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We describe herein a simple procedure for quantifying endospore abundances in ancient and organic-rich permafrost. We repeatedly (10x) extracted and fractionated permafrost using a tandem filter assembly composed of 3 and 0.2 µm filters. Then, the 0.2 µm filter was washed (7x), autoclaved, and the contents eluted, including dipicolinic acid (DPA). Time-resolved luminescence using Tb(EDTA) yielded a LOD of 1.46 nM DPA (6.55 × 103 endospores/mL). In review, DPA/endospore abundances were ~2.2-fold greater in older 33 ky permafrost (258 ± 36 pmol DPA gdw-1; 1.15 × 106 ± 0.16 × 106 spores gdw-1) versus younger 19 ky permafrost (p = 0.007297). This suggests that dormancy increases with permafrost age.

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UNLABELLED: Only a few studies have focussed on the importance of routine investigation of childhood sexual abuse in outpatients attending adult psychiatric outpatient clinics. The aim of this study is to explore the association between having a history of childhood sexual abuse (CSA) and attending adult Psychiatric Outpatient Clinics in Trinidad. METHODS: This was a case-control study conducted in twelve psychiatric outpatient clinics located throughout Trinidad A questionnaire covering demographic, social, and sexual abuse components was administered by semi-structured interview to 566 participants, of whom 242 were cases, 239 were controls and 85 had incomplete questionnaires. The cases were 242 patients attending psychiatric outpatient clinics in Trinidad and the controls were 239 non-physician staffmembers at the clinics. Results were analyzed using the Stastistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 10. RESULTS: Chi-square analyses revealed several significant differences between the cases and control group. Sixty-three (26%) cases and 29 (12.1%) controls experienced CSA (p < 0.000). Twenty-five (39.7%) of the CSA cases had their experiences between the ages of 4 to 8 years and 13 (44.8%) of the CSA controls had their experiences between the ages of 9 to 12 (p < 0.01). Twenty-six (41.3%) of the cases and 3 (10.3%) of the controls had been abused at least 5 times (p < 0.000). Seventeen (58.6%) abused CSA controls reported having been sexually abused as a child only once. CSA with both force and manipulation was reported by 30 (47.6%) CSA cases while 6 (20.7%) CSA controls experienced CSA with force and manipulation (p < 0. 025). The abused CSA cases reported having a smaller social network of 2 persons compared to the abused CSA controls who had a social network of more than 4 persons (p < 0. 05). Of the 92 abused participants, 73.9% were women, and only 52.2% had told someone about the CSA. For the majority of CSA cases and CSA controls, the abuse involved one abuser. CONCLUSION: A positive correlation was established between earlier onset of CSA, repeated abuse (occurring more than 5 times), a limited social network in patients who had CSA and attending adult psychiatric outpatient clinics. Identifying CSA in psychiatric outpatients may lead to early intervention and aid patient management.

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Only a few studies have focussed on the importance of routine investigation of childhood sexual abuse in outpatients attending adult psychiatric outpatient clinics. The aim of this study is to explore the association between having a history of childhood sexual abuse (CSA) and attending adult Psychiatric Outpatient Clinics in Trinidad. METHODS: This was a case-control study conducted in twelve psychiatric outpatient clinics located throughout Trinidad A questionnaire covering demographic, social, and sexual abuse components was administered by semi-structured interview to 566 participants, of whom 242 were cases, 239 were controls and 85 had incomplete questionnaires. The cases were 242 patients attending psychiatric outpatient clinics in Trinidad and the controls were 239 non-physician staffmembers at the clinics. Results were analyzed using the Stastistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 10. RESULTS: Chi-square analyses revealed several significant differences between the cases and control group. Sixty-three (26%) cases and 29 (12.1%) controls experienced CSA (p < 0.000). Twenty-five (39.7%) of the CSA cases had their experiences between the ages of 4 to 8 years and 13 (44.8%) of the CSA controls had their experiences between the ages of 9 to 12 (p < 0.01). Twenty-six (41.3%) of the cases and 3 (10.3%) of the controls had been abused at least 5 times (p < 0.000). Seventeen (58.6%) abused CSA controls reported having been sexually abused as a child only once. CSA with both force and manipulation was reported by 30 (47.6%) CSA cases while 6 (20.7%) CSA controls experienced CSA with force and manipulation (p < 0. 025). The abused CSA cases reported having a smaller social network of 2 persons compared to the abused CSA controls who had a social network of more than 4 persons (p < 0. 05). Of the 92 abused participants, 73.9% were women, and only 52.2% had told someone about the CSA. For the majority of CSA cases and CSA controls, the abuse involved one abuser. CONCLUSION: A positive correlation was established between earlier onset of CSA, repeated abuse (occurring more than 5 times), a limited social network in patients who had CSA and attending adult psychiatric outpatient clinics. Identifying CSA in psychiatric outpatients may lead to early intervention and aid patient management.

Pocos estudios han centrado su atención en la importancia de la investigación de rutina en relación con el abuso sexual infantil en pacientes externos que asisten a las clínicas psiquiátricas ambulatorias para adultos. El objetivo del presente estudio es explorar la relación que existe entre poseer una historia de abuso sexual infantil (ASI) y asistir a las clínicas psiquiátricas ambulatorias para adultos en Trinidad. MÉTODOS: Se trató de un estudio de caso-control realizado en doce clínicas psiquiátricas para pacientes externos, diseminadas por toda Trinidad. Se administró un cuestionario que abarcaba componentes demográficos, sociales y sexuales, mediante entrevistas semi-estructuradas, a 566 participantes, de los cuales 242 fueron casos, 239 fueron controles, y 85 dejaron sus cuestionarios incompletos. Los casos fueron 242 pacientes que asistían a las clínicas externas de psiquiatría, y los controles fueron 239 miembros no médicos del personal en las clínicas. Los resultados fueron analizados usando la versión 10 del Paquete Estadístico para las Ciencias Sociales (SPSS). RESULTADOS: Los análisis de chi-cuadrado revelaron varias diferencias significativas entre los casos y el grupo de control. Sesenta y tres (26%) casos y 29 (12.1%) controles habían experimentado ASI (p < 0.000). Veinticinco (39.7%) de los casos de ASI tuvieron sus experiencias entre las edades de 4 a 18 años y 13 (44.8%) de los controles de ASI tuvieron sus experiencias entre las edades de 9–12 ( p < 0.01). Veintiséis (41.3%) de los casos y 3 (10.3%) de los controles habían sido víctimas de abuso por lo menos 5 veces (p < 0.000). Diecisiete (58.6%) de los controles víctimas de ASI, reportaron haber sido abusados sexualmente cuando niños, una sola vez. ASI con fuerza y manipulación, fue reportado por 30 (47.6%) casos de ASI mientras que 6 (20.7%) controles de ASi, experimentaron ASI con fuerza y manipulación (p < 0.025). Los casos de abuso de ASI, reportaron haber tenido una red social más pequeña de 2 personas, en comparación con los controles de abuso de ASI, que tenían una red social de más de 4 personas (p < 0.05). De los 92 participantes víctimas de abuso, 73.9% eran mujeres, y sólo 52.2% le habían contado a alguien sobre el ASI. Para la mayor parte de los casos de ASI y controles de ASI, en el abuso hubo un solo abusador implicado. CONCLUSIÓN: Se estableció una correlación positiva entre el comienzo más temprano del ASI, la repetición del abuso (que ocurría más de cinco veces), y una limitada red social en pacientes que fueron víctimas de ASI y asistían a las clínicas psiquiátricas ambulatorias. La identificación de ASI en pacientes psiquiátricos externos, puede conducir a una temprana intervención y tratamiento de ayuda al paciente.

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Female pattern hair loss is a common condition characterized by a diffuse reduction in hair density over the crown and frontal scalp with retention of the frontal hairline. The prevalence increases with advancing age. It has been widely thought to be the female counterpart of male balding and is often referred to as female androgenetic alopecia. However, the role of androgens is not fully established. Scalp hair loss is undoubtedly a feature of hyperandrogenism in women but many women with female pattern hair loss have no other clinical or biochemical evidence of androgen excess. Female pattern hair loss is probably a multifactorial genetically determined trait and it is possible that both androgen-dependent and androgen-independent mechanisms contribute to the phenotype. In managing patients with female pattern hair loss the physician should be aware that the adverse effects on quality of life can be quite severe and do not necessarily correlate with the objective degree of hair loss. The treatment options are currently limited but modest improvements in hair density are achievable in some women.

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As part of a long-term safety study the bisphosphonate ibandronate was investigated for its effects on bone quality in lumbar vertebrae in rats. Bone area, bone density and mechanical properties were assessed by peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT), dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and compression tests. Female and male groups of Wistar rats received either vehicle or 3, 7 or 15 mg/kg per day of ibandronate over 104 weeks orally by gavage. Compared with the control group, bone mineral density, compressive strength and stiffness were significantly higher in ibandronate-treated animals, whereas no changes occurred in strain or modulus of elasticity. The increase in vertebral body stress was significant in some of the ibandronate-treated groups. The changes in mechanical properties appear to be due mainly to an increase in bone mass. A highly significant correlation was found between bone mineral density measured either by DXA (r = 0.86) or pQCT (r = 0.85) and maximal strength in vertebral bodies (p < 0.0001 each). In conclusion, we demonstrated that lifelong administration of doses of ibandronate far in excess of any therapeutically intended dose not only increases bone mass and apparent density, but also maintains or even slightly improves bone quality. Bone mineral density measured either by pQCT or DXA can be used as a predictor for ultimate strength in rat lumbar vertebral bodies after treatment with ibandronate.

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The structure of macroscopically inconspicuous livers in 23 adult camels (Camelus dromedarius) was studied by light and transmission electron microscopy. A well-developed connective tissue characterizes the camel liver. Thick trabeculae divide the liver parenchyma into lobules. Portal tracts and central veins are surrounded by a variable amount of fibrous tissue. In the perisinusoidal space (DISSE), collagen fibres form a dense three-dimensional network around the sinusoids. A mild to moderate fatty infiltration is present in hepatocytes of all animals. In the epithelial cells of the bile ducts, small to medium sized lipid inclusions are a common feature. The ultrastructure of hepatocytes in the camel liver corresponds to that of other domestic mammalian species. The endothelial cells lining the sinusoids show a multiple fenestration and are surrounded by a discontinuous basal lamina. Fat-storing cells are numerous and contain lipid droplets varying in size, number and electron density from one cell to another.

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Spinal cord involvement by Schistosomiasis is considered to be rare. We report a case of acute transverse myelitis due to Schistosoma mansoni in which treatment with praziquantal and steroids was started three days after the onset of a paraparesis, with complete neurological recovery.

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