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The recognized impact of parasites in wildlife populations demands surveillance of endangered species like the Antillean manatees (Trichechus manatus manatus) in Colombia. We conducted a parasitological survey in four rescued sea cows in order to document the parasite diversity of this sirenian in the Caribbean wetland of Colombia and contribute to the molecular characterization of its trematodes. The flukes Chiorchis fabaceus, Nudacotyle undicola and the protozoans Eimeria manatus and E. nodulosa were identified in analysed faecal samples. For C. fabaceus and N. undicola, partial regions of ribosomal RNA genes were amplified and sequenced in order to infer their phylogenetic relations. The current study constitutes a new sirenian host (T. manatus manatus) record for the genus Eimeria and the trematode N. undicola.

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The canine lungworm Angiostrongylus vasorum is considered neglected in South America and was only sporadically reported in dogs and wildlife. Gastropods act as obligatory intermediate hosts for this parasitosis. We here analysed Achatina fulica (African giant snail) populations from 5 regions of Colombia for A. vasorum infections. In total, 609 snails were collected from the departments Antioquia, Valle del Cauca and Putumayo. Angiostrongylus vasorum-infected A. fulica were found in all departments with a total prevalence of 3.9%. Larvae originating from Putumayo were molecularly characterized and identified as the European lineage of A. vasorum. This regional report shows for the first time the presence of A. vasorum in intermediate hosts in Colombia and the European genotype in South America.

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BACKGROUND: The characteristics of primary headaches in patients with ruptured brain aneurysm embolization have not been well understood to date. AIMS OF THE STUDY: This study was conducted to evaluate the influence of endovascular treatment (EVT) of ruptured intracranial aneurysm (RIA) and the pattern of previous primary headache. METHODS: We evaluated the pattern of headache in patients who suffered a RIA and EVT within one year before the rupture, and prospectively evaluated the characteristics of headache for up to 12 months after EVT. Sixty patients were evaluated and a questionnaire about headache was applied at the time of admission. These patients were contacted 3, 6 and 12 months after treatment to complete the study by filling out follow-up questionnaire on the headache. RESULTS: Thirty-seven patients had headache before the rupture, 16 with tension-type headache (TTH), 11 with migraine without aura, nine with migraine with aura with and one with non-specific characteristics. There was a significant reduction in the frequency of pain for up to 12 months for patients with TTH (P < 0.001) and migraine without aura (P = 0.012), but there was a reduction in pain intensity over the same period in TTH (P = 0.002), migraine with aura (P = 0.004) and migraine without aura (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: There was a reduction of the primary headache after endovascular treatment of ruptured brain aneurysm.

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Fibrolipomatous hamartoma is a rare benign neoplasm that in some cases is associated with macrodactylia. We describe a 31-year-old man who had a tissue enlargement in the wrist, second and third fingers of the left hand since infancy. At 23-years-old he began with continuous, progressive and high intensity pain that occurred more frequently at night, localized in the left hand. It was associated with paraesthesias and hypostesias predominantly at the fingers described above. Investigation with X-ray, ultrasonography, electrodiagnosis, magnetic resonance image of the left wrist and hand showed carpal tunnel syndrome with macrodactylia by fibrolipomatous hamartoma of the median nerve. The patient did not a have good response to clinical therapy, so he was submitted to a surgical decompression of the left carpal tunnel, and after three months of follow up is asymptomatic.

O hamartoma fibrolipomatoso é neoplasia benigna rara que em alguns casos esta associada com macrodactilia. Descrevemos o caso de homem de 31 anos que apresentava desde o nascimento aumento de volume em região de punho, segundo e terceiro quirodáctilos da mão esquerda. Aos 23 anos iniciou dor contínua, de forte intensidade, predominante no período noturno e de evolução progressiva em mão esquerda. Associada à dor havia hipoestesia e parestesias de predomínio nos segundo e terceiro quirodáctilos esquerdos. A investigação complementar com radiografia, ultrassonografia, estudo eletrofisiológico e ressonância magnética de mão e punho esquerdos confirmaram a suspeita de síndrome do túnel do carpo secundária a macrodactilia com hamartoma fibrolipomatoso do nervo mediano. O paciente foi submetido à descompressão cirúrgica do túnel do carpo esquerdo devido a ausência de resposta ao tratamento clínico e evoluiu com melhora dos sintomas em avaliação após três meses do procedimento.

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McArdle disease (glycogenosis type V) is a metabolic myopathy with symptoms of exercise intolerance caused by deficiency of the enzyme myophosphorylase. In these patients, the motor nerve conduction studies after a short period of maximal voluntary muscle contraction or repetitive stimulation reveals characteristic findings of the disease. A 37-year-old man presented symptoms of exercise intolerance, muscular fatigue and cramps in the beginning of the physical activity with [quot ]second wind[quot ] phenomenon. The motor nerve conduction studies after a voluntary contraction of 30 and 90 seconds presented decrease in the amplitude of the compound muscle action potential in median, ulnar and deep peroneal nerves; and decrement after 200 stimulation at the 40 Hz in deep peroneal nerve. The electromyography presented myopathic pattern and during the ischemic exercise electric silence was not proven. The characteristic of electrophysiological studies are discussed with emphasis at the importance of the motor nerve conduction studies in the patients with suspicion of metabolic myopathy.

A doença de McArdle (glicogenose tipo V) é miopatia metabólica com sintomas de intolerância ao exercício, causados pela deficiência da enzima miofosforilase. Nesses pacientes, o estudo da condução nervosa motora após período de esforço muscular máximo ou ao estímulo repetitivo pode revelar achados característicos da doença. Descrevemos o caso de um homem de 37 anos com sintomas de intolerância aos exercícios, fadiga muscular e cãibras no início da atividade física com a presença do fenômeno de "second wind". O estudo da condução nervosa motora apresentava redução na amplitude do potencial de ação muscular composto após esforço de 30 e 90 segundos em nervos mediano, ulnar e fibular profundo e decremento após 200 estímulos a 40 Hz em nervo fibular profundo. A eletromiografia de agulha apresentava padrão miopático e durante o exercício isquêmico não se evidenciou silêncio elétrico. Discutimos as características eletrofisiológicas enfatizando a importância do estudo da condução nervosa motora e teste de estimulação repetitiva nos pacientes com suspeita de miopatia metabólica.

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The aim of this experiment was to verify the variability of the Mus domesticus domesticus (CF1 strain) to produce viable embryos. We collected 4196 structures from 74 females individually mated with five (5) different males. The zygotes of each female donor were cultured in vitro in KSOM medium incubated at 37ºC in a 5% CO2 air humidified atmosphere for 120 h. Females were distributed in five groups (G1- G5) according to the number of collected structures and the number of superovulatory treatments that they were submitted. Analysis of data showed a variability in the embryo production capacity among the females and in response to the first superovulatory treatment (p 0.05). The males also played a role in the results (p 0.05). Thereby, male number five (5) presented the greatest potential for embryo production. The embryonic cleavage and the development rates to the blastocyst and hatched blastocyst stage were determined. Results demonstrated variability in the number of produced embryos and their development competence to reach the hatched blastocyst stage taking into account the female donor and the male. KEY-WORDS: Variability. Zygotes. Culture. Cleavage. Preimplantation.

O objetivo do experimento foi verificar a variabilidade na produção de embriões de Mus domesticus domesticus linhagem CF1, determinando as taxas de clivagem e de desenvolvimento embrionário até o estádio de blastocisto e blastocisto eclodido. Foram obtidas 4196 estruturas de 74 fêmeas, acasaladas individualmente com 5 diferentes machos da mesma linhagem. Os zigotos de cada fêmea doadora foram cultivados in vitro em meio KSOM, em atmosfera gasosa úmida com 5 % de CO2 à temperatura de 37ºC durante 120 horas. As fêmeas foram distribuídas em cinco grupos (G1 a G5) de acordo com o número de estruturas coletadas e conforme o número de tratamentos superovulatórios a que foram submetidas. A análise dos dados revelou a existência de variabilidade na produção de embriões e na eficiência (P 0,05) das fêmeas em resposta ao primeiro tratamento superovulatório. Os machos também influenciaram nos resultados (p 0,05), destacandose o de número cinco (5) como o de maior potencial na produção de embriões. Os resultados evidenciaram uma variabilidade no número e na capacidade de desenvolvimento dos mbriões Mus domesticus domesticus linhagem CF1, considerandose a fêmea doadora, o macho empregado e a reutilização das fêmeas que fracassaram no primeiro acasalamento.PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Variabilidade. Zigotos. Cultivo. Clivagem. Pré-implantação.

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The aim of this experiment was to verify the variability of the Mus domesticus domesticus (CF1 strain) to produce viable embryos. We collected 4196 structures from 74 females individually mated with five (5) different males. The zygotes of each female donor were cultured in vitro in KSOM medium incubated at 37ºC in a 5% CO2 air humidified atmosphere for 120 h. Females were distributed in five groups (G1- G5) according to the number of collected structures and the number of superovulatory treatments that they were submitted. Analysis of data showed a variability in the embryo production capacity among the females and in response to the first superovulatory treatment (p< 0.05). The males also played a role in the results (p< 0.05). Thereby, male number five (5) presented the greatest potential for embryo production. The embryonic cleavage and the development rates to the blastocyst and hatched blastocyst stage were determined. Results demonstrated variability in the number of produced embryos and their development competence to reach the hatched blastocyst stage taking into account the female donor and the male. KEY-WORDS: Variability. Zygotes. Culture. Cleavage. Preimplantation.

O objetivo do experimento foi verificar a variabilidade na produção de embriões de Mus domesticus domesticus linhagem CF1, determinando as taxas de clivagem e de desenvolvimento embrionário até o estádio de blastocisto e blastocisto eclodido. Foram obtidas 4196 estruturas de 74 fêmeas, acasaladas individualmente com 5 diferentes machos da mesma linhagem. Os zigotos de cada fêmea doadora foram cultivados in vitro em meio KSOM, em atmosfera gasosa úmida com 5 % de CO2 à temperatura de 37ºC durante 120 horas. As fêmeas foram distribuídas em cinco grupos (G1 a G5) de acordo com o número de estruturas coletadas e conforme o número de tratamentos superovulatórios a que foram submetidas. A análise dos dados revelou a existência de variabilidade na produção de embriões e na eficiência (P < 0,05) das fêmeas em resposta ao primeiro tratamento superovulatório. Os machos também influenciaram nos resultados (p < 0,05), destacandose o de número cinco (5) como o de maior potencial na produção de embriões. Os resultados evidenciaram uma variabilidade no número e na capacidade de desenvolvimento dos mbriões Mus domesticus domesticus linhagem CF1, considerandose a fêmea doadora, o macho empregado e a reutilização das fêmeas que fracassaram no primeiro acasalamento.PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Variabilidade. Zigotos. Cultivo. Clivagem. Pré-implantação.

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The aim of this experiment was to verify the variability of the Mus domesticus domesticus (CF1 strain) to produce viable embryos. We collected 4196 structures from 74 females individually mated with five (5) different males. The zygotes of each female donor were cultured in vitro in KSOM medium incubated at 37ºC in a 5% CO2 air humidified atmosphere for 120 h. Females were distributed in five groups (G1- G5) according to the number of collected structures and the number of superovulatory treatments that they were submitted. Analysis of data showed a variability in the embryo production capacity among the females and in response to the first superovulatory treatment (p 0.05). The males also played a role in the results (p 0.05). Thereby, male number five (5) presented the greatest potential for embryo production. The embryonic cleavage and the development rates to the blastocyst and hatched blastocyst stage were determined. Results demonstrated variability in the number of produced embryos and their development competence to reach the hatched blastocyst stage taking into account the female donor and the male. KEY-WORDS: Variability. Zygotes. Culture. Cleavage. Preimplantation.

O objetivo do experimento foi verificar a variabilidade na produção de embriões de Mus domesticus domesticus linhagem CF1, determinando as taxas de clivagem e de desenvolvimento embrionário até o estádio de blastocisto e blastocisto eclodido. Foram obtidas 4196 estruturas de 74 fêmeas, acasaladas individualmente com 5 diferentes machos da mesma linhagem. Os zigotos de cada fêmea doadora foram cultivados in vitro em meio KSOM, em atmosfera gasosa úmida com 5 % de CO2 à temperatura de 37ºC durante 120 horas. As fêmeas foram distribuídas em cinco grupos (G1 a G5) de acordo com o número de estruturas coletadas e conforme o número de tratamentos superovulatórios a que foram submetidas. A análise dos dados revelou a existência de variabilidade na produção de embriões e na eficiência (P 0,05) das fêmeas em resposta ao primeiro tratamento superovulatório. Os machos também influenciaram nos resultados (p 0,05), destacandose o de número cinco (5) como o de maior potencial na produção de embriões. Os resultados evidenciaram uma variabilidade no número e na capacidade de desenvolvimento dos mbriões Mus domesticus domesticus linhagem CF1, considerandose a fêmea doadora, o macho empregado e a reutilização das fêmeas que fracassaram no primeiro acasalamento.PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Variabilidade. Zigotos. Cultivo. Clivagem. Pré-implantação.

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Lipoid proteinosis (LP) is an autosomal recessive disease that typically presents with papular, verrucous, poxlike, or acneiform scars and lesions and hoarseness. LP was recently mapped to the 1q21 locus and shown to result from mutations in the extracellular matrix protein 1 gene (ECM1). Epilepsy, mental retardation, and hippocampal calcifications can occur. The authors describe a patient with generalized dystonia caused by striatal calcifications.

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The tactile analogue scale (TAS) was elaborated to be used in blind subjects or those who can not use the vision during their crises. The objective of this study was to characterize, from TAS, the architecture of migraine attacks in subjects with visual disability. For that, 11 migrainous with visual disturb (MVD) subjects were studied and 22 migrainous subjects with no visual disability as a control group. All patients fulfilled the criteria for migraine and the patients of the group studied showed visual acuteness less than 20/200. To evaluate the results, the patients of the group MVD were subdivide within two groups, according to their visual acuteness: subgroup A subjects with subnormal vision and subgroup B amaurotic ones. In subgroup A measurement 46 attacks with average of the migraine attacks of the 56.50 mm, in the subgroup B 45 attacks with average of the 59.58 mm and in the control group 92 attacks with average of the 49.88 mm. When subgroup B and control group were compared there was a significant statistic difference (p=0.022). Through these outcomes we can observe that the migrainous subjects with no visual afference show a higher pain intensity during the migraine crises comparing to those subjects with no visual handicap. The study suggests that, as in other forms of sensibility, the total visual loss can also interfere in the nociceptive control of the pain during the migraine attacks.

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Migraine comprises a great many encephalic structures in its pathophysiology with the trigeminal nerve (TN) type being one of the main ones. For the purpose of determining a possible influence of the greater occipital nerve (GON) on migraine behavior, 37 patients who showed this pathology were studied. Using a double blind "cross over" group and submitting those patients to a GON infiltration with bupivacaina 0.5% (BP) and physiological serum 0.9% (PS), the clinical effects were evaluated: subjectively, through a pain analytical visual scale; objectively, by determining the threshold of pain perception (algometry). The comparison between the two groups (BP-PS) and (PS-BP) has shown that the number and duration of the attacks did not show significant statistical differences during the study. The intensity of the attacks was lower in group (BP-PS) only after the second infiltration (p=0.020), in the other moments no differences have been observed between the groups. The conclusion is that the anesthetic blockage with BP on the GON does not change the number of crises and their duration, but it does provokes an intensity reduction after 60 days from the infiltration. The results shown here suggest that GON participates in the cranial nociceptive modulation during crises of migraine without aura.

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Thirty-three migraineurs and 23 healthy controls were submitted to pressure algometry before and after light-induced discomfort was elicited by progressive light stimulation in a monoblind fashion. Pressure algometries were performed on the emergence of the supraorbital, infraorbital, mental and greater occipital nerves, and over the temporal muscles, always throughout the same sequence and from right to left. Measurements were carried out before and immediately after light stimulation and after 10 min of the second algometry. The final result for each site measured at each time-point was the mean of the three measurements. Light stimulation was carried out progressively until light-induced discomfort was reported, to a maximum of 20,000 lux. A heat-blocking glass protected patients' eyes. Migraineurs presented significant and persistent drops in pain perception thresholds after light stimulation, at all sites tested (P = 0.002 to < 0.0001). These drops were not seen in controls, in whom, conversely, a less significant increase was seen on right infraorbital and left temporal muscle sites. Our results indicate that in migraineurs, light may have a relevant role in trigeminal and cervical pain perception thresholds.

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Pseudomigraine with pleocytosis is a self-limited and rather benign disorder, characterized by recurrent bouts of migrainous headaches, associated to focal neurological symptoms and to cerebrospinal fluid abnormalities. We have submitted an individual with pseudomigraine to three lumbar punctures. The first and the third lumbar punctures, carried out during symptomatic periods, revealed a cerebrospinal fluid with aseptic lymphomonocytic pleocytosis, and an opening pressure of 400 and 440 mmH2O, respectively. The cerebrospinal fluid pressure measured during an asymptomatic period was normal (190 mmH20). Although the underlying mechanisms of this disorder remain elusive, there is some evidence that suggests an involvement of autoimmune mechanisms leading to a reduction of the cerebral blood flow, similar to that seen in the cortical spreading depression. In this report, we raise the possibility of a contributory role to be played by the elevated cerebrospinal fluid pressure on the pathophysiology of this disorder.

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A competitive polymerase chain reaction (PCR) followed by enzyme-linked-immunoassay-based verification of PCR products has been developed, which facilitated the diagnosis of leishmaniasis in two German soldiers who underwent survival training in the jungle of French Guiana and returned with therapy-resistant pyoderma-like lesions. After treatment with liposomal amphotericin B, the skin manifestations disappeared, and leishmania DNA could no longer be detected by PCR. In the context of growing military involvement in areas where leishmaniasis is prevalent, this assay may help detect or, due to its internal controls, exclude cases of infection with this parasite.

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Idiopathic stabbing headache is a quite unknown disorder. Its main features consist of brief stabbing pains, lasting few seconds. In most cases, idiopathic stabbing headache is underdiagnosed. We have followed up migraine patients during a period of 12 months, aiming to determine the prevalence and main features of idiopathic stabbing headache while occurring apart from migraine attacks. Two hundred and thirty-three of the 280 patients initially surveyed were included in the analysis of the results. Ninety-four patients presented idiopathic stabbing headaches (40.4%), being 72 of them females (76.5%). For migraine with idiopathic stabbing headaches, mean age, age of beginning of migraine and years with migraine were 33, 22.5 and 10.6 years, respectively. Mean duration of the idiopathic stabbing headaches was reported to be 1.42 seconds [ 1 second by 68 patients (72.4%), 2 seconds by 17 (18.1%), 3 seconds by 6 (6.3%), 4 seconds by 1 (1.05%) and 5 seconds by 2 (2.15%)]. Pain paroxysms were reported to be unilateral by 86 (91.4%) and bilateral by 8 (8.6%) of the cases. They were reported to be temporal by 56 patients (60%), occipital by 15 (15.6%), frontal by 8 (8.5%), temporo-occipital by 7 (7.4%), parietal by 5 (5.3%), fronto-temporal by 1 (1.06%), cervical by 1 (1.06%) and ocular by 1 patient (1.06%). The study confirms a high prevalence of idiopathic stabbing headaches in migraineurs. Its main clinical features could be well determined during the interval between migraine attacks.

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