RESUMEN
According to the EU Directive 2010/63, all animal procedures must be classified as non-recovery, mild, moderate or severe. Several examples are included in the Directive to help in severity classification. Since the implementation of the Directive, different publications and guidelines have been disseminated on the topic. However, due to the large variety of disease models and animal procedures carried out in many different animal species, guidance on the severity classification of specific procedures or models is often lacking or not specific enough. The latter is especially the case in disease models where the level of pain, suffering, distress and lasting harm depends on the duration of the study (for progressive disease models) or the dosage given (for infectious or chemically induced disease models). This, in turn, may lead to inconsistencies in severity classification between countries, within countries and even within institutions. To overcome this, two Belgian academic institutions with a focus on biomedical research collaborated to develop a severity classification for all the procedures performed. This work started with listing all in-house procedures and assigning them to 16 (sub)categories. First, we determined which parameters, such as clinical signs, dosage or duration, were crucial for severity classification within a specific (sub)category. Next, a severity classification was assigned to the different procedures, which was based on professional judgment by the designated veterinarians, members of the animal welfare body (AWB) and institutional animal ethics committee (AEC), integrating the available literature and guidelines. During the classification process, the use of vague terminology, such as 'minor impact', was avoided as much as possible. Instead, well-defined cut-offs between severity levels were used. Furthermore, we sought to define common denominators to group procedures and to be able to classify new procedures more easily. Although the primary aim is to address prospective severity, this can also be used to assess actual severity. In summary, we developed a severity classification for all procedures performed in two academic, biomedical institutions. These include many procedures and disease models in a variety of animal species for which a severity classification was not reported so far, or the terms that assign them to a different severity were too vague.
RESUMEN
Exosomal transfers represent an important mode of intercellular communication. Syntenin is a small scaffold protein that, when binding ALIX, can direct endocytosed syndecans and syndecan cargo to budding endosomal membranes, supporting the formation of intraluminal vesicles that compose the source of a major class of exosomes. Syntenin, however, can also support the recycling of these same components to the cell surface. Here, by studying mice and cells with syntenin-knock out, we identify syntenin as part of dedicated machinery that integrates both the production and the uptake of secreted vesicles, supporting viral/exosomal exchanges. This study significantly extends the emerging role of heparan sulfate proteoglycans and syntenin as key components for macromolecular cargo internalization into cells.
Asunto(s)
Exosomas/metabolismo , Sinteninas/fisiología , Animales , Exosomas/virología , Regulación de la Expresión Génica , Técnicas de Inactivación de Genes/métodos , Humanos , Células MCF-7 , Ratones , Sinteninas/metabolismo , Transducción GenéticaRESUMEN
Epiboly, the spreading and the thinning of the blastoderm to cover the yolk cell and close the blastopore in fish embryos, is central to the process of gastrulation. Despite its fundamental importance, little is known about the molecular mechanisms that control this coordinated cell movement. By a combination of knockdown studies and rescue experiments in zebrafish (Danio rerio), we show that epiboly relies on the molecular networking of syntenin with syndecan heparan sulphate proteoglycans, which act as co-receptors for adhesion molecules and growth factors. Furthermore, we show that the interaction of syntenin with phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) and with the small GTPase ADP-ribosylation factor 6 (Arf6), which regulate the endocytic recycling of syndecan, is necessary for epiboly progression. Analysis of the earliest cellular defects suggests a role for syntenin in the autonomous vegetal expansion of the yolk syncytial layer and the rearrangement of the actin cytoskeleton in extra-embryonic tissues, but not in embryonic cell fate determination. This study identifies the importance of the syntenin-syndecan-PIP2-Arf6 complex for the progression of fish epiboly and establishes its key role in directional cell movements during early development.
Asunto(s)
Gastrulación/fisiología , Sindecanos/metabolismo , Sinteninas/metabolismo , Proteínas de Pez Cebra/metabolismo , Pez Cebra/embriología , Factor 6 de Ribosilación del ADP , Factores de Ribosilacion-ADP/metabolismo , Animales , Movimiento Celular/fisiología , Citoesqueleto/genética , Técnicas de Silenciamiento del Gen , Ratones , Datos de Secuencia Molecular , Fosfatidilinositol 4,5-Difosfato/metabolismo , Sinteninas/genética , Pez Cebra/metabolismo , Pez Cebra/fisiología , Proteínas de Pez Cebra/genéticaAsunto(s)
Receptores Frizzled/metabolismo , Dominios PDZ , Transducción de Señal/fisiología , Proteínas Wnt/metabolismo , Proteínas Adaptadoras Transductoras de Señales , Animales , Proteínas Portadoras/genética , Proteínas Portadoras/metabolismo , Polaridad Celular , Receptores Frizzled/genética , Proteínas de la Matriz de Golgi , Humanos , Proteínas de la Membrana/genética , Proteínas de la Membrana/metabolismo , Proteínas de Transporte de Membrana , Modelos Biológicos , Sinteninas/genética , Sinteninas/metabolismo , Proteínas Wnt/genéticaRESUMEN
Syndecans are membrane proteins controlling cell proliferation, differentiation, adhesion, and migration. Their extracellular domains bear versatile heparan sulfate chains that provide structural determinants for syndecans to function as coreceptors or activators for molecules like growth factors and constituents of the matrix. Syndecans also signal via their protein cores and their conserved transmembrane and cytoplasmic domains. The direct interactions and signaling cascades they support are becoming better characterized. These interactions are regulated by phosphorylation, induced clustering and shedding of the syndecan extracellular domain. Moreover evidence is emerging that syndecans concentrate in unconventional lipid domains and might govern novel vesicular trafficking pathways. Here we focus on recent findings that refine our understanding of the complex structure-function relationships of these cellular effectors.
Asunto(s)
Proteoglicanos de Heparán Sulfato/metabolismo , Transducción de Señal , Sindecanos/metabolismo , Animales , Endocitosis , Proteoglicanos de Heparán Sulfato/química , Humanos , Transporte de Proteínas , Relación Estructura-Actividad , Sindecanos/químicaRESUMEN
The zyxin-related LPP protein is localized at focal adhesions and cell-cell contacts and is involved in the regulation of smooth muscle cell migration. A known interaction partner of LPP in human is the tumor suppressor protein SCRIB. Knocking down scrib expression during zebrafish embryonic development results in defects of convergence and extension (C&E) movements, which occur during gastrulation and mediate elongation of the anterior-posterior body axis. Mediolateral cell polarization underlying C&E is regulated by a noncanonical Wnt signaling pathway constituting the vertebrate planar cell polarity (PCP) pathway. Here, we investigated the role of Lpp during early zebrafish development. We show that morpholino knockdown of lpp results in defects of C&E, phenocopying noncanonical Wnt signaling mutants. Time-lapse analysis associates the defective dorsal convergence movements with a reduced ability to migrate along straight paths. In addition, expression of Lpp is significantly reduced in Wnt11 morphants and in embryos overexpressing Wnt11 or a dominant-negative form of Rho kinase 2, which is a downstream effector of Wnt11, suggesting that Lpp expression is dependent on noncanonical Wnt signaling. Finally, we demonstrate that Lpp interacts with the PCP protein Scrib in zebrafish, and that Lpp and Scrib cooperate for the mediation of C&E.
Asunto(s)
Polaridad Celular , Gastrulación , Proteínas de la Membrana/metabolismo , Metaloproteínas/metabolismo , Transducción de Señal , Proteínas Wnt/metabolismo , Proteínas de Pez Cebra/metabolismo , Pez Cebra/embriología , Animales , Biomarcadores/metabolismo , Movimiento Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Polaridad Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Embrión no Mamífero/efectos de los fármacos , Embrión no Mamífero/metabolismo , Gastrulación/efectos de los fármacos , Regulación del Desarrollo de la Expresión Génica/efectos de los fármacos , Proteínas de la Membrana/genética , Metaloproteínas/genética , Oligonucleótidos Antisentido/farmacología , ARN Mensajero/genética , ARN Mensajero/metabolismo , Transducción de Señal/efectos de los fármacos , Pez Cebra/genética , Proteínas de Pez Cebra/genéticaRESUMEN
Wnt signaling pathways are essential for embryonic patterning, and they are disturbed in a wide spectrum of diseases, including cancer. An unresolved question is how the different Wnt pathways are supported and regulated. We previously established that the postsynaptic density 95/disc-large/zona occludens (PDZ) protein syntenin binds to syndecans, Wnt coreceptors, and known stimulators of protein kinase C (PKC)alpha and CDC42 activity. Here, we show that syntenin also interacts with the C-terminal PDZ binding motif of several Frizzled Wnt receptors, without compromising the recruitment of Dishevelled, a key downstream Wnt-signaling component. Syntenin is coexpressed with cognate Frizzled during early development in Xenopus. Overexpression and down-regulation of syntenin disrupt convergent extension movements, supporting a role for syntenin in noncanonical Wnt signaling. Syntenin stimulates c-jun phosphorylation and modulates Frizzled 7 signaling, in particular the PKCalpha/CDC42 noncanonical Wnt signaling cascade. The syntenin-Frizzled 7 binding mode indicates syntenin can accommodate Frizzled 7-syndecan complexes. We propose that syntenin is a novel component of the Wnt signal transduction cascade and that it might function as a direct intracellular link between Frizzled and syndecans.