathique 4 (DN4) has been validated to be a reliable and non-invasive tool to assess the presence of neuropathic pain. This study investigated the prevalence of neuropathic pain after finger amputation or digital nerve repair using the DN4 questionnaire. METHODS: Patients with finger amputation or digital nerve repair were identified between 2011 and 2018 at our institution. After a minimal follow-up of 12 months, the short form DN4 (S-DN4) was used to assess neuropathic pain. RESULTS: A total of 120 patients were included: 50 patients with 91 digital amputations and 70 patients with 87 fingers with digital nerve repair. In the amputation group, 32% of the patients had pain, and 18% had neuropathic pain. In the digital nerve repair group, 38% of the patients had pain, and 14% had neuropathic pain. Secondly, of patient-, trauma-, and treatment-specific factors, only the time between trauma and surgery had a significant negative influence on the prevalence of neuropathic pain in patients with digital nerve repair. CONCLUSION: This study shows that persistent pain and neuropathic pain are common after finger trauma with nerve damage. One of the significant prognostic factors in developing neuropathic pain is treatment delay between trauma and time of digital nerve repair, which is of major clinical relevance for surgical planning of these injuries.

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